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PubMed1987

The use of morphometry in the study of nodular and vascular lesions of the liver.

This paper summarizes the use of morphometry on human autopsy livers to investigate three conditions characterized by the presence of hepatocellular nodules: nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH), partial nodular transformation (PNT) and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Vascular abnormalities were seen in all cases. The nodules can be explained in all three conditions as a response to a greater blood supply in the nodules as compared to the surrounding parenchyma. In NRH, there appears to be ischemia caused by arteritis and secondary oblitertion of small portal veins. In PNT, ischemia may be caused by portal vein thrombosis. In FNH, there appears to be hyperemia caused by a spiderlike arterial anomaly.

Arteritis↗

PubMed1987

[An automated unit for manual photometry and morphometry].

An automated unit for manually controlled photometry and morphometry is described. It enables the operator to carry out photometrical measurements according to the plug-method and morphometrical measurements with the help of an object-micrometer or some kind of a grid. The data obtained are stored in the "Elektronika D3-28" microcomputer to be statistically evaluated after the end of sampling. New variables can be obtained defined by the user as a product of some source variables or their inverses. The data and control structures of the system are described in detail.

Cytophotometry↗

PubMed1986

Morphometry in the differential diagnosis of granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary.

Although the diagnosis of granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary is usually consistent and reproducible, in some cases the differentiation from poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas can be difficult. To investigate our subjective impression of the similarity of nuclei in both types of tumors, seven granulosa-cell tumors and eight poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were studied with morphometry, with a variety of nuclear parameters measured in 100 nuclei per case. The findings showed that, in general, granulosa-cell tumors have a slightly higher mean nuclear contour index (NCI), which is a measure of the nuclear indentation or grooving, and a somewhat lower mean nuclear area than do adenocarcinomas. There is considerable overlap, however, with the nuclear patterns of the two types of tumors forming a morphologic continuum. Multivariate analysis gave a better discrimination but did not entirely eliminate the overlap. The maximum NCI was the best single discriminator. While only one of the granulosa-cell tumors had a maximum NCI less than 5.11, none of the adenocarcinomas exceeded this value. The only granulosa-cell tumor with a maximum NCI below the threshold was in a case with a much less favorable clinical course. The results of this study indicate that objective morphometric nuclear criteria are useful in the diagnosis of granulosa-cell tumors and possibly have some prognostic value.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1986

Morphometry of the distribution of hydrostatic pulmonary oedema in dogs.

Light microscopic morphometry was utilized to examine the distribution of fluid in the interstitium around arteries, veins and within bronchovascular bundles in hydrostatic oedema, comparing it with previous control and permeability oedema experiments. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure was raised with fluid overload and an aortic balloon in five anaesthetized dogs to produce oedema (wet weight to dry weight ratios of 11.66 +/- 0.84). Lung lobes were fixed by freeze-substitution at 20 mmHg airway pressure. Photomicrographs of arteries, veins and bronchovascular bundles were taken, and areas were digitized to obtain the following: for arteries and veins, an oedema ratio=perivascular oedema cuff area/vessel area; for bronchovascular bundles, T=total bundle area, A1=interstitial area around airways, B=airway (respiratory bronchiole, bronchiole, or bronchus) area, A2=periarterial interstitium, V=artery area. From these, oedema ratios were calculated as A1/B and A2/V. We found that the oedema ratios were greater (P less than 0.01) for arteries (1.18, n=675) than veins (0.56, n=263), and were greater for the larger vessels; A1 rose significantly (P less than 0.01) only in bronchovascular bundles with bronchioles and bronchi, not in those with respiratory bronchioles; A2 increased from three- to 25-fold (P less than 0.01) in all bundles; A1/B only increased in bundles with bronchi while A2/V increased two- to six-fold in all bundles with oedema compared with controls. We conclude that these preferential patterns of distribution resemble those reported in permeability oedema, and may shed light on mechanisms of accumulation, and on the physiological effects of oedema on airways and vessels of the lung.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Morphometry of the brainstem with transverse section of the upper pons].

