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PubMed1991

The in vitro activity of some 14-, 15- and 16- membered macrolides against Staphylococcus spp., Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Erythromycin is a macrolide antimicrobial chemically comprised of a 14-membered lactone ring substituted with a neutral (cladinose) and an amino (desosamine) sugar. Recently, a number of new macrolide molecules have been identified containing either 14-, 15- or 16-membered substituted lactone rings. In this study the authors have determined the in vitro activity of roxithromycin and clarithromycin (both 14-membered macrolides), azithromycin (a 15-membered macrolide or azalide) and midecamycin acetate (a 16-membered macrolide) against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp., (including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates), Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the macrolides for the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp. examined were widely distributed. However, midecamycin acetate retained activity against those isolates of Staphylococcus spp. exhibiting inducible resistance to erythromycin and the other macrolides tested. Isolates characterised by constitutive resistance to erythromycin were also resistant to midecamycin acetate. All of the macrolides were very active against Legionella spp., with clarithromycin demonstrating the greatest potency (MIC range: less than or equal to 0.03-0.06 mg/l). Isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Ureaplasma urealyticum were susceptible to all of the macrolides tested. However, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin were poorly active against isolates of Mycoplasma hominis. By contrast, the same isolates were susceptible (MIC range: 0.008-0.12 mg/l) to midecamycin acetate.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Multi-systemic methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) community-acquired infection.

BACKGROUND: An alarming increase of the incidence of community-acquired infections due to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been noted in several countries during the recent years. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 64-year-old male who complained of fever, shortness of breath, productive cough, and mild low back pain. The patient was diagnosed to have severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Due to the severity of his respiratory symptoms and the history of back injury, the mild low back pain did not receive the appropriate attention. It became clear later that the back pain was caused by an extra-pulmonary focus of the MRSA infection. CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to be the cause of considerably different proportions of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in studies from various parts of the world. Our case emphasizes the occasionally multi-systemic manifestations of community-acquired MRSA infections and the difficulties in their control.

Acetamides↗

PubMed2006

[A study of sensitivity to antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in a department of resuscitation of badly burnt patients].

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes one of the main causes of nosocomial infections in badly burnt patients. The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency and evolution of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus strains in the department of resuscitation of badly burnt patients of Hopital AZIZA OTHMANA. From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2003, tests for Staphylococcus aureus proved positive in 139 patients on at least, one occasion. Mean age of patients was 34 years and their sex ratio 1.7. 59.7% of the accidents were house hold accidents, and 70% of them were of thermal native. The average burnt cutaneous surface area was 44%. Sepsis occurred 7 days on average after admission to hospital. Hospital stay for this group varied between 3 and 140 days, outcome was fatal in 13 cases. MRSA occurred in 69% of cases. As for the other families of antibiotics, the frequencies of resistance remained elevated for tetracyclines, cotrimoxazole, gentamicine, erythromycine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Antibacterial activity of nadifloxacin against Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium isolated from patients with dermatological infections].

Nadifloxacin (NDFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and is used as a topical drug for the treatment of infections in the field of dermatology. We investigated the susceptibility of a total of 575 strains (two kinds of Staphylococcus species and Propionibacterium species which were isolated from patients with dermatological infections for 3 periods, i.e., 1996, 2000 and 2005) to NDFX and other reference antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the four antibiotics, NDFX, levofloxacin (LVFX), clindamycin (CLDM) and gentamicin (GM), against the test strains were determined by the agar dilution methods, in according with the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. The antibacterial activity of NDFX against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis and P. acnes was the most potent of all the antibiotics tested, and there were no test organisms which became resistant to NDFX with period. The MIC90 values of NDFX for the four test organisms isolated in 2005 were 0.05 microg/mL; MSSA, 1.56 microg/mL; MRSA, 0.78 microg/mL; S. epidermidis and 0.20 microg/mL; P. acnes, respectively. On the other hand, there were LVFX-, CLDM- and GM-resistant MRSA. The MIC50 values of CLDM and GM for MRSA were >100 and 25 microg/mL, respectively. The MIC50 value of GM for P acnes was 12.5 microg/mL, but NDFX was potently active against these organisms as compared with these two antibiotics and the MIC50 values of NDFX were 0.05 microg/mL for MRSA and 0.20 microg/mL for P. acnes. These results suggest that NDFX is even at present useful as an antibiotic for the treatment of infections in the field of dermatology though it is more than 12 years since the approval to manufacture and sell the drug was obtained in 1993.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of the antibiotic AL-87 on the amino acid yield from Staphylococcus aureus 209P cells].

