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PubMed2003

The association between playfulness and coping in adolescents.

This study investigated the relationship between playfulness and coping skills in adolescent males both typically developing (TD) and with severe emotional disturbance (SED). Thirty male adolescents (16 TD, 14 with SED) ranging in ages from 14 to 17 years comprised two groups. Each participant was scored on the Test of Playfulness (ToP) (Bundy, 1998) and on the Coping Inventory (Zeitlin, 1985). A significant positive correlation (r = .785; p < .01) was discovered to exist between the adolescents' level of playfulness and their coping skills. Point biserial correlations, between group (TD and SED) and the ToP scores (r = .889; p < .0001) and between group and ABIs (Coping Inventory) (r = .873; p < .0001), revealed that these adolescents came from two distinct groups. As expected, TD adolescents were rated as more playful than those with SED and scored higher in effective coping skills. This study has implications for occupational therapy intervention with adolescents. High correlations between playfulness and coping support the idea of using play and playfulness to improve coping skills particularly the ability to adapt and to approach problems and goals in a flexible manner.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Coping with accidental injury.

Coping styles and perceptual defense were studied in 20 accidentally injured adult males during hospital stay and 28 months later via clinical psychiatric and surgical examinations, the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale, Ways of Coping Checklist, Impact of Event Scale, Basic Character Inventory, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, State Anxiety Inventory and Defense Mechanism Test. Coping styles, particularly emotion-focused coping, were more strongly correlated with underlying psychopathology than with severity of injury. Coping styles remained stable during the period of study and did not correlate with perceptual defense, state anxiety, personality traits or symptoms of post-traumatic stress. However, six specific coping efforts predicted patients who suffered from short- and long-term negative consequences with a specificity and positive predicting power of 100% and sensitivity of 69%. Results correspond to previous studies of coping with chronic illness, and suggest that somatization following physical trauma is better explained with reference to personal meaning than to a fright-model as suggested in the post-traumatic stress criteria of the DSM-III-R.

Accidents↗

PubMed2003

[Differences in coping strategies in those who experienced the trauma of war or torture and the local population].

AIM: To define the differences in coping strategies between the victims of torture and the local inhabitants with the experience of war. METHOD: The subjects were divided in two groups. Each group consisted of 50 subjects. The first group included the subjects with the experience of torture, and the second group had the subjects who have survived the war but not torture. The Coping strategies were registered by the Coping Scale. RESULTS: A significant decrease in socioeconomic status of torture victims after the war. On all the subscales of the Coping Scale, there is a statistically significant difference between the torture victims and the second group to the effect that the prior group has higher scores in all subscales as well as the higher overall score of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies. CONCLUSION: Higher mean score in coping strategies in significantly more frequent in torture survivors, than in local population with the experience of war, that confirms theoretical discussions about coping as a dynamical process that is in reciprocal relation between the individual and the environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

[Obesity and coping in childhood].

The aim of this study was to investigate everyday coping styles in obese children in comparison to healthy controls in dependence of gender. Furthermore, the correlations of eating behavior with coping styles were examined. In addition, groups with highest and lowest extremal scores in eating behavior were compared. Patients (N = 58) aged from 11 to 13 years, who took part in an in-patient education program, were asked to complete the German Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (Hampel et al. 2001) and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (Franzen u. Florin 1997). Healthy controls were matched by age and gender and were asked to fill out the SVF-KJ. No differences between coping styles of obese children and adolescents and healthy controls were found. In obese children and adolescents, emotional and external eating behavior were positively correlated with maladaptive coping strategies. In comparison to previous findings in chronically ill children, differences in obese children and adolescents and healthy controls on coping styles could not be confirmed in the present study. However, results support that the eating behavior of obese children and adolescents is influenced by coping styles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Coping and adjustment of spouses of critically ill patients with cardiac disease.

An acute cardiac illness represents a significant stressor to both patients and families. In a convenience sample of 100 spouses of critically ill adults, the relationships among personality factors, coping responses, social network, age, education, and emotional and physical distress were investigated. Results indicated a significant positive relationship between positive personality factors and problem-focused coping and between negative personality factors, emotion-focused coping, and emotional and physical distress. As expected, spouses who reported more negative personality factors and used greater emotion-focused coping scored higher on emotional and physical distress. Moreover, spouses who scored higher in emotional distress reported greater physical distress. No statistically significant relationships were found among the variables of personality factors, problem-focused coping, and support provided by the spouses' social network and the outcome variables of emotional and physical distress. Regression analysis revealed negative personality factors, emotion-focused coping, and education explained 52% of the variance in emotional distress. Future studies using experimental design are needed to evaluate the influence of a multitude of factors on coping and health outcome of spouses of critically ill patients with cardiac disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Coping and blood pressure.

