SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “bone density”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

Effect of degenerative spinal and aortic calcification on bone density measurements in post-menopausal women: links between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease?

The effect of spinal degenerative changes and aortic calcification on bone mineral density measurements was studied in 115 healthy early post-menopausal women. Lateral lumbar spine radiographs and quantitative computer tomography images were used to determine the presence and severity of aortic calcification and degenerative changes in the lumbar spine. Women with spinal degenerative calcification had higher spine bone density when measured by dual photon absorptiometry compared to those without calcification (P < 0.01), but this was not reflected by the quantitative computer tomography or the proximal femur bone densities, suggesting that spinal calcification artefactually increases spinal bone density when measured by dual photon techniques. Women with aortic calcification had significantly lower quantitative computer tomography and proximal femur bone density compared to those without calcification (both P < 0.05). These women may be at increased risk for both osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, suggesting a common aetiological factor such as oestrogen deficiency.

Aortic Diseases↗

PubMed1986

Precision of measurement of bone density with a special purpose computed tomography scanner.

A new, special purpose, low-dose computed tomography scanner has been developed for the precise measurement of bone density in the distal radius. The instrument includes an 125I source and four scintillation detectors which are scanned across a section of the forearm to produce a cross-sectional image. A number of innovative features have been included to improve patient comfort and scanner precision. The reproducibility for trabecular bone measurement was 0.5% for repeated scans in 22 subjects. The long-term precision in a group of normal subjects was better than 5 mg cm-3. The high precision and the separate measurement of trabecular bone make this technique suitable for the longitudinal study of bone density in metabolic bone disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Precision and accuracy of computed digital absorptiometry for assessment of bone density of the hand.

Widespread osteoporosis testing and diagnosis are currently limited due to the high capital cost and reduced portability of many existing bone densitometry techniques. In this study we evaluated an inexpensive, low radiation, X-ray-based technique for assessing bone density of the middle phalanx. The technique, termed computed digital absorptiometry (CDA), is similar to radiographic absorptiometry (RA), using a single-energy X-ray source, an aluminum alloy step-wedge, and a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector system to automatically compute bone mineral content (BMC, g) and bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) in the middle phalanx of the third finger. The potential advantage of CDA over current RA techniques is that by using a filmless detector system, no off-site processing of radiographs is required and bone density results are obtained immediately after the test. Using human cadaveric specimens we determined the accuracy and short-term precision of CDA as well as its correlation with other hand and forearm bone densitometry methods. We obtained 26 cadaveric forearms (50% female, mean age 78 years, range 52-96 years). BMC and BMD of the middle phalanx of the third finger were determined using CDA and using RA. We assessed forearm BMC and BMD using single-energy and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (SXA and DXA). Precision of CDA was assessed by measuring ten of the specimens five times each with repositioning between measurements. Finally, the middle phalanx was dissected and incinerated to determine ash weight. BMC estimates from CDA and from RA were strongly correlated with ash weight (r = 0.89, p < 0.001 and r = 0.93, p < 0.001, respectively). The mean coefficients of variation using CDA were 1.36% and 0.70% for phalanx BMC and BMD, respectively. BMC and BMD measured by CDA were strongly correlated with hand and forearm bone mineral measurements performed by SXA, DXA and RA (r = 0.74-0.91). These results indicate that CDA accurately and precisely predicts BMC of the middle phalanx. Thus, with further clinical verification, this technique may prove to be a useful tool for the widespread testing and assessment of osteoporotic fracture risk.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2004

Increased bone density associated with DLX3 mutation in the tricho-dento-osseous syndrome.

Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO) (OMIM #190320) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized and named for the three most commonly affected tissues hair, teeth, and bones. Common to all individuals with TDO studied to date is a four base-pair deletion in the DLX3 gene on chromosome 17q21. This mutation is associated with a variable bone phenotype that includes alteration in intramembranous bone formation in the skull. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare endochondral bone phenotypes and variability at central and peripheral locations of the skeleton by evaluating bone density in individuals having the same DLX3, 4 bp DEL,NT3198 mutation (OMIM 600525) and non-affected family members using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Thirty-four individuals (20 TDO-affected and 14 non-affected) participated in this prospective study. All participants were evaluated for the DLX3 mutation associated with TDO. All subjects received DEXA scans at common, literature-supported osteoporotic test regions including: (1) non-dominant distal radius/ulna, (2) femoral neck, and (3) lumbar spine L2-4. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in bone mineral density in TDO-affected individuals compared with control individuals at each test region. The markedly increased bone density in individuals having the DLX3, 4 bp DEL,NT3198 mutation shows that this alteration affects both endochondral and intramembranous bone formation and suggests that the DLX3 gene is important in bone formation and/or homeostasis of the appendicular skeleton.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of mandibular bone density to predict osteoporosis in adolescents with constitutional delayed growth.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between constitutional delayed growth (CDG) and mandibular bone trabeculation as well as bone density on panoramic radiographs using a computer software program. METHODS: Panoramic radiographs obtained from 25 patients with CDG and 25 healthy adolescents were evaluated for this study. Patients were selected from admission to Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Section of Adolescent Medicine in the first half of the year 2002. All panoramic radiographs were taken under standard conditions, and were randomized and then converted to digital images for density analysis using a scanner. The images were transferred to Osiris computer software program for the evaluation of bone density from 4 different regions on the mandible (right and left mandibular angle and condyle). RESULTS: The CDG group had higher values for the risk of osteoporosis considering the right (t=3.360, p=0.002) and the left condyle (t=3.620, p=0.001) (t-test for independent samples). It was also seen that the CDG group was again at higher risk in comparison to the control group when left mandibular angle values were measured (z=-2.447, p=0.014) (Mann Whitney-U test). CONCLUSION: We suggest that panoramic radiographs, which are transformed into digital format, can be valuable and economic tools for detecting the risk of osteoporosis in adolescents with CDG.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Influence of heredity and environment on bone density in adolescent boys: a parent-offspring study.

The purpose of the present parent-offspring study was to investigate the influence of heredity and environment on bone density in young men. Another aim was to discover whether the same genetic factors influence bone mass, lean mass and muscle strength. Fifty families including a father, mother and one son were investigated. The mothers (aged 44.5 +/- 4.4 years) and fathers (aged 47.1 +/- 4.4 years) generally had a sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity. As a contrast, all but three of the sons (aged 17.0 +/- 0.4 years) were active in ice hockey training. Bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) of the total body, head, lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Muscle strength of the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles was also measured in the boys. BMD values of different sites in the fathers, mothers and sons were adjusted for weight, height, age, and any significant influence of environment. Heritability estimates were obtained as regression coefficients with the boys' adjusted BMD as dependent variable and the adjusted midparent bone density (father BMD + mother BMD/2) as independent variable. Accordingly, heritability explained 34-54% of the variation in the sons' BMD. Midparent BMD of several sites also predicted the boys' lean mass and quadriceps strength, and midparent-offspring differences in lean mass predicted midparent-offspring differences in BMD of the total body, head and spine (beta = 0.30-0.51, p < 0.05). The sons were found to have almost 30% higher femoral neck BMD than their fathers, and physical activity (hours/week) predicted BMD at several sites among the sons beta = 0.26-0.34, p < 0.05). In conclusion, heritability is a main determinant of the variance in BMD in young men. Based on the results we suggest that the same genetic factors may influence bone mass, lean mass and muscle strength by affecting body size. The present study also emphasizes the importance of physical activity for the development and maintenance of BMD in men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Wrist fracture, heel bone density and thoracic kyphosis: a case control study.

