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Results for “Capacity Building”

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PubMed2001

Transportation for maternal emergencies in Tanzania: empowering communities through participatory problem solving.

Inadequate health care and long delays in obtaining care during obstetric emergencies are major contributors to high maternal death rates in Tanzania. Formative research conducted in the Mwanza region identified several transportation-related reasons for delays in receiving assistance. In 1996, the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began an effort to build community capacity for problem-solving through participatory development of community-based plans for emergency transportation in 50 villages. An April 2001 assessment showed that 19 villages had begun collecting funds for transportation systems; of 13 villages with systems available, 10 had used the system within the last 3 months. Increased support for village health workers and greater participation of women in decision making were also observed.

Community Health Planning↗

PubMed2002

Occupational medicine: toward a worker/patient empowerment approach to occupational illness.

Clinicians practicing occupational medicine are increasingly confronted with patients who have complex illnesses with chronic nonspecific symptoms. Most clinicians use the traditional tools of biomedicine to diagnose and treat the illness, determine etiology, and assess disability. This article argues that the biomedical approach is inadequate to effectively evaluate and treat occupational illness. After reviewing several critiques of biomedicine, including biopsychosocial, feminist, class, and critical theory/postmodern perspectives, the author offers an alternative approach that builds on aspects of these perspectives as well as the "popular education" work of Paulo Freire. Constraints on, and possibilities for, the development of an alternative approach that attempts to build patients' capacities for transformative action are explored.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2003

Roots of Empathy: responsive parenting, caring societies.

What is common in aggression and in abusive/neglectful parenting is low levels of empathy. Fostering empathy--the ability to identify with another person's feelings--can serve as an antidote to aggression and is crucial to good parenting. Poor parenting and aggression cut across all socioeconomic levels of the community and, as such, empathy needs to be fostered in all children. During the period of rapid brain development, adversity has a devastating impact on the baby's developing brain. Repeated experiences of stress are hardwired into the brain, creating damaging pathways. Risk factors such as domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, maternal depression, maternal addictions, and poverty are not just additive to the vulnerable developing brain; they are multiplicative in their impact. The parent is the baby's lifeline, mitigating stress for them and helping them to learn to regulate their emotions. The impact of poor parenting on a child's life is profound, resulting in insecure attachments which lead to a spectrum of inadequate coping mechanisms, poor emotional regulation, diminished learning potential and low competence. Responsive and nurturing parenting is the key to optimal early childhood development; it allows the young brain to develop in a way that is less aggressive and more emotionally stable, social and empathic. Good early childhood development leads to good human development. We must match our investment where the opportunity is most ripe--building parenting capacity. The 'Roots of Empathy' program offers real hope in breaking the intergenerational transference of poor parenting and violence.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

HIV/AIDS: testing and risk behaviors among British Columbia's rural Aboriginal population.

OBJECTIVES: Over the last decade, there has been growing concern in the public health sector over the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Canada's Aboriginal population. However, there continues to be a general lack of HIV awareness and its risk factors in Aboriginal communities. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study investigated HIV testing patterns, perceptions and risk factors within 7 community organizations through the use of face-to-face interviews. The objectives of this research project were to 1) describe the prevalence of HIV testing; 2) describe issues concerning confidentiality related to the HIV testing; 3) identify the prevalence of risk factors for HIV transmission; and, 4) build research capacity in the Aboriginal community. RESULTS: Two hundred and nineteen Aboriginal persons participated in interviews. Off-reserve residents (pOR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.80) were significantly more likely to use illicit drugs than reserve residents. Sixty percent of participants had reported undergoing HIV testing at some point. Two-spirited participants (pOR: 16.1, 95% CI: 2.13-121.06), those who previously tested for a Sexually Transmitted Disease (pOR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.73-4.98), those currently using cocaine (pOR: 3.88, 95% CI: 1.25 - 12.0), and those who reported to "never", or "some of the time" use clean needles (pOR: 11.0, 95% CI: 1.36- 88.66) were significantly more likely to undergoing HIV testing. On-reserve residents (pOR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35-0.87) and respondents older than 40 years of age (pOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19 - 0.86) were less likely to undergo HIV testing. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with HIV risk factors are more likely to be tested for HIV in rural areas and confidentiality issues were not a barrier to testing for most participants. Off-reserve residents were more likely to undergo HIV testing, the reasons for which require additional research. Finally, public health units are often under-utilized as locations to seek testing.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1977

Inhibition of the immune response to whooping cough and tetanus vaccines by malaria infection, and the effect of pertussis adjuvant.