The relationship between psychological coping strategies and BP was analysed in a group of 158 southern Italian men and women aged 20-59, randomly selected from an epidemiological study on coronary heart disease risk factors. Coping strategies were evaluated by use of a self-administered questionnaire (Jalowiec Coping Scale) listing 40 frequently used strategies. Factor analysis revealed the reported use of 5 different coping strategies. Males, on average, reported seeking less external support than females. In both sexes, increased years of education were associated with increased use of solution-oriented coping strategies and decreased use of resignation and sympathy seeking. After adjustment for age, alcohol use, body mass index, education and smoking, increased use of resignation was associated with lowered BP in both sexes. Emotional coping was inversely related to BP in males, but not in females. The search for external support was associated with a higher BP only in males. These data provide some evidence to suggest that psychological coping modalities are related to blood pressure.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Caregiver coping in dementing illness--implications for short-term respite care.

The increasing cost of caring for older people with dementia is just one of two key justifications for researching service interventions designed to help sustain dementia sufferers within their own home. Secondly, studies consistently highlight an almost universal determination by spouse caregivers to avoid institutionalisation by coping to the 'bitter end' or at least until their coping resources have been irrevocably depleted (Knight et al, 1993; Barnes et al, 1981; Upton, 2001). The experience of coping with a dementing spouse is known to be enduring, stressful and pathogenic to the caregiver (Schwarz and Blixen, 1997; Rosenheimer and Francis, 1992). Many carers describe short periods of personal private time and space away from the psycho-physiological demands of caregiving as therapeutic coping facilitators. The term 'respite care' (essentially a professional colloquialism) is a multi-agency response to the needs of such carers and typically refers to a range of interventions from befriending/sitting services; day-care services; to short-term residential/in-patient care. This paper, taken from a PhD study into the day-to-day coping experience of forty-six spouse carers (Upton, 2001), explores the issue of coping and its respite implications for day and short-term residential/in-patient care. The high status of the respite concept as coping enhancer is highlighted along with the dangers of using an intervention, which can paradoxically accelerate expensive, unwanted and primarily unnecessary long-term care placement.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping with acute myocardial infarction.

This study examines how patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cope. The nonrandom sample consisted of 30 acutely ill patients with AMI. Data were collected with an open-ended interview derived from cognitive coping theory and the Jalowiec Coping Scale. Interview content was analyzed with qualitative methods; data collected by use of the JCS were quantitatively examined. From the patients' appraisals emerged a unique description of coping with AMI that differed from the denial-focused description proposed by earlier investigators. In addition, patients used many and varied coping strategies during the first 3 days of illness. Among those contributing most to the total coping efforts of the group were the optimistic-, confrontive-, self-reliant-, and supportant-type strategies. Contrary to findings of earlier investigators, there was little evidence of attempts by patients with AMI to deny the existence of the illness as a means of coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Child coping strategies, dental anxiety and dental treatment: the influence of age, gender and childhood caries prevalence.

AIM: This was to investigate what coping strategies are used by children, the efficacy of these strategies and the influences of age, gender, dental anxiety, pain experience and childhood caries prevalence (place of residence) upon the efficacy of the coping strategies used by Dutch (NL) children in The Netherlands and Northern Ireland (NI). METHODS: Convenience samples of Dutch and NI children were taken and asked to fill out a coping questionnaire (Dental Cope Questionnaire) and an anxiety schedule (CFSS-DS). Data were entered onto a SPSS database and subjected to frequency distributions, Chi-square analysis, t-tests and analysis of variance. RESULTS: The children used a wide variety of coping strategies in dealing with pain in dentistry. The most frequently used and those reported to have the greatest efficacy by the children in this investigation were cognitively based strategies. Different strategies were used in relation to place of residence, age and level of dental anxiety. The variance in the number of strategies used was significantly explained by the experienced pain during dental treatment. The efficacy of the coping strategies used was significantly explained by level of dental anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Dental coping strategies used by children seem to vary with age, dental anxiety and pain experience. This information can help dental practitioners to adjust his or her treatment to the child's emotional needs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

