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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Development of a sustainable treatment technology for domestic sewage.

We propose an integrated chemical-physical-biological treatment concept for the low-cost treatment of domestic wastewater. Domestic wastewater was subjected to a chemically enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS), followed by treatment in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. In addition, a regenerable zeolite was used to remove NH4+, either after CEPS pretreatment or after biological treatment in the UASB reactor. The CEPS pretreatment consisted of the addition of a coagulant (FeCl3) and an anionic organic flocculant and removed on average 73% of the total chemical oxygen demand (CODt), 85% of the total suspended solids, and 80% of PO4(3-) present in the wastewater. The UASB system, which consequently received a low CODt input of approximately 140 mg/L, was operated using a volumetric loading rate of 0.4 g CODt/L.d (hydraulic retention time [HRT] = 10 h) and 0.7 g CODt/L.d (HRT = 5 h). For these conditions, the system removed about 55% of the CODt in its influent, thus producing an effluent with a low CODt of approximately 50 mg/L. The zeolite, when applied in batch mode before the UASB reactor, removed approximately 45% of the NH4+, whereas its application as a post-treatment cartridge resulted in almost 100% NH4+ removal. The simple design and relatively low operating costs, due to low costs of added chemicals and low energy input (estimated at Euro 0.07-0.1 per m3 wastewater treated), combined with excellent treatment performance, suggest that this system can be used as a novel domestic wastewater treatment system for developing countries. Therefore, the system is called a Low-cost, Integrated Sewage Treatment (LIST) system.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Incidence of neutralizing antibodies to Chandipura virus in domestic animals from Karimnagar and Warangal Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India.

In order to determine the possible role of domestic animals in the outbreak of acute encephalitis associated with Chandipura virus (CPV) among children in Andhra Pradesh in 2003, a serological survey of domestic animals was carried out during the epidemic in July 2003. Out of 180 animal sera from highly affected areas of the Karimnagar and Warangal districts of Andhra Pradesh 33 (18.3%) had virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies to CPV. The positive animals consisted of pigs (30.6%), buffalos (17.9%), cattle (14.3%), goats (9.3%) and sheep (7.7%). Isolation of CPV and detection of CPV antibodies in patients with encephalitis reported earlier and the evidence of antibodies to CPV in domestic animals shown here suggest that CPV circulates in this region and should be considered an emerging virus of public health importance.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Injuries due to domestic violence against women: sites on the body, types of injury and the methods of infliction].

OBJECTIVE: To obtain insight into the characteristics of intentional injuries in adult women, such as the sites, types, methods of infliction and the inflictors. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: 11 trained and experienced forensic physicians collected data from 450 adult women who had reported domestic violence to the police in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, during the period from 1 April 2001 through 31 March 2005. RESULTS: In 42% of the cases of domestic abuse, the partner was named as the inflictor; in 26% this was the ex-partner. Of the injuries inflicted, 85% were found on more than one area of the body. The most common sites of injury were the eye, the side of the face, the throat or neck, the upper and lower arms and the upper and lower legs; injury to the mouth, the outside of the hand, the back, the scalp, the shoulder and the thorax was somewhat less common. In 76% of the victims there was more than one type of injury. In 64% of the cases the injury had been inflicted in more than one way. In 79% of the victims the injury was at a site that was visible to the outside world, such as the head or the back of the hand. CONCLUSION: In women with injuries due to domestic violence, there was a recognisable pattern with regard to the multiplicity of the injuries, the types of injury, the preferred sites of injury and the visibility of these sites to the outside world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The acceptability of routine inquiry about domestic violence towards women: a survey in three healthcare settings.

