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Results for “GANGLIA, SPINAL”

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PubMed2001

[Innervation centers in the cervical and thoracic trachea].

Using HRP axonal transport links between trachea and ganglia of cervical thoracic regions of right and left sympathetic trunks, spinal ganglia and vagal posterior ganglia were established. Quantitative and morphometric characteristics of neurocytes of contralateral ganglia involved into trachea innervation were given. Peculiarities of localization of innervation centres of cervical and thoracic trachea regions were established.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Innervation of the cat ureter. An experimental study.

Innervation of the ureter was studied by fluorescent microscopy using glyoxylic methods and by electron microscopy in the normal state and after extirpation of hypogastric ganglia. According to the morphology of the vesicle population, four groups of nerve processes could be distinguished: Type a with a dominant population of small agranular vesicles; Type b with a large number of small granular vesicles; Type c with 80 to 120 nm granulated vesicles; Type d with large 150 to 250 nm neurosecretory vesicles. After extirpation of the hypogastric ganglia, degenerated nerve terminals could be found in all the layers of the ureter, but a few fluorescent fibres could be observed in the muscle layers, too. It is assumed that most of the fluorescent fibres originate from the hypogastric ganglia and the others from the local neurons of from the spinal ganglia. These nerve processes act directly on the smooth muscle cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Genetic control of segmentation processes in axial structures in vertebrates].

The processes of segmentation of axial structures in vertebrates during early embryonic development are reviewed. These processes include the formation of neuromeres, somitomeres, cranial ganglia, and branchial arches in the head and of neuromeres, somites, spinal ganglia, and motor nerves in the body of the embryo. The class of vertebrate homeobox genes Hox is described with respect to the arrangement of these genes in four clusters, the structural and functional similarity of paralogues in gene subfamilies, and the type of Hox gene expression in the head and body. A hypothesis concerning the existence of a genetic Hox code, determining the fate of individual segments in neuroectodermal and mesenchymal derivatives, is discussed. In the context of this hypothesis, phenotypic expression of the mutant Hox genes, accompanied by the loss of their function and cases of excessive and ectopic expression of Hox genes, are analyzed. Only in such cases do mutant phenotypes demonstrate symptoms of actual homeotic transformation, in which specific segmental structures are substituted by their homologues, as has been described for homeotic mutations in Drosophila.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

[Morphofunctional characteristics of nerve fibers of the testicular plexus].

In 25 mongrel dogs, under conditions of complete aseptic, various surgical interventions have been performed with the aim of a systemic denervation of the testicular artery. In 120-168 h the animals are sacrificed under anesthesia. The nerves of the arterial plexus are studied by means of some impregnation techniques. Myelin fibres of large, middle and small diameters, as well as amyelinate conductors are stated to belong to neurocytes of the spinal ganglia. Most of the amyelinate fibres in the testicular nerves are connected with cells of the sympathetic ganglia. In the system of the testicular afferent connections, besides fibres of the spinal origin, there are axons of the peripheral sensitive cells of Dogeal II type which play the role of sensitive elements in the structure of the reflective arc, situating outside the central nervous system, and form synapses with neurocytes of the sympathetic ganglion.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Different expression of synemin isoforms in glia and neurons during nervous system development.

The synemin gene encodes proteins belonging to the intermediate filament family. These proteins confer resistance to mechanical stress and modulate cell shape. Three synemin isoforms, of 180 (H), 150 (M) and 41 (L) kDa, are produced by alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA and are regulated differently during development. The three isoforms differ in their C-terminal tail domains, while their IF rod domains are identical. Synemins H/M occurred together with nestin and vimentin in glial progenitors during the early differentiation of the developing mouse central nervous system. They are later found in GFAP-labeled cells. In contrast, the L isoform appeared only in neurons, together with neurofilaments and betaIII-tubulin in the brain after birth. However, synemin L appeared from E13 in the peripheral nervous system, where it was confined to the neurons of spinal ganglia. In the meantime, the synemin H/M isoforms were found in both the neurons and Schwann cells of the sensorial ganglia from E11. Tissue fractionation and purification of IFs from adult mouse spinal cord revealed that the synemin L isoform binds to neurofilaments associated with the membrane compartment. This report describes the synthesis of the three synemin isoforms by selective cell types, and their temporal and spatial distributions. Mechanisms specific to neurons and glia probably control the splicing of the common synemin mRNA and the synthesis of each synemin isoform.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed1993

Mouse fetal trisomy 13 and hypotrophy of the spinal cord: effect on calbindin-D28k and calretinin expressed by neurons of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.