The heel bone density measured by Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (BUA), the thoracic kyphosis measured by a Kyphometer, height, and weight were compared between 294 women over 49 years of age who sustained a wrist fracture and 294 age-matched women who had not previous wrist, hip or spine fracture. The BUA was significantly less in the women who had wrist fracture (p less than 0.0005), though there was a considerable overlap between the two populations. The women with wrist fracture had significantly greater thoracic kyphosis (p less than 0.0005) and smaller stature (p less than 0.0005). There was no significant difference in weight. There was a significant tendency (p less than 0.0005) for women in the fracture patient group to have both poor BUA and greater kyphosis.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

In vivo measurement of apparent trabecular bone structure of the radius in women with low bone density discriminates patients with recent wrist fracture from those without fracture.

The purpose of this cross-sectional case-control study was to determine whether indices of bone structure at the 4% site of the radius discriminate women who have sustained a recent low-energy fracture of the contralateral distal radius (n = 21) from women with similar bone density and no history of fracture (n = 21). Images of the distal forearm were acquired using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and were analyzed using in-house-developed software to determine indices of trabecular bone structure (average hole size [H(A)], maximum hole size, and connectivity index). The same images were analyzed using commercial software to determine bone density, mass, geometry, and torsional strength. The fracture group had significantly larger H(A) (p = 0.03). No other bone variable differed between groups. Individual H(A) values were compared to the mean value for young adult women (n = 42). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) associated with an H(A) >2 SDs above the young adult mean was 5.4 (1.2-24.3). Thus, estimation of in vivo trabecular bone porosity by measuring the average diameter of the pQCT-imaged marrow spaces in the ultradistal radius identifies individuals with low bone mass most at risk for osteoporotic fracture.

Bone Density↗

PubMed1997

Medroxyprogesterone acetate with Zoladex for long-term treatment of fibroids: effects on bone density and patient acceptability.

A randomized trial was carried out to investigate the effect of 12 months administration of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) Zoladex in combination with either placebo or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) from the third month. Bone density, markers of bone resorption, symptoms and uterine volume were monitored in 24 women with symptomatic fibroids or menstrual problems. A total of 21 women were recruited to act as controls for the assessment of bone parameters. Vasomotor side-effects were reduced significantly in the MPA-treated group. The reduction in uterine volume in women with fibroids was not impaired by the addition of MPA. The bone markers osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were assessed in plasma, and the cross-links pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline measured in urine. Changes in these markers are reported which suggest increases in bone resorption during the period of observation. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at the spine and forearm. The net reduction in BMD at the spine in the treated groups was 4.30 +/- 0.59% at 6 months and 7.50 +/- 0.78% at 1 year, with no change in the control group. No change was seen in forearm BMD. No protective effect was observed when MPA was added. At 1 year after the completion of treatment, BMD remained significantly below baseline, and this has implications for the prolonged use of GnRHa.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Cortical bone density is normal in prepubertal children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency, but initially decreases during GH replacement due to early bone remodeling.

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has revealed that GH- deficient adults gain in bone mineral density during GH therapy. Measurements of volumetric bone density (grams per cubic centimeter vs. grams per square centimeter) and structure, however, are achieved through peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). In 45 prepubertal GH-deficient children, we studied pQCT measurements before the start and for 12 months of GH treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase (AP), procollagen I carboxyl-terminal propeptide (PICP), and deoxypyridinoline reflected bone metabolism status. Findings at the start of GH treatment were (mean SD score): bone area, -0.44; cortical density, -0.03; cortical area, -1.32; cortical thickness, -1.41; and marrow area, +0.66. At 12 months, cortical density had fallen to -0.73 (P < 0.001), whereas cortical area and thickness, and marrow area did not change. AP, PICP, and deoxypyridinoline increased significantly within the first 3 months (increase: AP, 66.5 U/liter; PICP, 72 microg/liter; DPD, 11.4 nmol/mmol creatinine). The pQCT showed that cortical density is not reduced in GH-deficient patients. Higher bone metabolism explains the lower cortical density after GH therapy commenced. Thus, the manifestation of GH deficiency is evidently similar in children and adults, and pQCT provides important information in addition to DEXA measurements, as DEXA does not take bone structure into account.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1995

Estimation of spinal bone density using conventional MRI. Comparison between MRI and DXA in 32 subjects.

