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Results for “Cognitive Training”

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PubMed1995

The efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy in treating premenstrual dysphoric changes.

This study assesses the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in treating premenstrual dysphoric changes. The CBT condition (n = 24) aimed to modify dysfunctional thinking as a means of impacting on negative premenstrual symptoms and changes. The components of CBT were cognitive restructuring and assertion training. A comparison condition called 'information-focused therapy' (IFT) (n = 9) aimed to present information only and did not address belief restructuring. The components were relaxation training, nutritional and vitamin guidelines, dietary and lifestyle recommendations, aspects of child management training and assertion training. Results indicated that the amelioration of anxiety, depression, negative thoughts and physical changes can be effectively addressed by either CBT or IFT. The extent to which a women's belief system is critical in the experience of premenstrual distress requires further empirical investigation.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Innovations: child & adolescent psychiatry: use of collaborative problem solving to reduce seclusion and restraint in child and adolescent inpatient units.

The authors describe "collaborative problem solving," a cognitive-behavioral approach for working with aggressive children and adolescents. The model conceptualizes aggressive behavior as the byproduct of lagging cognitive skills in the domains of flexibility, frustration tolerance, and problem solving. The goal is to train staff to assess specific cognitive skills that may be contributing to challenging behavior and to teach children new skills through collaborative problem solving. The authors present results from an inpatient unit that dramatically reduced rates of seclusion and restraint.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

The effectiveness and practicality of occupational stress management interventions: a survey of subject matter expert opinions.

Stress management (SM) subject matter experts (SMEs) evaluated 6 widely used occupational SM interventions (relaxation, physical fitness, cognitive restructuring, meditation, assertiveness training, and stress inoculation) on the basis of 10 practicality criteria and 7 effectiveness objectives. Relaxation was evaluated overall as the most practical intervention, while meditation and stress inoculation were judged as the least practical. Physical fitness was chosen to be the most effective intervention, while both meditation and assertiveness training were rated overall as the least effective. The findings also revealed that the SMEs considered history of success and duration of effect, rather than "relevance to program objectives," as the most important factors when selecting SM interventions. Incongruence between effectiveness ratings and actual choices of interventions are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Psychosocial therapies for neck pain.

The biopsychosocial approach provides the necessary framework for understanding and treating chronic pain. Through education, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation training, and active adaptation, the biopsychosocial approach allows patients to learn to control their internal environments (pain-related thoughts and emotions) and to influence their responses to the external environment (physical condition, work, significant others, and other stresses). This education-based model of therapy combines naturally with the medical model and medical care.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1998

[Effectiveness of computer-assisted attention training of schizophrenic patients].

Recent years witnessed a considerable proliferation of computer-based training programmes as instruments of cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenic patients. A study on the effects of a 3-week computer-based attention training with schizophrenic patients is presented. The Span of Apprehension and the Continuous Performance Test (CTP) were carried out before and after the training period. Performance improvements were found only on few attention training tasks. Schizophrenics had higher post-treatment hit rates on the Span of Apprehension, but no post-treatment improvements were observed in the CPT. Performance of trained patients in the external attention measures was not superior to performance of matched schizophrenic control patients. These data suggest that brief intensive computer-based attention remediation does not lead to enhanced attentional capacity in schizophrenia. Thus, it might be more adequate to teach behavioural strategies that bypass attention deficits or to offer programmes for exercising more complex cognitive skills than to try to remedy basic cognitive impairments.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Electrogastrography monitoring of the effectiveness of prokinetic and cognitive therapy in functional dyspepsia].

