[Professional group practice: character of the presentation of medical services].
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Group Practice↗
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Results for “Professional Practice”
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Hallmarks of the professional nursing practice environment.
THE AMERICAN Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) is the national voice for university and 4-year college education programs in nursing. Representing more than 560 member schools of nursing at public and private institutions nationwide, AACN's educational, research, governmental advocacy, data collection, publications, and other programs work to establish quality standards for bachelor's-degree and graduate-degree nursing education, assist deans and directors to implement those standards, influence the nursing profession to improve health care, and promote public support of baccalaureate and graduate nursing education, research, and practice. Task forces are appointed by the AACN Board of Directors as issues arise that require study and action. This white paper was prepared by the AACN Task Force on Hallmarks of the Professional Practice Setting.
Education, Nursing, Graduate↗
Development of a core curriculum in professional growth: practice management military model.
Military medicine has faced some big challenges in recent years. Military treatment facilities have not been exempt from these alterations, as the American public has sought to reinvent government practices with regard to medicine. Until recently, professional education consisted almost entirely of emphasis in the particular content of the chosen field. Obstetrics and gynecology was one of the first medical specialties to recognize the importance of practice management, professional growth and development, and to require exposure to it as part of the residency process. The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology's instructional objectives dealing with professional growth and development originated as part of the military-unique curriculum for physicians implemented at Tripler Army Medical Center in Hawaii. Later, these objectives were used at Madigan Army Medical Center in Tacoma, Washington. Recent changes in the health care environment, coupled with an increasing awareness of professional liability and the newer specter of managed care, force physicians to learn the cost of each health encounter and to be more familiar with the business aspects of health care. As medicine in general is changing, the curricula have been revised and tailored to the needs of our physicians with the addition of ethics, managed care, utilization, and practice management.
Curriculum↗
Nursing education, practice, and professional identity: a transcultural course in England.
Students from a baccalaureate program at the University of Delaware participated in a 4-week course in England, exploring nursing's role in the health care system of that country. Students observed and interacted with a variety of clients and nurses in diverse settings; they observed similarities and differences in nursing education, practice, and professional identity between nurses in England and in the United States. The course was timely and valuable--it provided students with the opportunity to enhance their awareness of another culture and it allowed them to recognize nursing's importance in global health concerns.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Pharmacists' assessment of dispensing errors: risk factors, practice sites, professional functions, and satisfaction.
Certain demographic, practice, staffing, and pharmacist satisfaction variables may contribute to dispensing errors. A survey was randomly mailed to 7298 (50%) Texas pharmacists, of which 2862 were returned (39% response rate). Responders were 2437 pharmacists who indicated that they were in practice. Of these, 535 (23%) reported no risk to patients for dispensing errors and 793 (34%) reported at least one patient/week was at risk for such an error. There was a positive relationship between number of prescription orders filled/hour and the estimated risk of dispensing errors (r(s)=0.285, p<0.001). Pharmacists practicing in mail service pharmacies (risk score = 1.85 +/- 1.32), traditional chain store pharmacies (1.66 +/- 1.18), and hospital pharmacies (1.61 +/- 1.09) reported a higher risk than other groups. Pharmacists practicing in independent community pharmacies (0.75 +/- 0.84), home health care (0.83 +/- 0.99), grocery chain store pharmacies (1.30 +/- 0.96), and mass merchandise chain store pharmacies (1.30 +/- 1.08) reported a lower risk (H=260, df=8, p<0.001). Nine job satisfaction variables were strongly associated with the risk of dispensing errors (r(s) = between -0.3 and -0.422, p<0.001), as were prescription volume, practice site, staffing, training, pharmacist functions, and professional organization membership. The results of this survey should help pharmacists and management develop specific plans for reducing the risks of dispensing errors. These data should be useful for more in-depth study of such errors.
Chi-Square Distribution↗
Articulating professional nursing practice behaviors.
Performance evaluation tools have been underused as a mechanism to convey the value of professionalism to clinical nurses. An investigative study conducted at the University of Michigan Hospitals articulated professional nursing practice behaviors in measurable objectives for two classifications of clinical nurses. This paper describes the process of the study and includes examples of the evaluation tools.
Employee Performance Appraisal↗
Safety practice and professional exposure to blood and blood-containing materials in serbian health care workers.
Safety practice is an important element of workplace safety and quality of health care. To investigate the safety practice and professional exposure to blood and blood-containing materials during a one-year period among Health Care Workers (HCWs) in Serbia. Cross-sectional study of 1559 Serbian HCWs using a self-administered questionnaire. Mantel-Haenszel statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were used in statistical analysis. Fifty-nine percent (921) of HCWs had skin contact with patients blood, followed by 51% (791) with needle stick injuries, 38% (599) with cuts from sharp instruments, and 34% with contact of eye and other mucosa with patient's blood. Nurses reported professional exposure more often than others. Safety practices consisted of using appropriate barriers (gloves, mask, glasses) in all procedures with patients and were used by 58%, 23%, and 4% of HCWs, respectively. Doctors protected themselves more regularly than others. Hospital protocols for post exposure prophylaxis and safety disposal of medical waste are not common in Serbian health care settings. Safety practices in use were having hospital guidelines for safety practice in hospitals [odds ratio (OR)=1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.14-2.19], carrying out some form of intervention with risks of infection (OR=3.76, 95% CI=2.57-5.51), and HCWs aware of the professional risk of acquiring infection (OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.28-1.79). This study indicates that emphasis on work practice, attire, disposal systems and education strategies, should be employed to reduce professional exposure to blood and blood containing materials among HCWs in Serbia.