Trisomy 13 was detected in 10% of mouse embryos obtained from pregnant females which were doubly heterozygous for Robertsonian chromosomes involving chromosome 13. The developing dorsal root ganglia and spinal cords were examined in trisomy 13 and littermate control mice between days 12 and 18 of gestation (E12-18). The overall size of the dorsal root ganglia and number of ganglion cells within a given ganglion were not altered, but the number of neurons immunoreactive for calbindin and calretinin was reduced. The trisomic spinal cord was reduced in size with neurons lying in a tightly compact distribution in the gray matter. In trisomic fetuses, the extent of the neuropil of the spinal cord was reduced, and may represent a diminished field of interneuronal connectivity, due to reduced arborization of dendritic processes of the neurons present, particularly of calbindin-immunostained neurons. Furthermore, the subpopulation of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons and axons was also reduced in developing trisomic gray and white matter, respectively. Thus, overexpression of genes on mouse chromosome 13 exerts a deleterious effect on the development of neuropil, affecting both dendritic and axonal arborization in the trisomy 13 mouse. The defect of calbindin or calretinin expression by subsets of dorsal root ganglion or spinal cord neurons may result from deficient cell-to-cell interactions with targets which are hypoplastic.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Nerve growth-promoting activity in the chick embryo: quantitative aspects.

Nerve growth-promoting activity in organ extracts from the chick embryo was titrated using ganglia explanted to a collagen gel. Fibre outgrowth responses evoked in ciliary, sympathetic and spinal ganglia were well correlated. At embryonic day 8, 66% of the activity was localized in the yolk sac, 19% to the chorioallantois and the remaining 15% was widespread in the embryo. At day 18, total activity had increased 27-fold, the carcass now accounting for 90%. In parallel, the embryo extracts also promoted survival and neurite extension in dissociated ganglionic neurons seeded at low density in the gel. It is suggested that the observed effects are due to one active substance widely distributed in the embryo and increasing in amount during development. The substance has a molecular weight of over 10,000 and is distinct from nerve growth factor (NGF). A function of it may be to regulate axonal growth and survival of autonomic and sensory neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Primary sensory neurons express a Shaker-like potassium channel gene.

Developmentally regulated action potentials are a hallmark of Rohon-Beard cells, a class of sensory neurons. In these neurons as well as other primary spinal neurons of Xenopus laevis, the functional differentiation of delayed-rectifier potassium current regulates the waveform of the action potential during the initial day of its appearance. Later, the acquisition of another voltage-dependent potassium current--the A current--plays a major role in regulating excitability. In order to understand the molecular basis of this functional differentiation, genes encoding voltage-dependent potassium currents expressed in the embryonic amphibian nervous system are being cloned. Here, we report the functional properties and developmental localization of a second Xenopus Shaker-like gene (Xenopus Kv 1.1; XSha1; GenBank accession number M94258) encoding a potassium current. Homology screening with the mouse gene MBK1 led to its isolation. Functional expression in oocytes identifies it as a delayed-rectifier current when assembled as a homooligomeric structure. Specific transcripts corresponding to XSha1 and to the previously cloned gene XSha2 are both detectable by RNase protection in RNA isolated from the embryonic nervous system. However, whole-mount in situ hybridization reveals the temporal pattern and cellular localization of XSha1 but not XSha2 mRNA, suggesting that the concentration of XSha2 transcripts in individual cells is lower than the threshold for detection by this method. Of particular interest, Rohon-Beard cells express XSha1 mRNA. In addition, XSha1 mRNA is detected in several structures containing neural crest derivatives including spinal ganglia, the trigeminal ganglion, and branchial arches; its presence in motor nerves and lateral spinal tracts suggests that both CNS and PNS glia express the mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1989

Accumulation of glycosphingolipids in spinal and sympathetic ganglia of a symptomatic heterozygote of Fabry's disease.