BACKGROUND: Domestic violence is frequently only disclosed when healthcare staff directly inquire. Healthcare staff worry that inquiry may offend. AIM: To identify the characteristics of women who find inquiry about domestic violence by healthcare staff unacceptable. DESIGN OF STUDY: Anonymous interview based cross-sectional study. SETTING: Three general practice surgeries, one antenatal clinic and one emergency department in Cambridge, England, with a total of 2306 women attending for health care. METHOD: Cross-sectional survey. RESULTS: In total 1452 completed questionnaires were returned; response rate 63%. One hundred and twenty-two women (8.4%) indicated that they found inquiry by healthcare staff unacceptable. Women at the emergency department and GP surgeries were more likely to find inquiry unacceptable (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 9.9) and (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.3 to 11.5) respectively, than in the antenatal clinic. Women at the antenatal clinic reported lower rates of abuse within 1 year than at the emergency department or antenatal clinic. Abuse within 1 year was strongly associated with finding inquiry unacceptable (OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.8 to 11.4), but not lifetime abuse (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.5 to 1.9). CONCLUSIONS: Inquiry about domestic violence by healthcare staff is acceptable to most women. Acceptability is highest in women who have not been abused in the last year and who are attending the antenatal clinic. Women who attend the antenatal clinic have lower rates of abuse within 1 year.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area.

A clinical and post mortem survey of domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area revealed that 19 of 235 (8.1 per cent) were infected with Cryptosporidium species. More kittens than adults were infected (P less than 0.01), and of 51 of the cats which had diarrhoea, four also had cryptosporidium infection. Of seven domestic cats with cryptosporidium infection, two were also positive for feline immunodeficiency virus. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in domestic and feral cats. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in faecal and mucosal impression smears stained with auramine-phenol and modified Ziehl-Nielsen techniques. Endogenous developmental stages of cryptosporidium were found in the microvillus region of enterocytes of eight of 19 positive cats in sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The results suggest that cryptosporidium infection is common among young and newborn kittens, and that the disease is usually asymptomatic.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Fowl cholera outbreak in domestic poultry and epidemiological properties of Pasteurella multocida isolate.

Symptoms of fowl cholera including orofacial edema, swollen and edematous wattles and combs, and severe respiratory disorders were detected in domestic poultry in two broiler breeder farms: one located in Gyeong-gi Province (October, 2000) and the other in Chung-cheong-nam Province (March, 2001). Gram-negative, bipolar staining bacillus was easily found in a direct smear. The biochemical properties of isolates were examined using a standard diagnosis method, proving that they were 99.7% similar to the Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida: PM), a pathogenic and causative agent of fowl cholera (FC). As a result, an FC outbreak in domestic fowls was confirmed for the first time in Korea since 1942. Because FC was detected in broiler breeder farms for the first time in 59 years at the same time as an FC outbreak was confirmed in wild birds (October, 2000), our concern was focused on whether the PM strains that originated in wild birds were transmitted into poultry farms. The possibility was tracked down by comparing phenotypic and genetic properties between the two types of PM strains. PM strains of chicken origin showed prominent differences from the PM strains of wild bird origin in both phenotypic and genetic properties. An examination of the origin of the wild bird bacteria was conducted, but no evidence has been identified that PM strains from the wild bird were introduced into domestic poultry farms.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for injury to married women from domestic violence in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: To examine risk factors for injury to married women from domestic violence in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: Regional public hospital, Hong Kong. PATIENTS: All married women aged 18 to 60 years who attended an accident and emergency department for treatment of a domestic violence injury from January 2004 to June 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Social and health characteristics of abused women and their husbands. RESULTS: A total of 293 cases were compared to 313 controls. Eight predictive variables were found to be significant by univariate analysis: woman who is a new immigrant (P = 0.003), woman with no job (P = 0.019), husband with low educational level (P < 0.001), presence of extramarital affairs (P < 0.001), husband's unemployment (P < 0.001), husband's alcohol abuse (P < 0.001), husband's illicit drug abuse (P = 0.032), husband's mental illness (P < 0.001). Five factors were found to be significant in a logistic regression analysis: husband with a low educational level (nil to primary) [adjusted odds ratio = 2.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.149-6.727], husband unemployed (adjusted odds ratio = 9.031; 95% confidence interval, 5.163-15.796), presence of extramarital affairs (adjusted odds ratio = 5.218; 95% confidence interval, 2.899-9.395), husband's alcohol abuse (adjusted odds ratio = 6.089; 95% confidence interval, 3.460-10.716), husband's mental illness (adjusted odds ratio = 9.443; 95% confidence interval, 2.351-37.926). CONCLUSIONS: Several significant risk factors have been identified for injury incurred during domestic violence to married women in Hong Kong. It provides information useful for developing local preventive strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Acceptability of routine enquiry regarding domestic violence in the antenatal clinic.

