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PubMed2000

Comparison of high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods in a meal or snack on short-term fat and energy intakes in obese women.

The present study aimed to compare the action of high-fat and high-carbohydrate (CHO) foods on meal size (satiation) and post-meal satiety in obese women. A within-subjects design was used; each participant received all four nutritional challenges. Fifteen healthy obese women (age 21-56 years, BMI 35-48 kg/m2) participated; thirteen completed all four test days. On two test days, participants were exposed to a nutritional challenge comprising an ad libitum high-fat or high-CHO lunch. On the other two test days they were exposed to a challenge comprising an ad libitum sweet high-fat or high-CHO mid-afternoon snack. Energy and macronutrient intakes were measured at each eating episode. Visual analogue rating scales were completed periodically to record subjective feelings of appetite. When offered a high-CHO selection of foods at lunch and mid-afternoon participants consumed less energy than when offered a high-fat selection. However, post-meal satiety was similar. Total test-day energy intake was significantly higher when high-fat foods were consumed at lunch, but not as a snack. Consumption of high-fat foods at a lunch and snack increased the amount of fat consumed over the whole test day. In conclusion, energy intake of an eating episode was influenced by nutrient composition in this group of obese women. Consumption of high-fat foods at lunch or as a snack led to overconsumption relative to high-CHO foods. However, high-fat foods at meals may have greater potential to influence daily intake than at snacks, probably because meals are larger eating episodes and therefore give greater opportunity to overconsume.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Feeding a liquid diet increases energy intake, weight gain and body fat in rats.

Studies were undertaken to analyze the role of moisture content of foods in producing dietary obesity. Female CD rats consumed more energy when offered a sucrose solution and plain water to drink than when they were only given plain water, regardless of the sugar content of their diet (0-65%). This suggested that the overeating that commonly occurs when sucrose solutions are offered may not be due to sucrose per se. In subsequent experiments, rats were fed modified AIN-76 diets high in sucrose, starch or fat for 28-42 d. For some rats, the diet was liquefied by adding water to make a 32% suspension. Plain drinking water was always available. Rats fed high carbohydrate liquid diets, with or without solid diet, consumed 8-15% more energy than rats fed solid diet only. Rats fed liquid diets also gained 43-206% more weight than did rats fed solid diets. Analysis of carcass composition revealed that the liquid diets increased body fat. For high fat diets, the results were more complicated. Addition of water to a low cellulose, high fat diet did not increase adiposity, whereas addition of water to a high cellulose, high fat diet did increase adiposity. These results suggest that the obesity-inducing effects of feeding sugar solutions or cafeteria diets may be due, in part, to the high water content of these foods.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

The effects of nitrogen and energy intake on the metabolism of normal, depleted and injured man: considerations for practical nutritional support.

This article illustrates how the nutritional and metabolic effects of a range of protein and energy intakes depend on the clinical state of the patient and how these considerations may be used to provide guidelines for nutritional support. First, it is necessary to define states and mechanisms of malnutrition and then discuss the biochemical processes which underlie nutritional rehabilitation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Time course of the change in nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptors of skeletal muscle in relation to energy intake.

Nuclear triiodothyronine receptors have been investigated in skeletal muscle from young pigs living at thermal neutrality (26 degrees C). Animals were fed at a high (H) or low (L) level of energy intake for 3 or 21 days and killed at 6 or 24 h after the last meal. Receptor numbers were significantly greater on the H than the L intake, even after only 3 days of treatment. The difference in receptors between animals on H and L diets was somewhat less at 6 compared with 24 h after feeding. It is postulated that these changes could be mediated through the action of glucagon.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ovarian follicular development in prepubertal heifers is influenced by level of dietary energy intake.