Plasmodium yoelii infection of mice depressed their capacity to build up humoral immune response to diphteria vaccine and protective immunity against tetanus toxin. This immunodepression was overcome by Freund's complete adjuvant or killed pertussis bacilli (whooping cough vaccine). These results suggest that vaccines should be given in association in malaria endemic area.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changing focus of practice for community health nurses: advancing the practice role.

Many parents lack support in their parenting role that was once provided through extended families and community structures. Thus, some new parents experience high levels of stress and low self-esteem associated with the challenges of parenting. The lack of support also results in family discord and breakdown with the family environment having the potential to adversely impact children's mental and physical wellbeing and development. The Community Mothers Program (CMP) was initially developed in England and offers support to families during the first year of parenting. The program aims to provide parents with the support once experienced from within the extended family. It also aims to enrich community development by building the capacity of community members living in local communities to support parents. This paper describes the impact of the CMP when implemented into Western Australian as well as the changes to the professional practice role of community child health nurses involved in the program. The Community Mothers Program has proved to be very successful. The success is attributed to the partnership model established between community members, parents, and child health nurses.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMed2005

Primary care research--what in the world is going on?

Primary care research has been described as a "lost cause", and, although this claim has been strongly refuted, general practitioners publish less research than their colleagues in surgery, medicine and public health. Despite a fivefold increase in Australian general practice research papers from the 1980s to the 1990s, fewer than half of these focused on clinical topics. Trying to establish a global figure for expenditure on general practice and primary care research is difficult, but data show that public expenditure for primary care research is minimal in Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom--fewer than 1.50 dollars per capita in 2002-2003. Compared with hospital- and laboratory-based research, primary care receives significantly fewer resources, ranging from 3.2% of total public expenditure on health and medical research in the Netherlands to 6.8% in New Zealand. Government-led investment in interventions such as strengthening primary care departments and colleges and supporting primary care academics, establishing practice-based networks, fostering international initiatives for cross-national efforts, and engaging individual primary care practitioners in research projects, are all required to build research capacity in primary care.

Australia↗

PubMed2003

Current and preferred housing of psychiatric consumers/survivors.

As part of a participatory action research project, we surveyed 300 psychiatric consumers/survivors from southwestern Ontario regarding their housing preferences and housing satisfaction. We found that, while 79% of the sample preferred independent living, 76% were living in some other type of setting (e.g., temporary shelter, supportive housing, sheltered care). Those living in temporary shelters reported the lowest levels of housing satisfaction, and those who were living in the type of housing that they preferred had the highest levels of housing satisfaction. This information is being used by stakeholder groups involved in the project to help build the capacity of the community to provide the types of housing that are preferred by consumers/survivors.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A community approach to health.

Improving the health and well-being of a community may seem like a daunting task-particularly when you consider the vast number of factors that can influence the quality of life of a neighborhood or a region. It's not impossible, however, as six widely different communities across the U.S. are discovering. The Accelerating Community Transformation (ACT) project--now underway by The Healthcare Forum through a five-year, $5 million grant from pharmaceutical joint venture Astra Merck Inc.--is an innovative attempt to create real-life learning laboratories in communities as diverse as an inner-city neighborhood on the west side of Chicago; the small southern town of Aiken, S.C.: the semi-desert city of San Bernardino, Calif.; a corner of America's heartland where Missouri, Kansas. Nebraska and Iowa meet; the new town of Celebration, Fla.; and St. Louis, Mo. The goals: to evaluate and accelerate community-wide efforts that result in healthier, more desirable places for people to live, work and play; to build community capacity; and to achieve measurable improved health and quality of life outcomes.

California↗

PubMed2001

Agricultural adaptation of climate change in China.

This paper presents the study on agriculture adaptation to climate change by adopting the assumed land use change strategy to resist the water shortage and to build the capacity to adapt the expected climate change in the northern China. The cost-benefit analysis result shows that assumed land use change from high water consuming rice cultivation to other crops is very effective. Over 7 billions m3 of water can be saved. Potential conflicts between different social interest groups, different regions, demand and supply, and present and future interests have been analyzed for to form a policy to implement the adaptation strategy. Trade, usually taken as one of adaptation strategies, was suggested as a policy option for to support land use change, which not only meets the consumption demand, but also, in terms of resources, imports water resources.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1999