The authors developed new method of morphometry in the brainstem, which used transverse section of the upper pons. After fixation with formalin, the brainstem was separated from the cerebrum and the cerebellum. Both junctions of midbrain-pons and pons-medulla were cut and then the pons was horizontally separated into four slices. The oral surface of the second slice from oral side, in which the central portion of the locus ceruleus is located, was measured with computed digitizer after enlarging the picture. The authors measured the total size of the slice in the pons (Total S), the tegmentum size (Teg S), the total length (Total L), the tegmentum length (Teg L) and so on. The tegmentum was separated from the base along the ventral line of the medial leminiscus. In the study of 23 control cases (16 to 77 year old, 13 male and 10 female, all were Japanese), Total S (563 +/- 85 mm) and Teg S (136 +/- 19 mm) ranged to some extent, while the percentage of the tegmentum size to the total size (Teg S/Total S X 100: %Teg S) distributed in narrow range (24.4 +/- 2.3%), which was considered to be an appropriate index to reveal normal structure of the upper pons. The percentage of the tegmentum length to the total length (%Teg L) was also an appropriate and a simple index. Using this method to stained preparation, it was confirmed that the tegmentum size of such cases with olivopontocerebellar atrophy or infantile spasms were significantly small.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

[Evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of prednisolone in patients with chronic active hepatitis based on the morphometry of liver biopsy specimens].

In 42 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), liver biopsies were subjected to histological study and morphometry before and after prednisolone treatment (21 patients comprising group I) and treatment with a complex of vitamins B1, B6, B12 and C (21 patients comprising group II). Combined study of liver biopsies during treatment makes it possible to evaluate objectively enough the results of prednisolone therapy of CAH patients. The authors confirmed the efficacy of prednisolone therapy of patients with sero-negative CAH. These patients demonstrated a reduction in dystrophic alterations, volume of inflammatory cells in the portal tracts and in the areas of necrosis, a lowering of the number of aggressive lymphocytes. Prednisolone was discovered to have an adverse effect on seropositive CAH, to activate virus replication in liver tissue, intensify necrotic alterations in the parenchyma and inflammatory reaction in the portal tracts.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1985

[Computer-assisted morphometry of the corneal endothelium].

Until recently morphometry of the corneal endothelium depended on the time-consuming technique of manual digitization. Computer-assisted, interactive image analysis with the image processing system makes quick, exact and reproducible processing of endothelial micrograms possible. With the help of this method the homogeneity of the cell pattern and the regenerative activity can be evaluated and changes in the endothelium over time may be compared for statistical significance.

Cornea↗

PubMed1985

Measurement issues in morphometry.

Measurement is the instrument of morphometry. Several recurring issues of measurement are reviewed: types of measurement scales and their statistical consequences; types of measurement errors and their relationship to measurement scales; the differences between image resolution, digitization resolution and measurement resolution; and image measurement methods. The importance of formalized measurement protocols is illustrated with an example from daily morphometric practice.

Calibration↗

PubMed1985

Some statistical aspects of sampling in morphometry.

Morphometry requires, in addition to the accurate counting of points, intersections and transections, meticulous attention to sampling. Methods are described and discussed for ensuring that adequate samples are obtained for a given standard error. For all situations in which stratification is used, the importance of increasing the number of the early strata for reducing the variance is emphasized.

Histological Techniques↗

PubMed1986

Applications of computerized interactive morphometry in pathology: I. Tracings and generation of graphic standards.

We have studied the use in anatomic pathology of a computerized interactive morphometry system and conditions for reliability and proper interpretation of data obtained by tracings. Because of the ease of operation and direct visualization of the tracings, we prefer touch-sensitive screens to digitizing tablets as optimal interactive peripherals. Because touch screens have fewer sampling points (256 X 256) than tracing tablets, we studied the relationship between point density and accuracy of length and area measurements by tracing models of known dimensions on the touch screen by experimenting with different step sizes ranging from every second to every sixth valid sampling point; we obtained excellent results with step size 6 followed by two-fold smoothing by two-dimensional filtering. We conclude that because of staircase formation, a high point density may be more of a liability than an asset and that the touch screen is satisfactory. By tracing closed figures of variable shapes but known areas we observed that area measurements may be unreliable with certain irregular shapes and we discuss how perimeter to area ratios can be used to compute surface to volume ratios. Finally, the generation of simple calibrated graphic standards over routine pathologic slides makes the system useful for fast diagnostic applications.

Computers↗

PubMed1985

[Types of error and error propagation in morphometry].