Domestic Violence poses a significant health risk for the woman and her baby. We wished to determine the acceptability of routine questioning for domestic violence in the maternity hospital setting. A non-anonymised questionnaire was completed by 481 women attending for booking antenatal appointment in a maternity hospital antenatal clinic. The doctor asked four questions regarding experience of partner abuse, The acceptability of these questions was determined. 468 (99%) patients found the questions acceptable and said it would be helpful to ask all patients. Sixty-one (12.9%) women gave a history of at least one form of partner abuse. We concluded that routine enquiry about domestic violence during hospital antenatal visits is acceptable to women and perceived by them to be worthwhile.

Communication↗
PubMed1991

[Component analysis of craniologic characters of silver foxes (Vulpes fulvus Desm.) and their changes arising under domestication].

The data on cranial measurements performed in silver foxes indicate that there are differences in sizes measured between the farm foxes--bred population and the population selected for domestication. A method of principal components was used to analyse the cranial measurements and their changes under domestication. The first component covers about 50% of cranial diversity, which is interpreted as variation in the total skull size. This component clearly separates the two sexes, but not different populations. The second component presumably reflects the growth rate allometry between the skull length and width. The third and fourth components are measurements of skull width; the fifth one reflects the sizes of brain skull. None of these components clearly separate the foxes from farm--bred and domesticated populations. However, some differences in distribution are observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Use of serum progesterone levels as an early, indirect evaluation of pregnancy in the timed pregnant domestic cat.

There has been much research studying the effect of homotypic embryonic neural tissue transplantation in the central nervous system of rats and cats, with promising results. The benefits of transplantation are dependent upon the appropriate aged donor. Therefore, it is critical that the exact age of the embryonic tissue be known. For this reason we have developed a method of determining, indirectly, the pregnancy status and embryonic age in the domestic cat (Felis catus) using serum progesterone levels. Serum progesterone levels were monitored in 16 domestic cats during 26 breeding trials. Blood samples were taken prior to and 6 days after natural breeding to determine if ovulation had occurred, indirectly indicating pregnancy status. By knowing the exact date bred and if it resulted in pregnancy, an accurate embryonic age was calculated. A day 6 post-breeding serum progesterone concentration of less than 5.0 ng/ml was considered a negative indication of pregnancy, greater than 5.0 ng/ml a positive indication of pregnancy. Pregnancy was confirmed by abdominal palpation 21 to 26 days after breeding. Serum progesterone levels taken on the sixth day after observed breeding provide an accurate, indirect evaluation of pregnancy in the timed pregnant domestic cat (81%, p = 0.003).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Serologic studies of the occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi in domestic animals in Berlin (West)].

The prevalence of B. burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme Borreliosis in humans, was determined in domestic animals living in Berlin. 189 dogs, 29 cats, 224 horses and 194 cows were investigated. Using the indirect immunofluorescence test (IFT) 5.8% of the dogs and 24.5% of the cows investigated showed a positive reaction at titres of 1:128 or higher. Horses and cats gave negative results. ELISA was more sensitive than IFT. 10.1% of the dogs, 16.1% of the horses and 66% of the local cows showed positive reaction. Domestic animals seem to be in contact with B. burgdorferi and can be a reservoir for the spirochete. Also there is the possibility that domestic animals get clinically ill.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Retinal vascular patterns in domestic animals.

In this paper a morphological study of the retinal vascular patterns in various species of domestic animals is reported. A classification of these patterns into four well-defined groups is described. In the domestic ruminants, pigs and carnivores the retina contains a compact plexus of blood vessels located in the major part of the light-sensitive portion of the retina (euangiotic or holangiotic pattern). In other domestic animals blood vessels are present only in a smaller part of the retina. In the rabbit, vessels are confined to a broad horizontal band coincident with the area of dispersion of the myelinated nerve fibres. The larger of these vessels are readily visible macroscopically (merangiotic pattern). In the horse and the guinea pig the retinal blood vessels are minute and restricted to the direct neighbourhood of the optic disc (paurangiotic pattern). The avian retina is completely avascular (anangiotic pattern), but a densely vascularised pecten oculi is attached to the linear optic nerve head and protrudes far into the inferior part of the vitreous body.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Neuroendocrine and neurochemical mechanisms of the domestication of animals].