INTRODUCTION: Evidence based management of functional gastrointestinal disorders is a controversial issue. AIM: The purpose of this work was to evaluate electrogastrography (EGG) monitoring of the different treatment modalities in functional dyspepsia patients. PATIENTS/METHODS: 45 patients with functional dyspepsia were entered into the study. Dominant frequency was calculated from recorded contractions/min (cpm) and classified according to international standards: bradygastria (0.0-2.0 cpm), normal (2 < x < 4 cpm) and tachygastria (4-10 cpm). Results were compared to healthy controls. In 10 pts out of 45 with functional dyspepsia, a normal EGG was found. The monitoring of the treatment modalities was performed in the remaining 35 cases with abnormal EGG values. RESULTS: 20 out of 35 patients received 10 mg cisapride three times-daily for two weeks, that resulted in amelioration of dyspepsia symptoms and a parallel improvement in EGG parameters in 18 patients. During the 30 min preprandial period the frequency of bradygastria diminished (10.9 vs. 1.6%), while the rate of normal contractions raised (80.2 vs. 95.4%) significantly, after the 2 weeks cisapride treatment. Postprandial measurements showed similar, but not significant changes (bradygastria 4.2 vs. 2.8%, normogastria 85.2 vs. 95.0%). In 15/35 patients with functional dyspepsia severe depression or anxiety was diagnosed and cognitive therapy or relaxation training were applied without medical treatment. Symptoms, as well as EGG dysrhythmia ameliorated parallelly, the rate of preprandial normogastria showed a significant (85.2 vs. 95.0%) elevation. CONCLUSION: The authors' results support that the EGG can be a suitable, simple, non-invasive and an easy to repeat method for the objective assessment of treatment efficacy in functional dyspepsia patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Behavioural treatment of urinary incontinence and encopresis in children with learning disabilities: transfer of stimulus control.

Urinary and faecal incontinence present a considerable problem in people with learning disabilities, despite the general effectiveness of behavioural techniques in continence training. Children with learning disabilities and obsessional behaviour may be particularly resistant to toilet training, even where relatively cognitively able, and often despite a substantial degree of control over their eliminatory functions. Their resistance may be more appropriately regarded as a challenging behaviour and their incontinence better explained by factors other than a simple failure to learn. A 'stimulus-control' hypothesis proposes that the child's nappy (diaper)/potty/underwear has developed strong stimulus control over the elimination response. This report describes three case studies in which treatment-resistant children, aged between 8 and 12 years, with mild or moderate learning disabilities, were successfully treated for nappy-dependent nocturnal encopresis or diurnal urinary incontinence. The children were routine case referrals for whom previous attempts to train bowel or bladder control had failed. Behavioural techniques, such as 'shaping' (gradually increasing the proximity to the toilet), 'fading' (reducing the presence of the nappy), and rewards for eliminating, effected successful transfer of stimulus control over elimination from nappy to toilet. Treatment times varied, depending on the degree of the child's obsession and resistance to change.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2001

An HIV/AIDS risk-reduction program for mentally ill hospital patients: assessing readiness for change.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an HIV/AIDS cognitive-behavioral skills-training program in promoting readiness for behavior change among a sample of psychiatric inpatients. Significant differences were found in the domain of precontemplation for women patients, in domain of contemplation for patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder, and in the domain of action for men and for patients with a mood disorder. In all areas, difference scores reflected an improvement between pre- and posttest levels.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2006

Cognitive and neural plasticity in aging: general and task-specific limitations.

There is evidence for cognitive as well as neural plasticity across the adult life span, although aging is associated with certain constraints on plasticity. In the current paper, we argue that the age-related reduction in cognitive plasticity may be due to (a) deficits in general processing resources, and (b) failure to engage in task-relevant cognitive operations. Memory-training research suggests that age-related processing deficits (e.g., executive functions, speed) hinder older adults from utilizing mnemonic techniques as efficiently as the young, and that this age difference is reflected by diminished frontal activity during mnemonic use. Additional constraints on memory plasticity in old age are related to difficulties that are specific to the task, such as creating visual images, as well as in binding together the information to be remembered. These deficiencies are paralleled by reduced activity in occipito-parietal and medial-temporal regions, respectively. Future attempts to optimize intervention-related gains in old age should consider targeting both general processing and task-specific origins of age-associated reductions in cognitive plasticity.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Who benefits from training in linguistic awareness in the first grade, and what components show training effects?