Antibiotic AL-87 has been studied for its effect on the composition of intracellular free amino acids and of amino acids in culture fluid of Staphylococcus aureus 209 P. It is established that the content of amino acids in the culture fluid of S. aureus 209 P is doubled due to antibiotics, while the content of intracellular free amino acids considerably decreases. Spectrum of free amino acids of S. aureus 209 P is presented by 17 basic amino acids. When there is a sub-bacteriostatic concentration of the antibiotic in the medium all free amino acids tend to leave the cells, the content of aspartic acid, serine, threonine and leucine in the medium being increased. Data obtained when studying the effect of antibiotic AL-87 on the composition of free amino acids of Staphylococcus agree well with the previously obtained results from the study of the fatty acid composition of cells. In the light of these data it may be supposed that an increase of the membrane permeability and as a result of it an outlet of amino acids into the medium is one of constituents of the mechanism of antibiotic AL-87 action on Staphylococcus cells.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1991

Antiribitol-teichoic acid antibody (ARTA) in diagnosis of deep seated Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Antiribitol-teichoic acid antibody (ARTA) was detected in sera of 30 out of 50 patients (60%) with various acute deep seated Staphylococcus aureus infections and 5 out of 10 chronic osteomyelitis cases, whereas none of the sera from 50 patients with superficial Staphylococcus aureus infections as well from 50 patients without Staphylococcus aureus infections showed antibody response (p less than 0.01). This test is a definite advantage in diagnosis of deep seated staphylococcal infections like endocarditis, lung disease, meningitis and specially in osteomyelitis cases where organisms cannot be isolated and therefore helps in predicting the need for long term antimicrobial therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin A inhibition of Ig production by human B cells.

Staphylococcus enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 are members of a family of exoproteins that are produced by staphylococci and bind specifically to MHC class II molecules. Upon binding to MHC class II molecules, these exoproteins are potent stimulators of T cell proliferation via interaction with specific TCR V-beta segments of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These exoproteins also directly stimulate monocytes to secrete IL-1 and TNF-alpha. Furthermore, these exoproteins have a profound inhibitory effect on Ig production by PBMC. We examined the effects of Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) on proliferation and Ig production of highly purified human B cells. Our results demonstrated that the binding of SEA to MHC class II molecules on B cells does not alter their ability to proliferate in response to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I (SAC) or to produce Ig in response to SAC plus rIL-2. In contrast, the anti-DR mAb L243 inhibited both B cell proliferation and Ig production. Unable to determine a direct effect of SEA on B cell function, we investigated whether the capacity of SEA to inhibit SAC-induced Ig production by PBMC was T cell-dependent. Our results demonstrated that in the presence of T cells, under appropriate conditions, SEA can either function as a nominal Ag for stimulation of B cell proliferation and Ig production or induce T cell-mediated suppression of Ig production. SEA-induced Ig production required T cell help, which was dependent on pretreatment of the T cells with irradiation or mitomycin C; Ig production was not induced by SEA in the absence of T cells or in the presence of untreated T cells. Furthermore, SEA inhibited Ig production in SAC-stimulated cultures of autologous B cells and untreated T cells; pretreatment of the T cells with irradiation or mitomycin C abrogated SEA-induced inhibition of Ig production. Thus, T cell suppression of SAC-induced Ig production was dependent on T cell proliferation. Similar results were observed with both SEA and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1990

[Fibronectin binding to Staphylococcus aureus in experimental staphylococcal skin infection in mice].

Staphylococcus aureus infection of skin was produced in cyclophosphamide-treated mice by intracutaneous inoculation of a strain in this organism clinically isolated from a carbuncle. Deposition and binding of fibronectin in initial stage of the infection were followed by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. Fibronectin began to deposit in a fine granular pattern in the dermis and musculocutaneous layer at 2 minutes after the inoculation and gradually increased with time. Fibronectin binding on the surface of staphylococcal cells was seen after 12 hours of inoculation. At 24 hours two patterns of binding were seen. In one pattern, fibronectin was bound to a part of the cell surface of the microorganisms. The fibronectin binding parts were seen very close or attached to the fibrin-like-structure and dermal connective tissues. This suggests that fibronectin helped staphylococcus cells to attach to fibrin or connective tissues. The other pattern of fibronectin binding was the binding of fibronectin all around the cells. This pattern could be interpreted as inhibition by fibronectin of staphylococcus attachment to the fibrins and the tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[The development of Staphylococcus-induced delayed hypersensitivity and antigen-non specific immunosuppression in a state of rest and during physical loading of varying intensities].