Fabry's disease is an X-linked disorder of glycolipid catabolism. We have found a symptomatic heterozygous female with cardiomyopathy and severe pain in the extremities. We studied histochemically and biochemically the accumulated glycolipids in spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the patient. Histochemical examination demonstrated the marked glycolipid deposits that have been observed in heterozygous males in these ganglia. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) revealed that these accumulated glycolipids were characterized as globotriaosylceramide (Gb3cer) and galabiosylceramide (Ga2cer). In the heterozygous female, the accumulations of Gb3cer in spinal and sympathetic ganglia were, respectively, 34 and 48 times the amount in normal controls. This is the first report on quantitative and qualitative analyses of the accumulated glycolipids in spinal and sympathetic ganglia of a heterozygous carrier female.

Fabry Disease↗

PubMed1993

Effect of peripheral nerve cut on neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord of monkey with special reference to galanin.

Using the indirect immunofluorescence method and in situ hybridization, the localization and levels of immunoreactivities and mRNAs for several neuropeptides were studied in lumbar dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of untreated monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and after unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve. Immunoreactive galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and somatostatin and their mRNAs were found in cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia of untreated monkeys and on the contralateral side of the monkeys with unilateral sciatic nerve lesion. After axotomy there was a marked decrease in the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P- and somatostatin-positive neurons in dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to the lesion, whereas the number of galanin positive cells strongly increased. A few neuropeptide tyrosine-positive cells were seen in after axotomy, whereas no such neurons were found in controls. No vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, peptide histidine isoleucine-, cholecystokinin-, dynorphin-, enkephalin-, neurotensin- or thyrotrophin releasing hormone-positive cell bodies were seen in dorsal root ganglia of any of the groups studied. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord all peptide immunoreactivities described above, except thyrotropin releasing hormone, were found in varying numbers of nerve fibres with a similar distribution in untreated monkeys and in the contralateral dorsal horn in monkey with unilateral sciatic nerve lesion. Two cholecystokinin antisera were used directed against the C- and N-terminal portions, respectively, showing a distinctly different distribution pattern in the dorsal horn. Somatostatin- and dynorphin-like immunoreactivities were also observed in small neurons in the dorsal horn. No certain effect of axotomy on these interneurons could be seen. However, marked changes were observed after this type of lesion for some peptide containing fibres in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. Thus, there was a marked increase in galanin-like immunoreactivity, whereas calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P-, somatostatin-, peptide histidine isoleucine neurotensin- and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivities decreased. No changes could be observed in neuropeptide tyrosine or enkephalin-positive fibres. The present results demonstrate marked ganglionic and transganglionic changes in peptide levels after peripheral axotomy. When compared to published results on the effect of axotomy on peptides in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of rat, both similarities and differences were encountered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Expression of high-molecular-weight neurofilament protein and vimentin in human developing spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.

Expression of intermediate filament proteins in developing human dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord was studied using double-label immunofluorescence on frozen sections with monoclonal antibodies to vimentin and high-molecular-weight neurofilament protein (NF-H). Both proteins were found in the nerve fibres inside the ganglia of 6- and 8-week embryos. In 9-14-week embryos the NF-H protein was found in the perikarya of ganglion cells. Vimentin was only sporadically present in these cells, but was accumulated in connective tissue cells. In the following development the NF-H protein expression was limited to the ganglion cells and processes, and vimentin was confined to the satellite cells and mesenchymal derivatives. In the spinal cord of the 6-week and 8-week human embryos NF-H protein was found in the longitudinal fibres of the marginal layer and in a loose network of nerve fibres in the mantle zone. Some of the nerve fibres were also vimentin positive. The coexpression of both proteins stopped during weeks 9-10. In 30-week foetuses vimentin was only found in glial cells and mesenchymal derivatives, while NF-H protein was in the axons of both white and grey matter but not in neuronal perikarya.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1985

Enhancement of axonal growth into a spinal lesion by topical application of triethanolamine and cytosine arabinoside.