Adult↗
Understanding Dynamics: A Systematic Review of the Attitudes, Knowledge, and Competencies of European Frontline Professionals Toward Domestic Abuse.
There remains a paucity of European research on attitudes and responses to domestic abuse from frontline workers and professionals who regularly encounter domestic abuse or engage with domestic abuse legislation. This systematic review synthesized qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method peer-reviewed studies that explored professionals' knowledge, attitudes, and competencies related to domestic abuse. The professionals included medical staff (doctors, nurses, midwives), social care professionals, police officers, and criminal justice practitioners. The review was conducted on current European studies published between 2014 and 2025 and was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Databases consulted included APA PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Sociological Abstracts, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Social Services Abstracts, and Google Scholar. Full-text review was performed on 273 articles, of which 36 were deemed appropriate for inclusion. The review included 8 multi-country studies spanning the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, and Wales), and 28 single-country studies conducted in England, Sweden, Turkey, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, Wales, Bosnia, Spain, Italy, Slovenia, and Hungary. A narrative and thematic synthesis categorized professional attitudes toward domestic abuse into four emergent themes: attitudes toward engagement and responsibility, attitudes toward victims, knowledge and understanding of domestic abuse, and attitudes as predictors of professional practice. This review addresses a dearth of research and provides recommendations for promoting proactive practice among professionals most likely to receive disclosures of abuse.
Humans↗
Professional nursing practice.
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Nursing Care↗
Evaluation of recent pharmacy graduates' practice patterns, professional lifelong learning, pharmacy organization memberships, and salary.
OBJECTIVES: To document information on recent bachelor of science (B.S.) pharmacy graduates' practice patterns, professional lifelong learning (PLL) methods, pharmacy organization memberships, and salary. The association between advanced training and education on PLL methods, pharmacy organization membership, and salary are explored. DATA SOURCES: Pertinent literature was identified by MEDLINE searches (1966-1992). STUDY DESIGN: The results of a Fall 1991 survey of recent B.S. pharmacy graduates (n = 371) of the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy are reported (55 percent response rate). RESULTS: Hospital pharmacists devoted more time to PLL outside of work (18.00 +/- 17.89 h/mo) than community pharmacists (9.93 +/- 8.76 h/mo), t = 5.02, degrees of freedom (df) = 289, p < 0.001. Graduates who had completed an advanced degree program, residency, or fellowship (advanced degree/training [ADT]) spent more time in PLL (17.76 +/- 10.63 h/mo) compared with graduates who had only obtained a B.S. degree (10.63 +/- 8.56 h/mo), t = 3.80, df = 311, p < 0.001. Graduates who had ADT were more likely to belong to multiple pharmacy organizations (2.14 +/- 1.38 organizations) than hospital pharmacists (1.61 +/- 1.27 organizations) and community pharmacists (1.11 +/- 1.06 organizations). Of the pharmacists who graduated in 1989 and 1990 (one to two years postgraduation), 55 percent belonged to the American Pharmaceutical Association. This declined to 19 percent of the graduates from 1984 and 1985 (six to seven years postgraduation), a 62 percent decline in membership. Membership in the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) was held by 19 percent of graduates one to two years after graduation; and 34 percent of graduates belonged to ASHP six to seven years after graduation, an 81 percent increase. Graduates with ADT (compared with graduates with the B.S. degree only) showed the strongest correlation of membership affiliation, which was about equal with ASHP (phi = 0.32) and ACCP (phi = 0.33). Although pharmacists changed their individual pharmacy organization memberships during the first seven years after graduation, there was no evidence of a decline in overall interest in pharmacy organization membership. Pharmacists who had completed ADT had an annual mean salary of $51,112 +/- $10,012; those pharmacists who did not complete an ADT program had an annual mean salary of $46,440 +/- $7802, a difference of $4672 per year. Hospital pharmacists who had obtained ADT had an annual mean salary of $51,840 +/- $9765; B.S. pharmacists without ADT in hospital practice had an annual mean salary of $43,603 +/- $8192, a difference of $8237 per year. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists' PLL methods, organization memberships, and salaries varied significantly by their practice site and the completion of an ADT program.
Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗
Report of the 1985 American College of Cardiology Survey of Cardiovascular Medicine Manpower.
As a first step toward cardiology manpower planning, 3,011 questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 24% of the membership of the American College of Cardiology. The response rate was 53%. The questionnaires covered personal and educational data, geographic aspects of practice, professional activities and sources of professional income. There were differences in these variables according to age. Data were also collected with regard to perceptions of manpower supply and needs. In these categories, regional differences were evident.