Who among first graders benefit from training in linguistic awareness, and what components of the linguistic awareness are most amenable to training effects? At the beginning of Grade 1 prospective at-risk readers (26 out of 117) were identified on the basis of very low phonological awareness. In the autumn term, they received practice in linguistic awareness. When compared to controls individually matched controls on phonological awareness, listening comprehension, and WISC-R scores, the intervention group showed a more rapid building-up of phonological awareness, especially phoneme-blending ability, as well as superiority in word recognition, spelling, and listening comprehension, which were sustained until the end of Grade 1. Reading comprehension could not be compared because 8 of the 26 controls did not read fluently enough to be tested. The half of the control group with cognitive delays, receiving normal special education instruction, performed consistently worse than their matched pairs in the intervention group. The latter group showed development of phonological awareness, decoding, and spelling equal to that of the cognitively nearly average intervention group and their matched pairs in the control group, who received no additional support. These three groups, originally defined as at-risk readers, performed at the level of other preschool nonreaders at the end of Grade 1. In sum, the children with cognitive delays benefitted from training in linguistic awareness. The results underscore the importance of phoneme synthesis skills in beginning reading and spelling, at least with regular languages.

Awareness↗

PubMed1982

Cognitive behaviour therapy and depression.

The main assumptions of cognitive behaviour therapy are that depressed affect may be caused by certain erroneous thought processes and that such processes may be identified and modified by a combination of cognitive and behavioural techniques. The patient is trained to monitor and record the automatic thoughts associated with his depressed moods and to substitute alternative more adaptive thoughts. During cognitive restructuring, he is trained to challenge and test out alternative ways of thinking and behaving. Within therapy sessions techniques such as role rehearsal and modelling are used, while in his day-to-day life the patient is encouraged to carry out increasingly difficult task assignments in order to increase his experience of success and raise his level of activity. Where the patient's problems are partly attributable to real deficits in specific basic coping skills, he is given training to overcome those difficulties. The various components of therapy are combined to meet the individual's needs and two or more components may be utilized simultaneously.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1991

[Effects of cognitive strategies on motor-learning].

The effectiveness of cognitive strategies and the training procedure for a motor learning, which seemed difficult to control voluntarily, was examined. The task was the abduction without fluctuation of the big toe. Two experiments were conducted with 16 and 20 subjects in each. Results suggest that (1) it is necessary to provide a relatively long duration for each trial in the training session in order to let the subjects to find their appropriate strategies; and (2) the greatest facilitatory effect is obtained when they individually attempt to control the abduction of the big toe with attention to the direction of its movements which inevitably contract the M. abductor hallucis, whereas the knowledge of the location of the muscle has little effect on its motor learning. The implication of these results to the rehabilitation for physically handicapped persons was discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A naturalistic study of psychotherapeutic methods and client in-therapy functioning in a child community setting.

Utilized a naturalistic methodology to examine treatment responses associated with major psychotherapeutic methods in 150 youth aged 11 to 17 years old in a community mental health center. Treatment methods were not experimentally controlled but were measured retrospectively by therapist report. Treatment response was assessed by a composite of 6 measures completed by clients, parents, and therapists. Pretest/posttest comparisons indicated improved functioning in the sample as a whole. Treatment response was not related to the proportion of therapy using individual, family, or group modalities. Therapy response was positively associated with extent of use of cognitive therapy. Social skills training, behavior therapy, and family systems therapy were associated with more positive treatment response in some subgroups of clients. The number of approaches used in an individual case (technical eclecticism) was positively related to client response. Treatment response was more consistently related to level of client and parent functioning in therapy than to treatment method.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

ProsthesisWare: concepts and caveats for microcomputer-based aids to everyday living.

Two main approaches have been taken in using the microcomputer as an aid to the elderly for everyday living. The first strategy is often termed cognitive rehabilitation and uses the computer as a tutor for the training or retraining of such general cognitive skills as memory or attention. The strength of this strategy is that it is inexpensive and deliverable; its weakness is that it is ineffective for many people because it requires plasticity and the ability to generalize to real-life situations. The second strategy, termed ProsthesisWare, uses the computer as a prosthetic or augmentative device for any deficiencies in cognitive or motor abilities. The strength of the ProsthesisWare approach is that it can be effective in providing compensation and in maintaining the independent home environment that most people desire; its weakness is that it requires acceptance, maintenance, and idiosyncratic customization. As an illustration of the ProsthesisWare program. SpeechWare is presented. This software serves as a prosthetic aid for those who, as a result of stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or other neurological impairment, have lost the ability to communicate and who may also have severe motor impairments. SpeechWare also includes telephone, distance electronic, and written communication functions as well as basic control of household appliances and environment.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

The influence of warning signal timing and cognitive preparation on the aversiveness of cold-pressor pain.