We evaluated the usefulness of MRI T1 and T2 relaxation times in assessing bone mineral status. T1 and T2 relaxation times of L3 were measured in 16 pairs of identical twins (24 men, 8 women), aged 25-69 years. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and apparent volumetric bone mineral density (BMDvol) of L3 were measured from the same subjects using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). T2 relaxation time correlated inversely with BMD and BMC (r -0.40 and r -0.47, respectively), whereas a significant positive correlation between T1 relaxation time and BMDvol was found (r 0.36). The measurement of T1 may give some information on bone mineral status in clinical MRI measurements when DXA is not available. It is possible that T1 and T2 reflect not only bone density, but also other factors related to bone structure.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1983

Quantitative assessment of bone density on X-ray picture.

On an X-ray picture of the hands along with an aluminum step-wedge, the bone density was measured at the middle site of the metacarpal bone II with a densitometer and a computer to provide 6 indices in healthy subjects and patients with osteoporosis in order to assess the degree of bone density. This method was observed to exhibit significant correlations with the already established methods for bone mineral assessment including the Jikei method, photon absorptiometry, and bone biopsy. Thus our method permits the assessment of the degree of bone atrophy.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1993

[Biochemical markers of bone remodeling and bone density in healthy postmenopausal women].

The aim of this study was to study bone turnover and density in postmenopausal women. One hundred healthy postmenopausal women aged 45 to 86 years, in whom menopause occurred between 3 months and 33 years before and were not receiving medications that could alter bone metabolism, were studied. Measurements performed were serum alkaline phosphatases, urine hydroxyproline/creatinine and calcium/creatinine excretion ratios and lumbar spine and femoral bone densities. Mean urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine excretion ratio was 39.5 +/- 11.9 (over 45 in 26% of women) and calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.11 +/- 0.08 (over 0.12 in 29% of women). At least one of these measurements were increased in 39% of women and no relationship of these values with age or length of postmenopausal period was found. Alkaline phosphatases were elevated in 9.6% of women. Twenty six percent of women had lumbar spine osteopenia and 10% femoral neck osteopenia. There was an inverse relationship between the length of hypoestrogenism and bone density. It is concluded that more than one third of studied women had biochemical evidences of bone resorption and that these women had a higher frequency of osteopenia than the general population. A decrease in bone density and an increase in bone resorption indices identify women with higher risk of osteoporosis that could be benefitted with an opportune treatment.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2000

Loss of bone density and lean body mass after hip fracture.

Few studies of bone loss have assessed the amount of loss directly after a hip fracture. The present prospective study was conducted to determine changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle mass shortly after fracture and through 1 year to assess short-term loss and related factors. The setting was two acute care teaching hospitals in Baltimore, Maryland, and subjects were 205 community-dwelling women with a new fracture of the proximal femur between 1992 and 1995. Bone density of the nonfractured hip and whole-body and body composition were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 3 and 10 days and 2, 6 and 12 months after admission. Mean BMD of the femoral neck was 0.546 +/- 0.007 g/cm(2) at baseline. Average loss of femoral neck BMD from baseline was 2.1% at 2 months, 2.5% at 6 months and 4.6% at 12 months. The average loss of BMD in the intertrochanteric region was 2.1% at 12 months. Total lean body mass decreased by 6% while fat mass increased by 3. 6% by 1 year after the fracture. These findings indicate that significant loss in BMD and lean body mass occur shortly after hip fracture while body fat increases. Continued loss was evident throughout the 1 year of follow-up. This loss of both bone density and muscle mass may lead to new fractures.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1987

Torsion and bending analysis of internal fixation techniques for femoral neck fractures: the role of implant design and bone density.