We have demonstrated that a brief compression lesion of the rat spinal cord produces axotomy with minimal necrosis or scarring and that axons grow into such a lesion along longitudinally oriented capillaries and similarly oriented cordons of ependymal cells and astrocytes. Inasmuch as extensive, oriented growth of axons into a spinal lesion is never seen after transection, concussion, or other models of spinal cord injury, this new surgical procedure appeared to be applicable to the in vivo testing of pharmacological agents designed to promote neuritic outgrowth. The spinal cord of anesthetized rats was crushed extradurally for 1 s with a smooth jeweler's forceps. After 2 days when edema had subsided, the animals were reoperated. The dura mater was opened, and a polyethylene tube was implanted so that one end was fastened over the injury site and the other end was exteriorized at the back of the neck. The lesion site was superfused with 0.1 ml of control or test solutions four times daily for 2 weeks and then the animals were anesthetized and killed by vascular perfusion with fixative. After decalcification, the vertebral column and spinal cord were embedded in paraffin and stained by several histologic procedures including the protargol silver impregnation method for nerve fibers. Treatment with triethanolamine and cytosine arabinoside, substances which promote neuritogenesis in cultured spinal ganglia of chick embryos, markedly stimulated the growth of axons into the lesion of the rat spinal cord. We conclude (i) that it is possible to pharmacologically enhance the intrinsic growth capacity of CNS neurons and (ii) that brief compression provides a type of injury that is well suited to the evaluation of treatments aimed at promoting axonal regeneration.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The permeability of the capsule of autonomic ganglia to horseradish peroxidase.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the capsules of various autonomic ganglia in vivo. The capsules of the inferior mesenteric ganglion and superior cervical ganglion of guinea-pigs and the inferior mesenteric ganglion of mice were readily penetrated by the enzyme. The capsule of the mouse superior cervical ganglion was apparently impermeable to HRP, while that of the guinea-pig lumbar sympathetic trunk was intermediate in permeability, being most readily penetrated by HRP around the blood vessels entering or leaving the ganglia. The results of retrograde transport experiments from the guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglion to spinal ganglia are considered in the light of the ready permeability of its capsule.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The origins of the formation of the initial portion of the vertebral nerve in the cat].

Retrograde transport of horse radish peroxidase revealed the sources of forming of the initial part of the vertebral nerve in cat. The enzyme was applied on the central region of the nerve near its outlet in ganglion stellatum. Most nerve fibers the vertebral nerve contains are the processes of neurons in ganglion stellatum. Bodies of the labeled neurons in the ganglion are located in the area, attached to the site of the vertebral nerve outlet. It also contains certain number of the afferent fibers of the II-VII thoracic segments spinal ganglia. Axons of motor neurons, the bodies of which are located in ventral cornua of the spinal cord II thoracic segments may also be present. Thus, the cat vertebral nerve is mixed in the site of its forming.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Innervation of the palpebral conjunctiva and the superior tarsal muscle in the cynomolgous monkey: a retrograde fluorescent tracing study.

Retrograde fluorescent transport of Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino Yellow (DY) was used to study the localisation of neurons that innervate the palpebral conjunctiva and the superior tarsal muscle in the cynomolgous monkey. Labelled cell bodies of sensory neurons including a few double labelled cell bodies were found in the ophthalmic part of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. Labelled cell bodies of the sympathetic neurons including a few double labelled cell bodies were located in the middle and cranial part of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, with a few in the contralateral ganglion. Labelled cell bodies of the parasympathetic neurons were all found in the ipsilateral pterygopalatine ganglion and randomly distributed. Neurons were disposed in the opthalmic part of the trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia, whereas parasympathetic neurons were distributed randomly. Cells of the nodose, ciliary, geniculate, otic and first 3 spinal ganglia were unlabelled. Tracing FB and DY from the palpebral conjunctiva and superior tarsal muscle respectively, revealed double labelled neurons in the trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia, probably indicating the presence of collaterals of axons serving both the palpebral conjunctiva and the superior tarsal muscle.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Distribution of some peptides (substance P, [Leu]enkephalin, [Met]enkephalin) in the brain stem and spinal cord of a lizard, Varanus exanthematicus.