It is in morphometry, too, that errors of measurement are liable to occur. This paper shows the types of error involved and how they may propagate when the primary measuring data are used for the calculation of further quantities of interest. Finally, there is shown the relation of inaccuracies due to measuring errors to the uncertainties of a particular result which have their origin in biological variability. The examples furnished have been taken from histological volumetry using the target method, from karyometry, and from osteometry.

Biometry↗

PubMed1977

Radiographic morphometry and osteopenia in spinal osteoporosis.

Measurements of bone mineral content and total-body calcium, normalized and expressed as ratios, were compared with radiographic morphometry in 45 women who had spinal osteoporosis. The radiographic indices examined included the femoral score, the femoral trabecular pattern, the biconcavity and metacarpal indices, and the total peripheral score. Both ratios and all the radiographic indices except the femoral trabecular pattern were found to be related to the number of dorsal spine fractures. The relationships observed support the following conclusions: (A) the femoral score and the metacarpal index are related to the degree of osteopenia; (B) the biconcavity index reflects the extraskeletal factors that are pathogenic in spinal osteoporosis; (C) a reduced femoral trabecular pattern index is associated with spinal osteoporosis, although this measurement is not related to the degree of osteopenia; and (D) it may be imprudent to diagnose osteoporosis from the presence of lumbar compression fractures.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1985

Diagnostic morphometry in emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

A morphometric technique of point counting was developed for macroscopic use in emphysematous lungs and microscopic use in bronchi to obtain actual areas and volumes, as opposed to ratios or percentages, of emphysema and submucosal glands. The results in emphysematous lungs showed that the volume of emphysema seen in one slice of one lung cannot be used to predict the volume in other slices, nor the volume of emphysema in one lung to predict the volume of emphysema in the other. The results in the airways showed that, if the volume of bronchial glands in each generation along an airway is expressed per unit of luminal surface area, a distinctive profile of gland distribution along the airway is obtained, as well as the mean volume per gland. These results are discussed in relation to the application of morphometry in individual cases for diagnostic purposes, revealing a need for a central repository of validated methods, so that each method is not repeatedly revalidated, and normal baseline data for the diagnostic morphometrist to use in deciding whether the findings in his or her individual patients are of diagnostic significance.

Bronchitis↗

PubMed1984

[Analytical morphometry of seminiferous tubules in maturation arrest: Fourier analysis of the internal contours of tubules].

Shape of seminiferous tubuli in maturation arrest, is investigated by harmonic Fourier analysis and upper degree polynomials as attempt to find morphometric parameters useful in morphological diagnosis. Inner luminal contour is considered as a closed curve in a reference system and scattered in a series of points whose coordinates are automatically calculated. Then a software named S.A.M. (Shape Analytical Morphometry) is utilized to find the Kth-order equation and calculate the best-fit curve. Moreover an ellypse is drawn with the same barycenter and axes of original curve. These three curves (real curve, best-fit curve and ellypse) are considered as periodic functions and submitted to Fourier analysis to evaluate the coefficients of the series and the spectrum of harmonics. Among 20 contributors, the subsets of greatest amplitude are selected for comparison and classification in terms of fundamental shape and its perturbations.

Fourier Analysis↗

PubMed1984

Radiologic morphometry in patients with femoral neck fractures and elderly control subjects. Comparison with histomorphometric parameters.

Radiologic morphometry was performed in 125 patients with femoral neck fractures and 74 elderly control subjects to evaluate simple parameters for screening of the population at risk. Reproducibility of metacarpal cortical thickness was high when measured in six metacarpals. Values of this parameter were similar in patients and control subjects. Reproducibility of the Singh index was poor. The patients with femoral neck fractures had a higher vertebral index, more vertebral crush fractures, and a lower Singh index than the control subjects. There was no significant difference in these radiologic indices between cervical and intertrochanteric fractures. The radiologic indices correlated poorly with each other and with histomorphometric data from transilial bone biopsies of the patients. Stepwise discriminant analysis allowed correct classification as patient or control subject in only 69.8% of the cases, with the Singh index having the highest predictive value. The reported observations indicate a need for a more accurate technique for local assessment of the bone mass in the femoral neck.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

Morphometry of right and left ventricular myocardium after strenuous exercise in preconditioned rats.