[Analysis of coping strategies of community population in Shenzhen].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the coping strategies of the community-based population in Shenzhen. METHODS: Totally 5,940 subjects from the communities in Shenzhen were sampled and tested with the Simplified Coping Style questionnaire. RESULTS: The most common coping strategies adopted by the community residents in Shenzhen were "consoling themselves" (33.1%) and "looking at the bright side of things" (31.4%), and the least adopted coping strategy was "relieving distress by smoking, drinking, taking medicine and eating" (57.8%); the strategies left out from their choices were mostly negative strategies. The scores for positive coping strategy factors of community residents in Shenzhen were greater than those of negative ones, with a mean difference of 0.43. The scores of both positive and negative coping strategy factors of these residents were significantly lower than those of general population in other mainland cities (P<0.001), with mean differences of 0.12 and 0.36, respectively. CONCLUSION: The community residents in Shenzhen adopt mostly positive strategies for coping with frustration, which benefit their status of self-rated health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Daily pain coping among patients with chronic temporomandibular disorder pain: an electronic diary study.

AIMS: To describe patients' daily coping with the pain of chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD), the conservative treatment received, and the self-care strategies used, and to examine the relationships between these strategies and daily pain intensity, activity interference, and jaw use limitations. METHODS: TMD clinic patients (n = 137, 88% women) completed electronic diary measures of pain, interference, jaw use limitations, and use of 20 strategies 3 times daily for 2 weeks. RESULTS: Reliability and validity were demonstrated for 4 scales of related coping items: cognitive coping, relaxation, activity reduction, and emotional support. Average scores were higher on the relaxation and activity reduction scales than on the cognitive coping and emotional support scales. Among the coping items not included in the scales, "did something to try to reduce pain" (direct action) was endorsed most frequently (reported in a median of 74% of interviews). Heat, cold, and seeking spiritual support were used least (< or = 5%). At times of increased pain, patients were more likely to use almost all types of strategies. Pain intensity was associated strongly with concurrent activity interference and jaw use limitations. When the design controlled for pain intensity, activity reduction and seeking emotional support were associated positively within-subjects with interference and jaw use limitations. CONCLUSION: TMD clinic patients use a variety of treatment, self-care, and coping strategies to contend with daily pain. Inquiring about a broad range of strategies might help clinicians better understand how individual patients approach pain management. Research is needed to examine whether decreasing activity reduction and emotional support coping results in improved outcomes.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping with exacerbation in psoriasis and eczema prior to admission in a dermatological ward.

Chronic dermatologic diseases, such as psoriasis and eczema, may cause significant psycho-social problems and stress. Our objectives were to characterize how hospitalised patients coped with psoriasis and eczema, and to investigate the relationship between coping and quality of life. Data are based on survey forms completed upon admission to the dermatology ward from 212 patients with chronic dermatological diseases, 146 with psoriasis and 66 with eczema. 108 were men, average age 48 years. The Norwegian versions of the standardized survey questionnaires, Jalowiec Coping Scale and Dermatological Life Quality Index, were used to evaluate coping and quality of life. We found that optimism, belief-in-oneself and confrontational coping strategies were most frequently used. Long duration of the disease was correlated to the belief-in-oneself strategy, while short duration was related to supportive strategies. More frequent use of confrontational and optimistic modes was significantly related to better quality of life. More frequent use of emotional and evasive modes was significantly related to poorer quality of life. There was no significant difference between the psoriasis and eczema groups in terms of use of coping strategies, with exception of emotional strategies. Knowledge of coping strategies and quality of life among patients with chronic dermatological diseases is important for improvement in health services for these patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping and health outcomes in spouse caregivers of persons with dementia.

The effects of different coping patterns on the physical health, depression, and anxiety experienced by 60 spouse caregivers of persons with dementia were examined, using Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive model of stress and coping. In addition to coping, the model included the following predictors: severity of the patient's memory and behavior problems, caregiver's appraisal of the stressfulness of those problems, and caregiver's appraisal of their options for managing caregiving. The predictors did not explain a significant amount of the variance in caregivers' physical health, but they did explain 43% of the variance in both depression and anxiety. The only coping pattern that added to the explanations was Wishing-Emotive coping, which consisted of the coping subscales of escape-avoidance, confrontive coping, and accepting responsibility. Caregivers' appraisal of stress was a significant predictor of depression and anxiety, but neither the severity of the patients' problems nor caregivers' appraisal of options was a significant predictor of any of the health outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Parental coping in response to their child's spina bifida.