The distribution of substance P-like and [Leu]- and [Met]enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies, fibers and terminal structures in the brain stem and spinal cord of a lizard, Varanus exanthematicus, was studied with the indirect immunofluorescence technique, using antibodies to these peptides. Substance P-like immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the hypothalamus, in a periventricular cell group in the rostral mesencephalon, in the interpeduncular nucleus, in and ventral to the descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, in and directly ventral to the nucleus of the solitary tract, scattered in the brain stem reticular formation and in the trigeminal and spinal ganglia. A rather widespread distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity was found in the brain stem and spinal cord, mainly concentrated in striatotegmental projections related to visceral and/or taste information (nucleus of the solitary tract, parabrachial region), in the descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (areas I and II). In the spinal cord also around the central canal (area X and adjacent parts of area V-VI) a distinct substance P innervation was found. The ventral horn receives only a very sparse substance P innervation. The distribution of [Leu]- and [Met]enkephalin in the brain stem and spinal cord of Varanus exanthematicus is less impressive than that of substance P. Enkephalinergic cell bodies were found particularly in the caudal hypothalamus. Small populations of enkephalinergic cell bodies were found in the vestibular nuclear complex, in the nucleus of the solitary tract, in and around the descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and throughout the rhombencephalic reticular formation. Enkephalins are likely to be present in efferent projections of the striatum, in projections related to taste and/or visceral information (nucleus of the solitary tract, parabrachial region) and in descending pathways to the spinal cord. Enkephalinergic fibers are present in the lateral funiculus and enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the reticular formation, particularly the inferior reticular nucleus which is known to project to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord enkephalinergic terminal structures were found especially in the superficial layer of the dorsal horn (areas I and II) and around the central canal. The ventral horn including the motoneuron area receives only a relatively sparse enkephalinergic innervation.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Spinal cord abnormalities in caudal regression syndrome.

Caudal regression syndrome includes malformations ranging from mild forms of sacral agenesis to severe limb anomalies referred to as sirenomelia. The latter, in addition to sacral anomalies, shows malformed single lower limb and agenesis of rectum and genitourinary tracts. We report the neuropathologic examination in four infants, three with sirenomelia and one with lumbosacral agenesis. Brain and spinal cord were normal except for the structures in the caudal region of the spinal cord that were abnormal in all four cases. The first sirenomelic case with a mild sacral hypoplasia had only minor fusion of a few sacral roots and a slightly low-positioned conus medullaris. The second sirenomelic case with an intermediate degree of sacral hypoplasia had fusion of some of the sacral roots and ganglia, spinal ganglion cell heterotopias, filar lipoma and absence of the last sacral roots and ganglia. The third sirenomelic case with a severe degree of sacral hypoplasia showed additional tethering of the spinal cord. Case four with the agenesis of the lumbosacral spine had a total lack of the lumbosacral spinal cord, and dysplasia of the T11 and T12 cord segments. These findings suggest that the extent of anomalies of the caudal spinal cord structures in the caudal regression syndrome are roughly proportional to the anomalies of the vertebral column, and that they may constitute some of the main components of this syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1994

Subpopulations of primary sensory neurons show coexistence of neuropeptides and glucocorticoid receptors in the rat spinal and trigeminal ganglia.

The coexistence of the neuropeptides substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y with glucocorticoid receptors was studied in neurons of the rat lumbar dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia by means of the double immunofluorescence technique. Based on analysis of microphotographs, about one-third of the populations of nerve cells (small and large) containing substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity (IR) showed nuclear glucocorticoid receptor IR. A similar pattern was observed within the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. Furthermore, within the lumbar dorsal root ganglia 50% of the small neurons, containing galanin IR, possessed nuclear glucocorticoid receptor IR of moderate intensity. Glucocorticoid receptor IR was not observed in the galanin immunoreactive neurons of the trigeminal ganglion neither in the somatostatin and NPY immunoreactive neurons of both the dorsal root and the trigeminal ganglia. The results provide a chemical anatomical basis for a direct regulation by glucocorticoids of distinct populations of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerve cells in the lumbar spinal and trigeminal ganglia and of galanin immunoreactive nerve cells of the spinal but not of the trigeminal ganglia.

Animals↗