Adult↗
Importance of expert judgment in content-related validity evidence.
The unified conceptualization of validity with regard to content-related evidence has been expressed succinctly by the authors of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (AERA et al., 1985): Content-related evidence of validity is a central concern during [instrument] development, whether such development occurs in a research setting, in a publishing house, or in the context of professional practice. Expert professional judgment should play an integral part in developing the definition of what is to be measured, such as describing the universe of content, generating or selecting the content sample, and specifying the item format and scoring system. Thus, inferences about content are linked to [instrument] construction as well as to establishing evidence of validity after [an instrument] has been developed and chosen for use. (p. 11) This article has demonstrated the process of collecting content-related validity evidence in terms of the specific requirements of the Standards. Five standards were identified and interpreted according to the initial stages of instrument construction: domain specification, item development, and item, subscale, and scale content validation. The role of expert judgment during these stages and the variety of evidence that can be gathered were described. For most instruments, the review process would necessitate two meetings of 1 to 2 hours each to review the domain specifications and another two meetings to determine the match between the items and the specifications. The importance of these 8 hours or whatever additional time is needed to obtain the validity evidence was emphasized. Finally, an application of the Standards was provided to illustrate step-by-step how the judgmental review process can be planned and executed.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Surgery in rural America.
Despite recent increased attention to ailing health-care systems in rural America, policy makers have paid relatively little attention to the status of rural surgery. This paucity of attention is rooted in a combination of poor communication and incomplete knowledge. Unfortunately, the scarce dialogue between advocates of rural surgery and policy makers has been driven largely by anecdotes and generalizations. What is needed as a foundation for productive discourse is evidence-based objective observations regarding important issues and concerns related to rural surgical practice. This article reviews our current understanding of several of these issues; namely, the adequacy of the current and future surgical workforce, preparation for rural practice, professional isolation, rural surgical quality, and the critical interplay between rural surgeons and local systems of care in which they function. The intent of this article is to stimulate further inquiry that will create a foundation for meaningful dialogue between rural surgeons, surgical leaders, and health-care policy makers.
Delivery of Health Care↗
The painful truth: physicians are not invincible.
Physicians are not immune to psychosocial problems but may face unique impediments to attending to them. Self-care among physicians is not a topic generally included as a part of professional training, nor is it a topic that readily receives consideration in professional practice. The stresses of professional practice can exact a great toll, however, and self-neglect can lead to tragic consequences. In some areas, particularly suicide rates, physicians have increased vulnerability, and in other areas problems may be unrecognized (depression, substance abuse, marital problems, and other stress-related concerns). Female physicians show some particular areas of risk. In this paper, we raise questions about how and why physicians may be particularly vulnerable, review the available literature about the extent and nature of such problems in physicians, discuss possible factors related to the development of these problems in physicians, and suggest a variety of solutions to improve physician self-care.
Adult↗
Ethics and occupational therapy practice.
Professional ethics are guiding principles which are intended to orient the individuals within the profession, ensure our clients best interests and to protect the profession itself and its position in the public mind. Professional ethics are the rules we use to make certain that each therapist is operating in a fashion which protects the integrity of our profession and hence the viability of all occupational therapists. Our professional ethics, in addition to our special training and acquired skills, explain our profession to the health care community and those patients whom we serve. Professional ethics are a method by which our membership defines itself and guides its members throughout their career. Professional ethics ensure a place of trust within the Canadian health care system for those who choose to practice occupational therapy.
Canada↗
Measuring professional nursing practice.
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Nursing Care↗
Professional nursing practice in collaboration with the physician.
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Interprofessional Relations↗
Dualistic level competencies for professional nursing practice: an international educational initiative.
Ensuring professional nurses are competent is integral to promoting quality outcomes for persons with spinal cord impairment (SCI). This project, funded by the American Association of Spinal Cord Injury Nurses (AASCIN), was designed to develop instruments to validate the competencies of registered nurses (RNs) caring for persons with SCI. The project expanded a 1994 model project focusing on the competencies of licensed practical nurses and licensed vocational nurses (LPNs/LVNs) and RNs in an adult rehabilitation setting. Using the earlier project as a foundation, investigators identified competencies for RNs applicable to the life span trajectory of persons with SCI including pediatric, adolescent, adult, and geriatric populations. Additionally, the focus was broadened to encompass acute, rehabilitation, outpatient community, and long-term settings. This innovative project resulted in the development of the SCI Knowledge/Skill Competency tool for dualistic competency levels of "competent" RNs with two years of recent SCI nursing experience, and "expert" RNs with five years of recent SCI experience. Additionally, the SCI Behavior Competency tool for the "competent" level was developed using hermeneutic techniques and Patricia Benner's (1983) framework, "Novice to Expert." This complemented the "expert" level tool devised in the 1994 model project. Implementation will enable RNs to validate the competencies that are essential to provide care that results in quality outcomes for persons with SCI, their families, and other consumers of SCI health care services.
Adult↗