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PubMed1994

[Effectiveness of preserving large intestinal segments in surgical treatment of proliferative diffuse polyposis].

Among 390 patients who were operated on in the Research Institute of Proctology for the proliferative form of diffuse polyposis, 242 underwent various types of operations in which polyp-free segments of the large intestine were not resected. In the first 5 postoperative years all 242 patients were examined, in follow-up periods of 6 to 10 years 144 patients (59.5%), in periods of 11 to 15 years 88 patients (36.4%), in periods of 16 to 20 years 28 patients (11.6%), and after 21 years 8 patients (3.3%) were examined. Development of carcinoma in the preserved segments was encountered in 26 patients (10.7%), and intensive growth of polyps for which the preserved segment had to be removed was found in 5 patients (2.1%). There was no significant increase of the risk of carcinoma development in the preserved intestinal segments in patients who previously had a malignant tumor in the resected part of the large intestine. The development of carcinoma and intensive growth of polyps were encountered most frequently in patients in whom the distal parts of the large intestine were not removed during the operation. The obtained data are evidence of the validity of the choice of the volume of the operation based on the endeavor to preserve the polyp-free parts of the large intestine for rehabilitation of the patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Identification and characterization of the Sda beta 1,4,N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from pig large intestine.

The high occurrence in large intestine epithelial cells from pig of a beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase with a substrate specificity very similar to that of the Sda beta 1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from other tissues is reported. The enzyme strictly recognized the NeuAc alpha 2,3Gal beta terminal sequence of N- and O-linked oligosaccharides bound to glycoproteins. The transferase activity required Mn2+ and an optimum pH of 7.4. In contrast to the kidney Sda-enzyme from humans and other mammals, the microsomal fraction of pig colonic cells expressed a very high activity even in the absence of Triton X-100. A rapid procedure is presented for the large scale preparation of GalNAc beta 1,4(NeuAc alpha 2,3)Gal beta 1,4Glc from NeuAc alpha 2,3Gal beta 1,4Glc. The biosynthesized tetrasaccharide was completely resistant to the action of neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae, whereas about 60% of N-acetylneuramic acid was cleaved by neuraminidase from Newcastle disease virus. HPLC separation of different compounds is reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Ultrastructural observations on the submucous plexus of the large intestine of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Rich.).

Ultrastructural studies on the large intestine of the Rainbow trout revealed the hitherto unreported presence of neurons within the submucous plexus. The neurons were closely associated with axons which expanded intermittently along their length to form varicosities. According to the type and proportion of vesicles within the varicosities, three groups were distinguished. Group I varicosities contained a predominant population of small electronlucent vesicles measuring 30 nm in diameter. Group II varicosities contained a few medium-sized granular vesicles measuring 60 nm in diameter mixed with large numbers of small electronlucent vesicles. Most of the Group III varicosities contained large numbers of large granular vesicles, 90 nm in diameter. Varicosities of all groups formed axosomatic synapses. The significance of the presence of neurons in the submucous plexus of the trout large intestine is discussed. Group I and II varicosity profiles were interpreted as representing cholinergic and adrenergic innervation respectively. The identification of the transmitter substance in Group III varicosities, however, has still to be resolved.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Morphology and histochemistry of large intestinal polyps.

In order to assess the progress of the growth of large intestinal polyps into cancer, the epithelial height and the size of the epithelial nuclei were measured. Mucin histochemistry was also carried out. The increase of the histologic grade was based on the extent of epithelial pseudostratification; epithelial height became greater and epithelial nuclei increased in size. The histochemical mucin values were as follows: the total amount of murin in a given area increased in grade I epithelia in comparison with its behaviour in normal ones, and then decreased gradually with the increase in histologic grade. Neutral mucin became more conspicuous with the increase of epithelial pseudostratification. The amount of sulphated mucin decreased with the increase in histologic grade. In normal epithelia, sialomucin was rarely seen, but in grade I and II epithelia which did not show nuclear stratification the amount of sialomucin increased strikingly. It then decreased in amount with the increase in histologic grade. The noticeable increase of the amount of sialomucin in grade I and II epithelia can be thought of as a temporary pheomenon which appears in an early stage of carcinogenic process. The large intestinal polyps go through several stages before turning into cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Development of the submucous plexus in the large intestine of the mouse.