This study examined the role of prior warning time, cognitive preparation and self-efficacy in the reaction to cold-pressor pain that has a substantial stimulus duration and leaves a residual effect. Forty-eight, paid, male subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 cognitive preparation groups: (1) Training group, provided with a self-instructional booklet of pain control techniques, (2) Citizenship group, to control for reading a booklet, and (3) Control group with no advanced preparation. Warning times used on a within-subjects basis were 0, 30, and 180 sec prior to immersion of their arms in cold water. Results indicated that overall, the 180 sec warning time yielded the lowest pain ratings. Warning time had no effect on duration in water for subjects who underwent training, but the 30 sec and 180 sec warning time yielded longer duration in water, for subjects in the other groups. The Training group preparation was effective in raising perceived self-efficacy for coping with pain which, in turn, was found to be correlated with pain tolerance. Perceived self-efficacy was also found to have an effect on heart rate with high scorers yielding a lower reaction upon immersion into the cold water compared to the low scorers. The results point to the need to consider the effect of the stimulus characteristics and the centrality of perceived self-efficacy when preparing a subject prior to pain stimulation.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of depressive symptoms on smoking abstinence and treatment adherence among smokers with a history of alcohol dependence.

This study examined the effect of depressive symptoms on smoking abstinence and treatment adherence among smokers with a past history of alcohol dependence. Participants (24 women, 27 men) were randomly assigned to behavioral counseling (BC) or behavioral counseling plus cognitive-behavioral mood management training (CBT). The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; M. Hamilton, 1967) was administered to assess baseline depressive symptoms. Participants who received CBT and had higher HRSD scores were more likely to achieve short-term abstinence from smoking and attend more treatment sessions than those with lower depression scores, whereas for BC participants the effect of HRSD scores was the opposite. Smokers with a history of alcohol dependence reporting high levels of depressive symptoms may benefit from a mood management intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Physical training for nursing home residents--has it any effect?].

BACKGROUND: The paper presents documentation of the effect of physical training for nursing home residents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature study based on review articles and exercise trials in nursing home populations. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: The relatively few studies available indicate that physical training in a nursing home setting could be carried out. One study, reporting the effect of a fourfold increase in physiotherapy and occupational therapy, found positive effects on physical functioning and nursing costs. Furthermore, training is reported to improve aspects of physical functioning, like muscle strength and mobility. Several studies report effect on incontinence of low-dose physical exercises combined with scheduled toilet training. No study reports effect of physical training alone on the incidence of falls among nursing home residents. Nevertheless, physical training seems to improve physical fitness and functioning, cognition and behaviour. It is suggested that physical training for nursing home residents is carried out routinely in order to maintain physical functioning. Important aspects of such training are muscle strength, balance, coordination, endurance and flexibility. However, the most crucial type of training is active participation in the activities of daily life in order to prevent loss of independence.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed2001

The Raynaud's Treatment Study: biofeedback protocols and acquisition of temperature biofeedback skills.

The Raynaud's Treatment Study (RTS) compared temperature biofeedback training and a behavioral control procedure (frontalis EMG biofeedback) with nifedipine-XL and a medication placebo for treatment of primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) in a large (N = 313) multicenter trial. The present study describes the RTS biofeedback protocols and presents data on the acquisition of digital skin temperature and frontalis EMG responses in the RTS. The findings point to substantial problems with acquisition of physiological self-regulation skills in the RTS. Only 34.6% of the Temperature Biofeedback group (N = 81) and 55.4% of the EMG Biofeedback group (N = 74) successfully learned the desired physiological response. In contrast, 67.4% of a Normal Temperature Biofeedback group (N = 46) learned hand warming. Multivariate analysis found that coping strategies, anxiety, gender, and clinic site predicted acquisition of hand-warming skills whereas variables related to RP disease severity did not. Physiological data showed vasoconstriction in response to the onset of biofeedback and also found that performance in the initial sessions was critical for successful acquisition. These findings indicate that attention to the emotional and cognitive aspects of biofeedback training, and a degree of success in the initial biofeedback sessions, are important for acquisition.

Adult↗