A review of experimental data documenting that domestication of animals is associated with hereditary reorganization of neuro-endocrine mechanisms, responsible for basic processes of ontogeny, is presented. The data demonstrated changes in gonadal and pituitary-adrenal systems in domesticated animals. Analysis of evidence that selection for low aggressiveness towards man is, in fact, the selection for definite activity of brain neurotransmitters regulating aggressive behaviour and emotional stress response has been carried out. Supposed role of modifications in the mechanisms of domestication is discussed.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1988

Further serological investigations in humans and domestic animals on the Cape Verde Islands (Q-fever, brucellosis, listeriosis, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, yersiniosis, toxoplasmosis and chlamydia of PLT-group).

439 sera of domestic animals and various number (150-500) of human sera of the Cape Verde Islands were examined for antibodies against Coxiella burnetti, Brucella abortus, B.melitensis, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, S.flexneri, S. boydii, S.sonnei, Campylobacter jejuni, C.fetus ssp. intestinalis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia of the PLT-group. It could be shown, that on the Cape Verde Islands there is to be counted with numerous zoonoses due to various microorganisms in man as well as in domestic animals. Q-Fever examination showed exceedingly high positivity of human sera (81.6%) and those of domestic animals (84.7%). One of the main reasons for the wide distribution of infectious diseases, especially diarrhoeal diseases such as Shigellosis, Yersiniosis and Campylobacter infections as well as Salmonellosis and Amebiasis on the Islands is the bad hygienic situation, an improvement of which as well as an intensification of research work, health education and a better medical care would be essential for the control of communicable diseases on the Cape Verde Islands.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Genetics and phenogenetics of hormonal characteristics of animals. VIII. Analysis of the variability of the corticosteroid function of the adrenal cortex of silver foxes during their domestication].

The contribution of genetic and environmental components in phenotype variety of corticosteroid adrenal function was studied in undomesticated and domesticated silver foxes during postnatal ontogenesis. The variation of basal and stress plasma corticosteroid level in animals aged 2, 4, 6, 8 months and in vitro secretion of the adrenal gland at the age 8 months was analysed. Significant genotype-depended variability was only demonstrated in undomesticated foxes under stress stimulation conditions. This phenomenon is manifested from the fourth month of life. However, significant genotype-depended variability was already revealed under basal conditions in domesticated foxes, on initial steps of postnatal ontogenesis. The peculiarities of genetic variability of adrenocortical function in foxes selected for domestication are discussed.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphofunctional status of the adrenal cortex in female silver foxes and the effect of domestication and photoperiodic conditions].

Studies on 7-day-old and 8-month-old female silver foxes indicate that additional photostimulation affects to a various extent morphological and functional condition of the adrenal cortex in animals selected and unselected for the domestication type of behaviour. In relatively wild foxes, additional illumination stimulated the activity of the reticular zone, whereas in domesticated animals the same photoperiod increased the activity in the fascicular zone. It is suggested that selection of silver foxes for the domestication type of behaviour affects the sensitivity of the adrenals to external illumination.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphofunctional state of hypothalamic and epiphyseal structures in relatively wild and domesticated silver foxes during estrus].

Histochemical and cytometric analyses of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS), suprachiasmatic and arcuate nuclei, as well as the pineal gland in mature female silver foxes during oestrus revealed activation of peptidergic and monoaminergic neurosecretory units alongside with activation of the glial and vascular components. The increase of the secretory activity of the HHNS and pineal gland was more evident in domesticated animals. The data obtained show more intense production and excretion of neurohormones which are involved in regulation of reproduction, in domesticated foxes. These peculiarities may account for changes in the oestral cycle in domesticated animals.

Animals↗