In the small intestine of both embryonic birds and mammals, neuron precursors aggregrate first at the site of the myenteric plexus, and the submucous plexus develops later. However, in the large intestine of birds, the submucosal region is colonised by neural-crest-derived cells before the myenteric region (Burns and Le Douarin, Development 125:4335-4347, 1998). Using antisera that recognize undifferentiated neural-crest-derived cells (p75NTR) and differentiated neurons (PGP9.5), we examined the colonisation of the murine large intestine by neural-crest-derived cells and the development of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. At E12.5, when the neural crest cells were migrating through and colonising the hindgut, the hindgut mesenchyme was largely undifferentiated, and a circular muscle layer could not be discerned. Neural-crest-derived cells migrated through, and settled in, the outer half of the mesenchyme. By E14.5, neural-crest-derived cells had colonised the entire hindgut; at this stage the circular muscle layer had started to differentiate. From E14.5 to E16.5, p75NTR- and PGP9.5-positive cells were observed on the serosal side of the circular muscle, in the myenteric region, but not in the submucosal region. Scattered, single neurons were first observed in the submucosal region around E18.5, and groups of neurons forming ganglia were not observed until after birth. The development of the enteric plexuses in the murine large intestine therefore differs from that in the avian large intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Microscopic structure of the large intestinal mucosa in piglets during an antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is caused by the treatments of broad-spectrum antimicrobials that seriously affect the activity and composition of the large intestinal microflora. The pathogenic bacteria or low concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) has been repeatedly discussed in relation to AAD. Recently, we reported the detection of a large amount of succinate and lactate in the diarrheal feces in AAD-induced piglets. In this study, we investigated histologically the large intestinal mucosa in AAD-induced piglets, in which succinate and lactate were accumulated. AAD was induced in the piglets by an oral dose of polymyxin B sulfate (PL) or by an intra-muscular injection of enrofloxacin (ERFX). When the piglets were defecating diarrheal feces with a high concentration of succinate and/or lactate, the large intestine was removed and separated into four segments (cecum, gyri centripetales, gyri centrifugales, and rectum). Healthy piglets were used as the control. In the AAD-induced piglets, the lamina propria was edematous in the gyri centripetales. Piglets treated with ERFX were also edematous in gyri centrifugales. These edematous lamina propria contained larger amounts of inflammatory cells than observed in control tissues. ERFX-treated piglets had a more shallow crypt than PL-treated and control piglets. The mucosal tissue of the large intestine was more seriously damaged in the ERFX- than in the PL-treated piglets, which might have been caused by the high succinate and low SCFAs concentration in the digesta.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cytokine mRNA expression pattern in horses with large intestinal disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate cytokine expression patterns in the large intestinal mucosa of horses, particularly in diseases associated with inflammation. Many cases of equine colitis remain without a definitive diagnosis and survival rates are poor. In humans, colitis is associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To examine if similar responses occur in horses, we investigated il -2, il -4, il -5, il -10, tnfalpha, ifngamma and tgfbeta messenger rna expression in large intestinal mucosa. Samples were obtained from animals with large intestinal disease (n=15) or from horses which had different levels of cyathostomin infection (n=9) and analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. il -2 was detected at all sites, whilst il -4 was detected at all but one site. The presence of il -10, il -5, ifngamma and tgfbeta varied with no significant differences amongst groups (P>0.4). Detection of tnfalpha was significantly different between the group of horses that had infiltrative inflammatory bowel disease and those with larval cyathostominosis (P=0.028) and those that were helminth negative (P=0.014). These results indicate a possible role for tnfalpha in the pathogenesis of equine infiltrative inflammatory bowel disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The blood vessel system of the large intestine of swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica)].

