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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Cross-modal compatibility effects with visual-spatial and auditory-verbal stimulus and response sets.

Within the visual-spatial and auditory-verbal modalities, reaction times to a stimulus have been shown to be faster if salient features of the stimulus and response sets correspond than if they do not. Accounts that attribute such stimulus-response compatibility effects to general translation processes predict that similar effects should occur for cross-modal stimulus and response sets. To test this prediction, three experiments were conducted examining four-choice reactions with (1) visual spatial-location stimuli assigned to speech responses, (2) speech stimuli assigned to keypress responses, and (3) symbolic visual stimuli assigned to speech responses. In all the experiments, responses were faster when correspondence between salient features of the stimulus and response sets was maintained, demonstrating that similar principles of translation operate both within and across modalities.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1993

The interdependence of pitch and temporal judgments by absolute pitch possessors.

The auditory tau and the kappa effects show that there is time-pitch interdependence in our perception. Our judgments of pitch separation between two tones depend on the temporal interval between them (the auditory tau effect), and our judgments of the tones' temporal interval depend on their pitch separation (the kappa effect). The mechanisms underlying this interdependence were investigated by studying the auditory tau and the kappa effect in three experiments. Comparisons were made between results obtained from subjects with absolute pitch and those who did not have absolute pitch, and two frequency ranges of pure tones (octave and whole-tone conditions) were selected. The procedures had been used in previous experiments (Shigeno, 1986), in which the auditory tau and the kappa effects were compared in speech and nonspeech stimuli. The present results demonstrate that the auditory tau effect does not occur when possessors of absolute pitch judge the closeness of stimuli in pitch, except when the stimulus continuum consists of tones that do not correspond to musical notes in the whole-tone condition. The kappa effect was obtained in the judgment of possessors of absolute pitch in both the octave and the whole-tone conditions. These findings suggest that the interaction between temporal interval and pitch judgment might be explained in terms of the two different memory modes for retaining the pitch of tones, and that these effects occur at the precategorical level.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of aniseikonia after intraocular lens implantation or refractive surgery.

BACKGROUND: Aniseikonia is a difference in perceived image size in the two eyes resulting in asthenopic symptoms and distortions of binocular space perception. This is a complication of refractive and implant surgery in patients with binocular vision. While many individuals adapt readily to modest aniseikonic errors, quite a number do not. METHOD AND RESULTS: Few instruments exist to adequately test for aniseikonia. A means is described to determine if aniseikonia exists and a series of simple steps is suggested to minimize aniseikonia induced by refractive surgery or by surgery for removal of cataract and intraocular lens insertion. Also, using the proposed protocol, it is possible to determine if existing image size differences resulting from prior and/or induced aniseikonia are predominantly refractive or axial. A case report is presented. CONCLUSIONS: The techniques described are not costly, provide no risk, take little time, and resolve or meaningfully reduce aniseikonia in many patients having non-extreme errors of this type.

Aniseikonia↗
PubMed1996

Interaction between the vestibular, optical, and proprioceptive sensory systems during realization of rotary nystagmus.

Questions related to the rotary nystagmus generation in the different variants of interactions between the vestibular, optical, and proprioceptive sensory systems are considered. A physiological concept of the opto-vestibulo-cervical system is given. The biological expediency of nystagmus is considered. It is proved that nystagmus is the organism's position-finding (orientation) reaction directed to a search for the objects in space aiding human orientation. Certain ideas about the vestibulology and physiology of space perception are discussed in detail from the viewpoint of the integral system approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Identification by retarded and nonretarded children of stimuli varying along one, two, or three dimensions.

The effects of number and type of dimension of stimulus variation, type of dimensional combination, and delay of response upon the identification performance of retarded and nonretarded children were examined. A retarded-nonretarded subject difference in identification ability and delay effects found in an earlier study (Smith & Kaufman, 1972) was replicated, and a developmental effect for nonretarded children was found as well. A retarded-nonretarded subject interaction was indicated for the effects of increasing number of dimensions of variation and for the effects of type of dimensional combination (figure-figure combinations as opposed to figure-ground combinations).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pigeons encode relative geometry.

Pigeons were trained to search for hidden food in a rectangular environment designed to eliminate any external cues. Following training, the authors administered unreinforced test trials in which the geometric properties of the apparatus were manipulated. During tests that preserved the relative geometry but altered the absolute geometry of the environment, the pigeons continued to choose the geometrically correct corners, indicating that they encoded the relative geometry of the enclosure. When tested in a square enclosure, which distorted both the absolute and relative geometry, the pigeons randomly chose among the 4 corners, indicating that their choices were not based on cues external to the apparatus. This study provides new insight into how metric properties of an environment are encoded by pigeons.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Revisiting the picture-superiority effect in symbolic comparisons: do pictures provide privileged access?

In 4 experiments, symbolic comparisons were investigated to test semantic-memory retrieval accounts espousing processing advantages for picture over word stimuli. In Experiment 1, participants judged pairs of animal names or pictures by responding to questions probing concrete or abstract attributes (texture or size, ferocity or intelligence). Per pair, attributes were salient or nonsalient concerning their prerated relevance to animals being compared. Distance (near or far) between attribute magnitudes was also varied. Pictures did not significantly speed responding relative to words across all other variables. Advantages were found forfar attribute magnitudes (i.e., the distance effect) and salient attributes. The distance effect was much less for salient than nonsalient concrete-attribute comparisons. These results were consistently found in additional experiments with increased statistical power to detect modality effects. Our findings argue against dual-coding and some common-code accounts of conceptual attribute processing, urging reexamination of the assumption that pictures confer privileged access to long-term knowledge.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Measuring the search image: expectation, detection, and recognition in pigeon visual search.

Pigeons searched computer screens for a grating target that varied in spatial frequency and orientation. In Experiment 1, a pretrial cue signaled that a particular target would appear. The cue speeded response to this primed target and to targets of the same orientation and similar spatial frequency to the primed target. However, the cue slowed search for targets differing from the primed target in orientation. In Experiment 2, pecks to a single target were reinforced. Responding generalized somewhat to targets of spatial frequency similar to the primed target and to targets of either orientation. Thus, stimulus aspects that affect detection may differ from those that affect recognition; if a common representation serves both, it functions differently in the 2 cases.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Visual recognition memory for large and small binary pictures.

Recognition memory for pictures was tested using matrices of 0s and 1s as stimuli in two experiments. In the first experiment dimensionality of matrices was varied (5 X 5 and 10 X 10 matrices). The results showed better recognition memory for 10 X 10 matrices. The second experiment investigated the importance of certain areas, such as center or surround, using 10 X 10 matrices only. The results suggested that neither center nor surround is given unusual weight.

Attention↗
PubMed1976

Memory for descriptive and spatial information in complex pictures.

Memory for several kinds of information in complex pictures was studied. Stimuli were line drawings of either real-world scenes or unorganized collections of objects. Memory was tested by recognition and reconstruction tests, given immediately and/or after a week. Organization of the pictures had little effect on memory for size, orientation, or physical appearance of objects in the pictures. There was only a small loss of these types of descriptive information over a week's time. Organization of the pictures had a major effect on memory for location of objects in the pictures. Memory for location on the horizontal dimension declined markedly for both types of pictures over a week. Performance remained high on the vertical dimension for organized pictures, and systematic distortion occurred on this dimension for unorganized pictures. Reconstruction data were compared with the performance of subjects who had not seen the pictures before. It was concluded that real-world schemata do not affect encoding of some types of descriptive information, but play an important role in both encoding and memory for spatial information.

Female↗