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PubMed1993

The use of pain coping strategies by patients with phantom limb pain.

Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between the use of pain coping strategies and the level of pain and psychological distress experienced by patients suffering from a variety of chronic pain syndromes. The present study assessed coping strategy use in patients suffering from phantom limb pain by means of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). Sixty phantom limb pain patients completed the CSQ and measures of pain and psychological distress. The factor structure of the CSQ was found to be broadly similar to that obtained in other studies of chronic pain. Three factors reflecting 'Cognitive Coping', 'Helplessness' and 'Pain Denial' were found. Both pain report and psychological distress were found to be related to use of strategies within factor 2 (Helplessness), the number of different drugs patients used, and the time they had experienced phantom limb pain. Twenty percent of the variance in pain scores and 19% of the variance in psychological distress were significantly explained by coping strategies included in the 3 factors on the CSQ. Patient history variables significantly explained a further 14% of the variance in pain scores and 14% of the variance in psychological distress. Examination of regression analyses of the subscales of the CSQ revealed that catastrophising explained the largest proportion of the variance in pain report and psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Psychological distress in adolescents with cancer.

A exploratory descriptive study was conducted to investigate psychological distress among middle and late adolescents recently diagnosed with cancer. Respondents consisted of 40 males and 20 females who were diagnosed with a malignancy within the past 100 days and received outpatient treatment. No gender difference was noted among adolescents, and adolescents did not score significantly different on the Brief Symptom Inventory from a healthy adolescent population. Among the various disease groups, adolescents with leukemia experienced the greatest psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Science and community psychology: social norms for pluralistic inquiry.

The concept of "science" linked to the concept of "community psychology" requires adaptation. In the case of community psychology, science is public to citizens as well as to the scientist. The community psychologist, as scientist, works from the expectation that choices of topics, methods, and interpretation of findings are done in concert with representatives of the community. The following remarks offer 7 ways to keep vital the research of the community psychologist while contributing to robust and useful knowledge.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1995

Assessing stress-buffering effects: a cautionary note.

Research on the stress-buffering functions of social support is equivocal. The purpose of this study was to suggest that part of the reason for these contradictory findings may be due to the fact that researchers have misspecified the relationship between stress and support. Instead of always being an effective coping resource, this study tested the view that there are limits to the beneficial effects of assistance provided by others and that beyond a certain level support may actually exacerbate the noxious impact of stress. Data from a recent nationwide survey of older adults support this more complex perspective. More specifically, the data suggest that although emotional support initially reduces the effects of chronic financial strain on depressive symptoms, further increments in emotional assistance are associated with increased psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of the stressful effects of hospitalisation and source isolation on coping and psychological constructs.

This quantitative research has attempted to investigate the psychological effects of hospitalisation and source isolation, and assessed whether were they influential in affecting a patient's cognitive coping with these two stressors. The research evaluated whether isolating a person because of an infection was a more stressful event (causing negative effects on four measured psychological constructs) than routine hospital admission. The research was conducted in two large District General Hospitals and one elderly care hospital. Individuals admitted to one of the research sites, and who satisfied the sample criteria, were adopted. The total number of subjects was 40. The research design was quasi experimental (post test only control group design), using a quantitative approach. Following a period of hospitalisation or isolation subjects in the control group (Group 1, hospitalised subjects n = 20) and subjects in the experimental group (Group 2, isolated subjects, n = 20) were given the following to complete: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Health Illness (Powerlessness) Questionnaire, and the Self Esteem Scale. These measured four psychological constructs: anxiety, depression, self esteem and sense of control. The quantitative data generated were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Student's t-test. The findings confirmed and validated previous research that hospitalisation results in many negative feelings that have detrimental effects on psychological well being and coping. However, more significantly, infected subjects who were isolated demonstrated feelings of anxiety, and depression that were significantly higher, and feelings of self esteem and sense of control that were significantly lower than those demonstrated by hospitalised subjects. Thus it could be argued that isolation has an even greater negative effect on their coping. Further research therefore needs to examine how specific nurse interventions can ameliorate the identified negative effects of isolation and so facilitate effective coping and positive psychological well being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Stress and verbal abuse in nursing: do burned out nurses eat their young?

AIM: The purpose of this study was to explore the types and frequency of verbal abuse of nurses by other nurses. Further, this study explored the components, characteristics, consequences and effects of abuse in an effort to better understand the dynamics of verbal abuse of nurses in the workplace. Nurses who experience occupational burnout are more likely to abuse other nurses. BACKGROUND: It is believed that nurses have been historically subjected to verbal abuse by colleagues, something previously considered to be done primarily by doctors. The effects and consequences of verbal abuse can be devastating and long-lasting. Research that has focused on its consequences has found that it is both physiologically and psychologically damaging. METHOD: Participants completed an adapted survey, incorporating the Verbal Abuse Scale and the Verbal Abuse Survey and demographic questions developed by the researchers. Specifically, types of verbal aggression, the frequency and stressfulness of each type, emotional reaction to verbal aggression, cognitive appraisal of verbally aggressive encounters, and similarity and effectiveness of coping behaviours were explored. The long-term negative effects of verbal aggression, including absenteeism and errors in patient treatment, were also evaluated to determine if verbal aggression is a contributing factor. RESULTS: Respondents reported that the most frequent source of abuse was nurses (27%), followed by patients' families (25%), doctors (22%), patients (17%), residents (4%), other (3%) and interns (2%). Of those who selected a nurse as the most frequent source, staff nurses were reported to be the most frequent nursing source (80%) followed by nurse managers (20%). CONCLUSIONS: Verbal abuse in nursing is quite costly to the individual nurses, the hospitals and the patients. Nurses who regularly experience verbal abuse may be more stressed, may feel less satisfied with their jobs, may miss more work and may provide a substandard quality of care to patients.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2006

Emotions and interpersonal relationships: toward a person-centered conceptualization of emotions and coping.

This essay describes my theory of emotions. I make a case for studying discrete emotions in the context of four processes that represent the central features of my theoretical system: appraising, coping, flow of actions and reactions, and relational meaning. I explain why coping is a key feature of the emotion process, and I discuss issues related to the measurement of coping and the importance of understanding coping processes in the context of personality and situational demands. I make the argument that emotions are best studied as narratives, and I offer one such narrative in the form of a case study to demonstrate how emotions can best be understood in the context of an interpersonal relationship and by considering individual differences, interpersonal transactions, and relational meaning. I conclude this essay with a caution that field specialization may interfere with our understanding of emotions and other psychological phenomena, and I underscore the virtues of ipsative-normative research designs as a way to move closer to a person-centered personality psychology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Health psychology.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

The discharged psychiatric patient: a review of social, social-psychological, and psychiatric correlates of outcome.

The authors review research over the past decade on the social, social-psychological, and psychiatric correlates of community adaptation among discharged psychiatric patients. A review of 33 studies suggests that little theoretical or methodological progress has been made in identifying the factors that are conductive to the adjustment of discharged patients on their return to the community. To stimulate subsequent efforts in this area, the authors suggest applying new approaches, such as the stress process perspective that has been used to study mental health in the general population.

Adaptation, Psychological↗