Objectives were twofold: 1) to determine the chronology of development of dominant ovarian follicles during the peripubertal period in heifers and 2) to determine whether feeding a diet with low energy content that delays onset of puberty alters chronology of dominant ovarian follicular development in peripubertal heifers. Ten heifers of composite breeding (1/4 Angus, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Red Poll, 1/4 Pinzgauer) were randomly assigned, at 8 mo of age, to receive a diet designed to produce 0.9 (n = 5) or 0.3 (n = 5) kg body weight gain per day for the duration of the experiment. To characterize changes in size of ovarian follicles, real-time linear ultrasonography of ovaries was conducted in all heifers every other day until puberty occurred. Blood samples were collected weekly to determine concentrations of progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol. Determination of time of puberty was based on increased concentrations of progesterone, ultrasound depiction of ovulation, and subsequent presence of a corpus luteum. Size of the dominant ovarian follicles differed prior to puberty (p < 0.03); diameter of the dominant ovarian follicle was greater in all heifers as the first ovulation approached as compared to earlier in prepuberty. Heifers fed the greater amount of energy exhibited larger dominant ovarian follicles at a younger age in comparison to heifers fed the lower amount of energy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1988

Interrelationships between energy intake and endogenous porcine growth hormone administration on the performance, body composition and protein and energy metabolism of growing pigs weighing 25 to 55 kilograms live weight.

Thirty-six barrows were used in a 2 X 3 factorial experiment to investigate the effects of porcine growth hormone (pGH) administration (USDA-pGH-B1; 0 and 100 micrograms.kg body weight-1.d-1) and three levels of feeding of a single diet (EI; ad libitum, 1.64 and 1.38 kg/d) on the performance, body composition and rates of protein and fat deposition of pigs growing over the live weight phase 25 to 55 kg. Raising EI resulted in linear increases in growth rate and in protein and fat accretion but had no effect on the feed to gain ratio (F/G). Carcass fat content and carcass fat measurements also increased with EI, whereas carcass protein and water decreased (P less than .01). Growth hormone administration resulted in improvements in growth rate (16 to 26%), F/G (23%), protein deposition (34 to 50%) and increases in carcass protein and water at each level of feeding, but reduced ad libitum feed intake (P less than .01), carcass fat content (P less than .01) and carcass fat measurements (P less than .01). Estimated maintenance energy expenditure was increased by pGH administration (2.02 vs 1.72 Mcal digestible energy/d). Results indicate that the effects of pGH on growth performance and energy and protein metabolism were largely independent of, and additive to, the effects of energy intake.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Trends in energy intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: similar shifts seen across age groups.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the trends in locations and food sources of Americans stratified by age group for both total energy and the meal and snack subcomponents. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Nationally representative data was taken from the 1977 to 1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and the 1989 to 1991 and 1994 to 1996 (and 1998 for children age 2 through 9) Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals. The sample consisted of 63,380 individuals, age 2 and up. For each survey year, the percentage of total energy intake from meals and snacks was calculated separately for 2- to 18-year-olds, 19- to 39-year-olds, 40- to 59-year-olds, and those 60 years and older. The percentage of energy intake by location (at-home consumption or preparation, vending, store eaten out, restaurant/fast-food, and school) and by specific food group was computed for all age groups separately. RESULTS: The trends in location and food sources were almost identical for all age groups. Key dietary behavior shifts included greater away-from-home consumption; large increases in total energy from salty snacks, soft drinks, and pizza; and large decreases in energy from low- and medium-fat milk and medium- and high-fat beef and pork. DISCUSSION: Total energy intake has increased over the past 20 years, with shifts away from meals to snacks and from at-home to away-from-home consumption. The similarity of changes across all age groups furthers the assertion that broad-based environmental changes are needed to improve the diets of Americans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effect of energy intake after weaning on the sexual development of beef bulls. II. Age at first mating, age at puberty, testosterone and scrotal circumference.