This study explored how 100 parents coped with their child's chronic illness of spina bifida. Nearly half the sample (48 parents) were husband-wife pairs. The mailed study instrument was The Chronicity Impact and Coping Instrument: Parent Questionnaire (CICI:PQ) developed by Hymovich. High copers and low copers scored significantly differently (p less than 0.05) on 18 out of 37 coping strategies. There were no significant differences in the stressors of high and low copers. Significant positive relationships were found between coping and marital satisfaction, coping and the quality of the relationship between husband and wife, and coping and attending a spina bifida support group (p = 0.008). Higher income and increased age of the parent also contributed to coping ability.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

[The ego--defense mechanisms and coping].

If the aims of defense and coping are considered, it can be concluded that essentially the different kinds of defense should serve to cope with reality. They intend either to inhibit the pressure of the unconscious drives and emotions or to bring them in tracks which are better to overlook. Or they tend unconsciously to reduce the demands of the surroundings and/or to make it possible to use former patterns of coping, as e.g. in regression and transference, or to reduce the cognitive and emotional reception of it, as in autism. Whereas those defense mechanisms, which preponderantly serve to deal with the drives and emotions, may lead to a better coping with the given situation, those defense mechanisms, however, which mostly serve to a reduction of the perception of the environment or to a decrease of expectations of the surroundings, are not increasing the coping capacities with a really given situation. But also when defense is rigid or excessive, which can, if a certain genetic predisposition is given, also be visible in autoimmune-processes, the coping with reality is more difficult. Thereby it is, however, to consider that a rigid defense diminishes the danger of ego-fragmentation and, especially when a psychotherapy is done, leads with the time on this way to a better coping with the outside reality and the inner possibilities. In serious terminal diseases a defense, which permits an active life, seems to have a better prognosis than a resignated acceptation of the illness, which originates in the activity of the superego. Heavy pain-syndromes in diseases which are not life-menacing can apparently be dealt with the better the more the concerned people succeed to turn the anxiety which is little related to objects in object-related fear. With that potencies of the ego are free which otherwise would have to be invested in the defense of anxieties.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

Coping strategies in rheumatoid arthritis.

Our purpose was to investigate the importance of the coping process for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Eighty-four patients with classic or definite RA were examined. The relationship between coping strategies and psychological status, functional status, pain, and disease activity was analyzed. Coping was measured by an adapted version of the Ways of Coping Scale, and measures of psychological status, life stress, functional status, pain, and disease activity were also obtained. Canonical correlation revealed a significant relationship between the coping process and psychological status. Coping also was significantly related to functional status, but not to pain or disease activity. Patients who coped by restructuring life goals were found to have better psychological adjustment and functional status than patients who hoped for unrealistic solutions or engaged in self-blame.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

The association of health with stressful life changes, social supports, and coping.

Cross-sectional associations of social stressors, social supports, and coping strategies with health status were explored in a self-selected sample of 157 white adults. Using a mailed questionnaire, stressful life changes were assessed by a 40-item version of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, social supports were measured by a 13-item index, and health status was assessed by the 63-item Duke-UNC Health Profile (DUHP). Responses to a recent stressful event were categorized by method of coping and by focus of coping. In a multivariate analysis controlling for the effects of age, gender, and education level, higher 12 month life change score was related to lower composite DUHP score. The use of active-cognitive coping was directly associated and the use of avoidance-coping was inversely associated with health status. When interaction terms were included in the multivariate analysis, avoidance-coping potentiated the adverse health effect of stressors and weak social supports potentiated the harmful effect of avoidance-coping on health. The findings suggest that the propensity to engage in avoidant behavior in response to a stressful experience is associated with health impairment, particularly when social supports are weak.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

Coping as a mediator of emotion.

There is widespread conviction among health care professionals that coping affects emotion. Yet theory and research have traditionally emphasized the effects of emotion on coping. The present research addresses this imbalance by evaluating the extent to which coping mediated emotions during stressful encounters in two Caucasian, community-residing samples. Subjects' recently experienced stressful encounters, the ways they coped with the demands of those encounters, and the emotions they experienced during two stages of those encounters were assessed repeatedly. The extent to which eight forms of coping mediated each of four sets of emotions was evaluated with a series of hierarchical regression analyses (of residuals). Coping was associated with changes in all four sets of emotions, with some forms of coping associated with increases in positive emotions and other forms associated with increases in negative emotions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