To evaluate pin/screw/plate fixation for management of femoral neck fractures, 39 proximal femora were tested in both torsion and flexion under physiological loading conditions. Three, four, or five implants of six commonly used multiple-fixation devices, and a sliding hip screw with and without an additional 6.5-mm cancellous screw were examined in paired femora. The intact and postfixation femora were initially subjected to a single applied moment, and the torsion and bending stiffness were determined from the load-deformation data. Postfixation femora were also subjected to cyclic loading in flexion at three load ranges, and fixation was judged successful if no failure occurred on or before 1,500 cycles of 667 to 2,000 N of a combined compressive force and moment. Anterior-posterior and lateral radiographs of each specimen were taken after fixation in order to evaluate Singh's index of bone density, fracture reduction, implant placement, and cross-sectional diameter of the femoral neck. Bone density was also evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and physical measurement of core samples obtained from the femoral head. The results indicate that there appears to be no justification for the use of more than three pin/screw implants for management of femoral neck fractures. Bone density was found to correlate with fracture stability and may be a useful predictor of fixation success.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Axial and peripheral bone density and nutrient intakes of postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women.

The study investigated whether differences exist between postmenopausal Caucasian vegetarian and omnivorous women regarding trabecular and cortical bone density measured with single- and dual-photon absorptiometry. Anthropometric measurements, blood and urine samples, and food intakes of the twenty-eight matched pairs were also compared. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated no significant differences in bone measurements between vegetarians and omnivores at any sites except the skull. The vegetarians' serum globulin and total protein measured higher. Urine calcium and creatinine were similar between the groups. The vegetarians consumed greater quantities of carbohydrate, fiber, magnesium, ascorbic acid, copper, and energy as percent carbohydrate, and lower quantities of protein, niacin, alcohol, vitamin B-12, cholesterol, and energy as percent protein. Despite several differences in dietary intakes, the results indicate that neither cortical nor trabecular bone density in these postmenopausal women was affected by a lactoovovegetarian diet.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Bone density and body composition in chronic renal failure: effects of growth hormone treatment.

Metabolic bone disease and growth retardation are common complications of chronic renal failure (CRF). We evaluated bone mineral density (BMD), bone metabolism, body composition and growth in children with CRF, and the effect of growth hormone treatment (GHRx) on these variables. Thirty-three prepubertal patients with CRF were enrolled including 18 children with growth retardation, who were treated with growth hormone for 2 years. Every 6 months, BMD of lumbar spine and total body, and body composition were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Biochemical parameters of bone turnover were assessed. Mean BMD of children with CRF did not differ from normal. During GHRx, BMD and bone mineral apparent density of lumbar spine and height SDS increased, whereas BMD of total body did not change. Lean body mass increased in the GH group. Alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in the GH group only. The other biochemical parameters of bone turnover increased in both groups, none of them correlated with the changes in BMD. No serious adverse effects of GHRx were reported. In conclusion, BMD of children with CRF did not differ from healthy children. Adequate treatment with alpha-calcidiol or the short duration of renal failure may have attributed to the absence of osteopenia in our patients. BMD of the axial skeleton and growth improved with GHRx.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗

PubMed1994

Estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women--is 1 mg estradiolvalerate sufficient to maintain axial trabecular bone density?

An oral estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy consisting of 1 mg estradiolvalerate +2 mg estriol/day for 21 days in combination with 0.25 mg levonorgestrel/day for the last 10 days sequentially may be sufficient to maintain lumbar trabecular bone density in climacteric pre- and postmenopausal women as demonstrated by serial bone density measurements (single-energy quantitative computed tomography of the lumbar spine) in 7 individuals with longitudinal follow-up for up to 5 years. At present, only postmenopausal women with induced estradiol levels of at least > or = 220 pmol/l (> or = 60 pg/ml) provided by estrogen replacement therapies containing higher daily estradiol doses as the above described preparation have been shown to be protective against loss of trabecular bone at the lumbar spine. Preliminary pharmacokinetic results obtained from 14 postmenopausal women being treated with the low-dose estrogen-progestogen replacement demonstrated peak estradiol concentration of 120-160 pmol/l (32-43 pg/ml) 10 hours after oral ingestion, suggesting bone preserving properties by these considerably lower estradiol concentrations.

Administration, Oral↗