Young male rats were exposed to a biphasic training program in which a 7-week preconditioning period of moderate treadmill exercise was followed by 8 weeks of strenuous endurance running. In comparison with sedentary control animals, the trained rats at 20 weeks of age had developed myocardial hypertrophy of the right ventricle (20%) and interventricular septum (23%), but there was no difference in the weight of the left ventricular free wall. Myocyte hypertrophy (26%) in the right ventricle was achieved through an increase in mean cell length (24%) and the addition of new sarcomere units in series. Exercise induced no acceleration of capillary growth in either ventricle, leading to significant decreases in the capillary luminal volume density (-21%) and surface density (-16%) in the right ventricle. Such alterations in the structural properties of the microvasculature implicated in oxygen availability and diffusion suggest that vigorous exercise, even after a preconditioning period, may still be detrimental to the myocardium. The techniques of myocardial morphometry were examined with respect to potential errors associated with oblique tissue sections and the use of light versus electron microscopy for cell counting. It was shown that the practical effects of obliquity are negligible and that electron microscopic resolution is essential.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

[Functional morphology and pathology of the parathyroid glands. Secretion study using tissue culture, electron microscopy, ultrahistochemistry, immunohistochemistry, morphometry and radioimmunoassay].

The subject of this volume provides an overview on current investigational trends in parathyroid research comprising morphology, function, and regulation of function. After describing calcium homoeostasis and disorders induced by parathyroid hypo- or hyperfunction, problems associated with surgical pathology and morphological diagnostics of parathyroid tissue from hyperparathyroid patients and of tumors with paraneoplastic PTH secretion are discussed. Experimental investigations by the author using tissue culture techniques have revealed details of structure, regulation, and secretion of PTH in human and porcine parathyroid glands drawing special attention to the secretory and morphological differences between normal and adenomatous parathyroid tissues. The combined application of methods available in morphology (electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, ultrahistochemistry, morphometry) and biochemistry (radioimmunoassay, gel-filtration) allows the direct correlation of structure and function in the organ culture system, resulting in a functional morphology and pathology of parathyroid glands. Clinical pathology of primary hyperparathyroidism. The quantitative distribution of 220 operatively obtained parathyroid tumors consisting of 90% adenomas, 8.6% hyperplasias, and 1.4% carcinomas is in agreement with published data of the literature. The intraoperative discrimination between parathyroid and non-parathyroid tissue, necessary for successful search, is a prerequisite for the adequate therapy. A summary of macroscopical criteria will be helpful in improving the intraoparative first-look diagnostics. Problems arising with rapid intraoperative frozen section diagnostics and histological discrimination between adenoma, hyperplasia, and carcinoma are described. Functional morphology and pathomorphology of the parathyroid glands Cellular distribution of PTH and calcium. The chief cells of normal parathyroid glands often cannot be distinguished from those of adenomas if only conventional light- or electron microscopy are applied. However, by using immuno- and ultrahistochemistry evidence was established that adenomatous chief cells contain less PTH than normal chief cells, and that tumor cells are in an activated state. The intracellular calcium content of tumor cells was distinctly lower than in normal parathyroid chief cells, although in primary hyperparathyroidism the extracellular calcium concentration is elevated. The increased amounts of extracellular calcium finds a correlation in the accumulation of calcium deposits in the intercellular space and at the plasmalemma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adenoma↗

PubMed1983

Morphometry on the rat thyroid gland: evaluation of the apical plasma membrane (microvilli and zonula occludens) in freeze-fracture replicas under different functional conditions.

Morphometry was employed on freeze-fracture replicas of the rat thyroid gland following long-term TSH stimulation and hypophysectomy. Our results demonstrate two conspicuous alterations of the luminal (apical) plasma membrane in comparison to normal control specimens: firstly there is an augmentation of surface area after TSH administration which is related to the novel formation of microplicae (pseudopods), but not an increase in the total number of microvillous structures per unit area. In addition an occurrence of numerous endocytic invaginations is observed. Secondly the zonula occludens reveals a loosening of its reticular structure by showing wider meshes without increase in discontinuities of ridges (grooves respectively) following activation of the thyroid gland. These ultrastructural features corroborate electrophysiological findings of an increase in capacitance and a rapid fall of the transepithelial resistance in TSH stimulated thyroid follicle cells.

Animals↗