The circulatory system of the large intestine of 27 pigs was examined by means of corrosion anatomy (vascular casts), histology and electron microscopy. The results were as follows: The Aa. et Vv. breves et longae leave the mesenteric vessels and reach the wall of the intestine at the mesenteric margin. The short vessels enter the deeper layers of the wall, whereas the Aa. et Vv. longae, by taking a variable subserous course, reach the submucosa after penetrating the muscular layers. The tela submucosa contains an arterial and a venous vascular plexus. Where the submucosa is larger, there is a three-dimensional vascular network, a deep and superficial vascular plexus that are closely interconnected. The deep plexus is applied to the inner circular muscles, whereas the superficial plexus is adjacent to the muscularis mucosae. The deep arterial plexus receives its afflux from the Aa. breves et longae and provides part of the circular muscle layers with recurrent muscle branches. The vascularization of the mucosa is derived from the (superficial) submucosal plexus. The arteries that ascend the tunica mucosa ramify, in the form of a brush, into some arterioles. In the basal part of the mucosa, they turn into a periglandular capillary system, i.e. a network around each Lieberkühn crypt. Close to the lumen, a polygonal subepithelial capillary system is formed. Below the epithelium of the mucosal surface, the capillaries turn into postcapillary venules. These are running vertically through the submucosa, with few inflowing side branches, and finally enter the submucosal plexus An intermuscular plexus is formed by anastomoses between the circular and the longitudinal muscular layers from the branches of the subserous-submucosal connections. This intermuscular plexus provides the capillaries for the tunica muscularis. The subepithelial capillaries are, above all, furnished with a so-called fenestrated endothelium, whereas the capillaries of the pericryptal mucosa mainly show a continuous endothelium. The latter contains multiple vesicles that can fuse to form transcytoplasmic channels. In the wall of the large intestine of the pig, there are no sure indications as to the existence of either arterio-venous anastomoses or haemodynamic regulatory structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Adenoma with clear cell change of the large intestine.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Clear cell change of the large intestinal neoplasm is rare, and its character remains unclear. We report a case of the large intestinal adenoma with clear cell change with immunohistochemical and molecular studies to investigate whether the clear cell change is associated with a malignant progression of the adenoma. METHODS: We studied the histochemical and immunohistochemical staining characteristics of the tumor by staining with hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue, and by immunostaining using antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, p53, and Ki-67. The c-K-ras codon 12 point mutations were analyzed using a nonradioactive restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. RESULTS: The tumor was composed of a typical tubular adenoma and a tubular adenoma with clear cytoplasm. The clear cytoplasm was negative by mucin stains. Immunohistochemically p53 was negative in both the components. Labeling index of Ki-67 showed no significant difference between the two components. No codon 12 mutation of c-K-ras gene was observed in both the components. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the clear cell change of the tubular adenoma is not associated with a malignant progression in adenoma-carcinoma sequence involving c-K-ras and p53.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2006

Passive mechanical properties of large intestine under in vivo and in vitro compression.

This paper presents experimental data obtained from both in vivo and in vitro compression of the large intestine of goat. In vivo experimental data were obtained from compression tests on the large intestine of an anesthetized goat using force-displacement acquisition equipment. In vitro experimental data were also obtained from tissue excised after the in vivo experiments, and two types of data were then compared. The results demonstrated that the stress values had a strong dependence on the compressive rate in the in vivo experiments, although such effect was not distinct in the in vitro experiments. Additionally, at a lower compression rate, the intestinal tissues were found to be stiffer in the in vitro experiments than in the in vivo ones. This paper is a preliminary report on the mechanical properties of the large intestine based on in vivo and in vitro experimental data.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Clinical-functional and morphological changes in the large intestine in patients with chronic abdominal ischemia].

The article presents a study of clinical variants of ischemic lesions of the large intestine (ILLI) in patients with the chronic abdominal ischemia (CAI) syndrome. There was an examination of 42 patients with putative ILLI, who had a cardiovascular pathology at the background, which led to significant hemodynamic disorders of the blood flow in unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. The authors performed a complex diagnostics of ILLI including anamnestic and clinical data, laboratory and morphological assessment of the large intestine and vessels providing its blood supply. Based on the data collected, other functional and organic diseases of the large intestine (LI) were excluded. It was revealed that the final result of ILLI differed depending on the ischemia degree--from reversible functional disorders to high-grade organic lesions of the LI. Each clinical variant of ILLI has its own clinical manifestations as well as functional, organic and morphological peculiarities of changes in the LI revealed by a laboratory and histological examination of the LI.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Spatial distribution of Escherichia coli in the mouse large intestine inferred from rRNA in situ hybridization.

Fluorescent oligonucleotide probes targeting rRNA were used to develop an in situ hybridization technique by which the spatial distribution of Escherichia coli in the large intestines of streptomycin-treated mice was determined. Single E. coli cells were identified in thin frozen sections from the large intestines by the use of a probe specific for E. coli 23S rRNA. Furthermore, the total bacterial population was visualized with an rRNA probe targeting the domain Bacteria. By this technique, all E. coli cells were seen embedded in the mucosal material overlying the epithelial cells of the large intestine, and no direct attachment to the epithelium was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[A comparison of the dynamics of changes in large intestinal mucosa of acute dysentery patients with detection of a specific antigen in urine].

