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PubMed2004

Supramolecular motifs in s-block metal-bound sulfonated monoazo dyes, part 1: structural class controlled by cation type and modulated by sulfonate aryl ring position.

The solid-state structures of 43 Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca and Ba salts of para- and meta-sulfonated azo dyes have been examined and can be categorised into three structural classes. All form alternating organic and inorganic layers, however, the nature of the coordination network that forms these layers differs from class to class. The class of structure formed was found to be primarily governed by metal type, but can also be influenced by the nature and position of the organic substituents. Thus, for the para-sulfonated azo dyes, Mg compounds form solvent-separated ion-pair solids; Ca, Ba and Li compounds form simple coordination networks based on metal-sulfonate bonding; and Na, K and Rb compounds form more complex, higher dimensional coordination networks. Compounds of meta-sulfonated azo dyes follow a similar pattern, but here, Ca species may also form solvent-separated ion-pair solids. Significantly, this first attempt to classify such dyestuffs using the principles of supramolecular chemistry succeeds not only for the simple dyes used here as model compounds, but also for more complex molecules, similar to modern colourants.

Arylsulfonates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The structural identification of a secondary dye produced from the reaction between sunset yellow and sodium metabisulphite.

The stability of sunset yellow FCF (E110) was investigated in a model soft drinks system, with and without the addition of sodium metabisulphite. The rate of dye degradation was monitored by spectrophotometry and HPLC. In samples containing both sunset yellow and sodium metabisulphite, the formation of a lemon-yellow-coloured compound was clearly demonstrated. Isolation and subsequent analysis by NMR and FAB-MS showed the structure of the compound to be that resulting from sulphonation at carbon 4 of the sunset yellow molecule. Examination of a stored commercial soft drinks sample indicated the presence of the same lemon-yellow compound.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1984

Review: putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods. V. Cycad azoxyglycosides.

Cycasin is a member of a family of azoxyglycosides produced by cycads. It is mutagenic and carcinogenic only when deglucosylated to release its principal metabolite, methylazoxymethanol (MAM). Methylazoxymethanol is also the aglycone of other cycad azoxyglycosides and is responsible for their toxicologic properties. The way in which people can be exposed to cycad azoxyglycosides is through the consumption of foods prepared from cycads. MAM induces genetic alterations in various test systems in bacteria, yeast, plants, Drosophila, and mammalian cells. An important aspect of the biological activities of cycasin and MAM is the intimate connection between their metabolism and their toxicologic effects. In adult mammals, the deglucosylation of cycasin is catalyzed only by enzymes of the microflora of the gut. Cycasin is therefore active when administered orally but not when administered parenterally. In contrast, MAM is active regardless of the route of exposure. Major uncertainties remain regarding the intermediates generated from MAM spontaneously and metabolically. More knowledge of these intermediates is required for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of cycasin, MAM, and related compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An improvement in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex assay: a high-yield method for purifying arylamine acetyltransferase.

A new method for purifying arylamine acetyltransferase (AAT) has been devised using polyethylene glycol fractionation and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The new procedure gives a final yield of approximately 70% based on activity in crude homogenates and can be performed in a single day. This represents a threefold higher yield than previous methods. The procedure may be used to purify AAT from pigeon, chicken, and duck livers with equivalent yield of the final enzyme. However, the preparation from pigeon liver is preferred because of the sevenfold higher activity in this tissue. Nevertheless, if fresh pigeon livers cannot be acquired, calculations reveal that the preparation from chicken liver is comparable to that from pigeon liver acetone powder with respect to total activity obtained per gram wet weight starting material. One can also calculate that the chicken liver preparation is approximately 40 times cheaper than that from pigeon liver acetone powder, making the preparation of AAT from fresh chicken livers a good alternative when pigeon livers are not available.

Aniline Compounds↗