Simmental and Hereford bulls were individually fed varying levels of the same diet to determine the effect of energy intake after weaning on rate of sexual development. For 200 d, 29 Simmentals were fed an average of 14.6, 19.2 or 23.8 Mcal and 27 Herefords were fed 13.4, 17.5 or 22.2 Mcal metabolizable energy per bull daily. Higher energy did not hasten sexual development, as measured by serum testosterone, age at first mating or age at puberty. As energy level increased, weight at puberty increased (P less than .05) for both breeds, and scrotal circumference at puberty increased (P less than .05) for Simmentals. When adjusted for breed and energy level, bulls that were heavier at 1 yr of age had larger scrotal circumference (P less than .05) and were younger at puberty (P less than .01). Bulls that had higher serum testosterone at 1 yr of age reached puberty earlier (P less than .01). At a constant age there was no relationship between testosterone and scrotal circumference. Although higher levels of energy increased scrotal circumference of Simmentals, it did not hasten sexual development for either breed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Effect of energy intake on the postpartum interval in beef cows and the adequacy of the cow's milk production for calf growth.

Lactating Hereford and Hereford X Angus cows, 2 to 6 yr old, and their calves were used in two trials to study the effects of energy intake on the postpartum interval (PPI) and the adequacy of the cow's milk production for calf growth. In trial 1, 23 cows were fed either 120 (high energy, HE) or 100% (adequate energy, AE) of National Research Council energy recommendations. Cow weights, calf weights and milk production were determined 1 wk after calving and every 2 wk until 17 wk postcalving . One-half of the calves received creep feed from the start of the study, whereas the other half did not receive creep feed until their average daily gain was below .23 kg/d. In trail 2, 19 cows were fed energy levels of 100 (AE) or 85% (low energy, LE). Estimated percentage body fat ( EPBF ) was estimated twice during the study; other variables were determined as in trial 1. In trial 1, the HE cows gained more weight (P less than .01) and produced more milk (P less than .01). In trial 2, the AE cows gained more weight (P less than .01) and produced calves 17 kg heavier (P less than .01) at the end of the study than did the LE cows. Milk production was not influenced by energy treatment (P greater than .2). It required 7.5 kg of milk and 2.3 kg of creep feed to produce 1 kg of calf gain in trial 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of energy requirements from body mass, lean body mass, fat content, and energy intake in GUSI dives.

This study reports the changes in body composition measured during 6 deep saturation dives, the depths and the working hours performed during the dives, and the effects of these parameters on the energy requirements. Changes in lean body mass could be avoided if the working days amounted to 40-45% of the total dive time. Energy requirement depended not only on working days but also on the diving depth. Physical work at great depth requires a disproportional increase in the energy requirements beginning between 200 and 360 m. Under working conditions at 450 msw, energy requirements increased about 30% relative to the total energy needs under normal conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Protein requirement of young adult Nigerian females on habitual Nigerian diet at the usual level of energy intake.

A short-term N balance study was conducted in twelve healthy female adults aged 21-32 years to determine their protein requirement. Four dietary protein levels (0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g protein/kg per d) were used. Energy intake of the subjects was kept constant at 0.18 MJ/kg per d. All subjects maintained their normal activity throughout the study period. N excretion was determined from the measurements of N in a total collection of urine, faeces, sweat and menstrual fluid for each dietary period. N balance during the four protein levels were -15.15 (SD 5.95), -5.53 (SD 6.71), +6.15 (SD 4.76) and +12.05 (SD 8.63) mg N/kg per d for 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g protein/kg per d respectively. The calculated average N requirements from regression analysis was 76.0 (SD 3.37) mg N/kg per d (0.48 g protein/kg per d). The estimate of allowance for individual variation to cover the 97.5% population was 95 mg N/kg per d (0.6 g protein/kg per d). The net protein utilization (NPU) of the diet was 0.55. When compared with a similar study with men, there was a significant difference in the protein requirement between sexes. Thus, the unjustifiable sex difference in the protein allowance recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (1985) Expert Consultation group must be reviewed.

Adult↗