The relationship between the elimination of shigellae from the body with urine and the dynamics of morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the large intestine of acute dysentery patients at the early convalescence period has been studied. The persistence of Shigella antigen in acute dysentery patients and its elimination with urine is, as a rule, accompanied by local immune cell reaction in the mucous membrane of the large intestine. The antigen circulating in the body is a factor contributing to the inflammatory process in the intestine, the amount of the eliminated antigen being higher in pronounced inflammations of the intestinal mucosa than in residual inflammatory phenomena. A group of patients (3 persons) releasing Shigella O-antigen with urine and having the inflammatory process in the large intestine, but showing no signs of local immune reaction in the lymphoid tissue of the large intestine, has been found. The reactivity of the lymphoid tissue of the intestine in such patients is a risk factor contributing to the development of prolonged dysentery or chronic postdysenteric colitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

[Diagnosis and treatment of benign nonepithelial tumors of the large intestine].

The diagnosis and treatment of benign non-epithelial tumors of the large intestine are discussed. The cases are rare and present certain diagnostic difficulties. It is possible to establish the diagnosis of the tumors by x-ray examination with double contrasting of the large intestine and by transrectal needle biopsy of the neoplasms. The diagnosis may be improved by applying fiberoptic colonoscopy. Resection of the colon and hemicolectomy seem to be the operation of choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Epithelial and subepithelial resistance of rat large intestine: segmental differences, effect of stripping, time course, and action of aldosterone.

Epithelial and subepithelial electrical resistances of rat large intestine were measured by means of a 4-electrode AC impedance technique in three segments, colon ascendens, colon descendens and rectum. Epithelial resistance of colon ascendens and colon descendens was about 35 omega X cm2 and not different between these two segments. It was, however, about 3 times higher in rectum (99 omega X cm2). This finding is in accord with our previous observation of about 3-fold higher net fluxes of ions and water in colon ascendens and colon descendens than in rectum. It confirms the concept of a main functional difference between the terminal part of the large intestine (rectum) and the more proximal segments (colon). The acutely (within hours) varied level of aldosterone by keeping the rats for 7 h in anaesthesia caused in the rectum a more than 10-fold increase in short circuit current (Isc) and transepithelial voltage but no significant decrease in resistance. Similarly, the decline in Isc, as regularly observed in the early phase of in vitro measurements on partially stripped large intestine, was paralleled by voltage changes but not by changes in resistance. We conclude that the wide range of resistance values published so far was caused to a great extent by including various portions of colon or rectum. By comparing intact (not stripped) and partially stripped preparations (muscularis propria removed) of the rectum it was shown that partial stripping did not alter the epithelial resistance but reduced the subepithelial resistance in this segment from 26 to 8 omega X cm2, or by 68%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aldosterone↗
PubMed2001

[Comparative antibiotic susceptibility in vitro of microbial isolates from patients with complications after gastrectomy for stomach carcinoma and from contents of their large intestine].

Antibiotic susceptibility of the main isolates from the large intestine contents and pathological substrates of 12 patients after gastroectomy for stomach carcinoma was studied. Three of them developed esophagoenterostomy incompetence, 4 had intraabdominal abscesses and in 5 infection of the operation wound was stated. In all, 30 isolates of enterobacteria, 28 isolates of enterococci and 38 isolates of bacteroides were tested. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates from various sources was practically identical, which showed that before surgical operations for stomach carcinoma it was necessary that data on the patients intestine microbiocenosis and antibioticograms of the main isolates should be available to correct severe dysbiotic disorders.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1977

[Acid phosphatase localization in the mucous membrane of chicken large intestine (author's transl)].

In the wall of chicken large intestine, acid phosphatase was found only in the mucous membrane. It is present in lysosomes of the Golgi zone of enterocytes, in lysosomes of goblet cells, and in the specific granules of globule leucocytes. In the epithelium of the neck of caecum and of the colon the amount of acid phosphatase decreases towards the tip of the villi. Localization differences of enzyme are present in the villiless caecum bodies, where the surface epithelium and the epithelium of the intestinal glands neck lack the acid phosphatase activity. In the Lamina propria mucosae the enzyme is localized in fibrocytes occurring in abundance in the stroma of the caecum neck and colon and between the intestinal glands of the caecum body.

Acid Phosphatase↗