Injection of live staphylococcal culture into mice induces the development of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to microbial cells and suppresses the development of humoral immune response (HIR) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Physical loading of low intensity normalizes staphylococcus-suppressed HIR to SRBC, but produces no effect on staphylococcus-induced DH. Highly intensive physical loading suppresses the development of DH and enhances the suppressive effect of staphylococci on SRBC-induced HIR. The infection of animals with staphylococci induces the secretion of immunosuppressive factors by spleen cells. Physical loading of low intensity does not suppress the staphylococcus-induced secretion of suppressive factors by spleen cells, but induces the secretion of helper factors by these cells. Highly intensive physical loading enhances the secretion of immunosuppressive factors by spleen cells after infection with staphylococci.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Detection of phosphatase production by Staphylococcus species: a new method.

The ability of staphylococci to produce phosphatase is an important character in the identification of species in the genus. Current methods are slow and difficult to interpret. A test is described which uses p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate. It was evaluated by testing 1035 reference and clinical strains, and also compared with an alternative method. All strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 83% of Staphylococcus epidermidis were phosphatase positive: all strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus were negative. The method proved to be an accurate, reliable, economic and relatively rapid technique to detect phosphatase production.

Agar↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Staphylococcus and skin diseases--incidence and antibiotic sensitivity].

Bacterial flora of the skin is influenced by several factors (moisture, occlusion, desquamation, microbial antagonism, etc). Changed conditions on diseased skin result in changes of bacterial flora. Bacterial flora was qualitatively determined both in patients with Psoriasis vulgaris, Tinea Pedis, ulcerovarice syndrome, and in the control group. Special attention was paid to Staphylococcus and its sensitivity to antibiotics. The result was as follows: the largest percentage (48%), ob: pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus was found in ulcus cruris then in psoriasis (32%), in enterdigitas areas of legs in patients with mycosis (25%) and in 5% of healthy skin of the control group. High resistance to antibiotics use for a long time (penicillin, ampicillin). and high sensitivity to new antibiotics (Visiren, Abactal), was established. It is concluded that inflamed skin offers good condition for development of Staphylococcus, and that the incidence of this bacteria depends on aetiopathogenesis of the present dermatosis and factors which regulate bacterial flora.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[The frequency of isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the nose and throat of patients with staphyloderma. A short review of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria on the skin].

In the first part of this work, we have given our own experiences of the frequency of isolation of staphylococcus aureus from nase and neck of patients with staphylodermia. Staphylococcus aureus is more often isolated from nose and neck, p less than 0.05 of patients with staphylodermia in comparison with control group. In the other part of this work we have given a review of the most frequent pathogenic and apathogenic bacteria on skin. Particularly we paid attention to the place and role of staphylococcus aureus on the human skin.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of salvin on the growth and ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus 209P].

Antibiotic salvin obtained from Salvia officinalis has been studied for its effect on the growth and ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus 209P. The antibiotic in the sub-bacteriostatic concentration considerably elongates the lag-phase (up to 11-12 h) exerting no significant effect on the growth rate of the staphylococcus population as well as it prolongs duration of the exponential phase. The analysis of electronograms of staphylococcus cells subjected to the action of salvin in the concentrations similar to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), has revealed the cell thinning, inhibition and destruction of the division. The introduction of 5MIC antibiotic into the exponentially grown culture made a cell wall considerably thinner, destructing its external layer; the number of lyzed cells sharply increased. The appearance of bodies not described previously with a membrane envelope and ribosomes as well as of mesosomal structures was observed.

Abietanes↗

PubMed1988

[Course of the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to pefloxacin. A study based on 782 strains isolated in 1985 and 1986].

We studied the evolution of the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to pefloxacin during 1985 and 1986 in eight hospital units. The pefloxacin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which amounted to 8.9% in 1985 reached 27% in 1986. They are found mainly among the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. There is no obvious relationship between this resistance and the consumption of pefloxacin in each of the units.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Minimal biochemical tests for interspecies identification in the Staphylococcus genus].

A total of 50 different strains from clinical specimens and/or from experimental surgery were typified. The Staphylococcus genus was subdivided according to minimal test results for Staphylococcus genus differentiation into 3 groups: A. the coagulase-positive/novobiocin-susceptible species; B. the coagulase-negative/novobiocin-resistant species and C. the coagulase-negative/novobiocin-susceptible species. Species belonging to the different groups were differentiated by means of minimal biochemical tests readily available to all clinical bacteriology laboratories. To evaluate the predictive value of the procedure employed, the following strains were used as unknown: S. capitis, S. simulans, S. hominis, S. warneci, S. intermedius, S hyicus subsp. hycus, S hyicus subsp. chromogenes and S. haemolyticus. Results indicated that, for the coagulase-positive/novobiocin-susceptible group, the production of pigment and acetoin plus beta-galactosidase were sufficient for interspecies differentiation. For the coagulase-negative/novobiocin-resistant group, urease and phosphatase activity plus production of acid from xylose proved to be sufficient. The coagulase-negative/novobiocin-susceptible group required the greatest number of tests, due to phenotypical variability of species, including: reduction of nitrates; production of acetoin; use of arginine and the production of acid from maltose and/or trehalose. Preliminary findings justify routine application of these minimal tests for Staphylococcus genus differentiation.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1986

Electron microscopic study of the effect of gentamicin and oxacillin on Staphylococcus aureus cells: significance of time and sequence of application in combined effect.

The ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus cells was studied after their treatment with gentamicin and oxacillin, each used alone or in a simultaneous or successive combination. Gentamicin (concentrations 1 or 2 micrograms/ml, incubation time 1-24 h) did not produce any ultrastructural changes in staphylococcus cells. Oxacillin in the same concentrations caused derangement of cell division accompanied by an increase in cross-wall and decrease of peripheral cell wall thicknesses. Simultaneous incubation of staphylococcus cells with gentamicin and oxacillin (both 1 microgram/ml) led to morphological changes corresponding to those induced by oxacillin. On the other hand, successive incubation with oxacillin (2-5 h), followed by gentamicin (5-24 h) caused complete destruction of staphylococci. This effect was not observed when cells were first incubated with gentamicin and then oxacillin. The study shows the importance of time and sequence factors in the combined effect of tested antimicrobials.

Cell Wall↗

PubMed1979

Kinetics of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by human granulocytes.

Although phagocytosis of micro-organisms by granulocytes is one of the most important defence mechanisms against infection, little is known about the kinetics of this process. The present study showed that the rate of ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli depends on the concentrations of the granulocytes and bacteria. Phagocytosis of bacteria at a bacteria-to-cell ratio in the range between 100:1 and 1:10 showed an exponential course during the first 30 min. At a bacteria-to-cell ratio of 1:1, application of a correction for the outgrowth of extracellular bacteria gave an exponential course of ingestion over the first 90-min period. Since it was found that the phagocytosis of bacteria by granulocytes at various bacteria-to-cell ratios can be described with Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we studied the kinetics of phagocytosis on the basis of the initial rate for the first 30-min period. The rate of phagocytosis and the maximal degree of ingestion of bacteria by granulocytes proved to be related to the concentration of serum used in the assay. The minimal serum concentration required for maximal ingestion was 2.5% for Staphylococcus aureus and 5% for Escherichia coli. When bacteria were pre-opsonized, the duration of pre-opsonization proved to be limiting for the rate of phagocytosis in dependence on the serum concentration. The effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of micro-organisms proved to be two-fold. First, at temperatures between 4 and 33 degrees a decrease in the functioning of the cells leads to a decrease in the rate of phagocytosis. Above 42 degrees, the temperature affects mainly the opsonization of the micro-organisms and has only a slight influence on the ingestion process. From the data obtained in this study, maximal rates of 6.3 X 10(6) Staphylococcus aureus/5 X 10(6) granulocytes/min and of 7.1 X 10(6) Escherichia coli/5 X 10(6) granulocytes/min were calculated for phagocytosis at a bacteria-to-cell ratio of 100:1 at 37 degrees, i.e. on average about one bacterium per granulocyte per min. The maximum calculated number of bacteria ingested by one granulocyte lies between 40 and 50.

Blood↗

PubMed1985

In vitro antibacterial activity of imipenem against Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus species. Comparison with thirteen other antimicrobial agents.

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of imipenem against recent clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp. (94 strains) and penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (50 Staph. aureus and 50 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) was assessed using the Mueller-Hinton agar dilution method. Results were compared with those simultaneously obtained for amikacin, netilmicin, tobramycin, norfloxacin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and azthreonam against Pseudomonas spp., and for rifampicin, clindamycin, netilmicin and cefoxitin, besides penicillin and methacillin, against Staphylococcus spp. About 50 and 90% of 84 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were inhibited by concentrations of imipenem equal to or less than 2 and 8 mg/l respectively. The in vitro activity of imipenem was comparable to that of ceftazidime and norfloxacin, but superior to that of the aminoglycosides and all the other antibiotics tested, in terms of potency by weight. Among other Pseudomonas spp. only P. malthophilia (2 strains) proved resistant to imipenem. Rifampicin was the most active antibiotic by weight against Staph. aureus but imipenem was more active than clindamycin and, especially, netilmicin and cefoxitin. Imipenem was highly active also against coagulase-negative staphylococci, with some differences related to the high incidence of methicillin-resistant strains. MICs of imipenem in Mueller-Hinton broth correlated with those obtained in agar, unlike the aminoglycosides. There were no significant inoculum effects on MICs of imipenem and MBCs were within one twofold dilution of MICs in over 75% of assays.

Aminoglycosides↗