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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Rorschach Erlebnistypus and problem-solving styles in children.

This study was designed to determine whether introversive versus extratensive children differed, on the basis of their Rorschach Erlebnistypus score, with respect to their approaches to three subtests (Block Design, Object Assembly, and Mazes) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. It was thought that the extratensives would manipulate the test materials more and make more mistakes than the introversives, owing to the notion that introversives would internalize more of their manipulations and attempted solutions. Analysis of the data revealed mixed results.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Introversion and extroversion: implications for depression and suicidality.

A growing body of information suggests that core or underlying personality is a significant concomitant of depression and suicidality. Introversion (ie, low extroversion) is especially promising in its relationship to the phenomenology and outcome of depression, and may represent an underlying heritable trait of etiologic significance. Furthermore, the presence of introversion has implications for differentiating unipolar and bipolar depression. It is likely that introversion acts in concert with other core personality variables, including neuroticism and having a feeling-type personality to influence depression. Considering depression from the perspective of core personality allows for novel psychotherapeutic approaches based on targeting underlying personality variables.

Major Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1976

Influence of physical fitness on second- and third-order personality factors using orthogonal and oblique rotations.

The study investigated the relationship between physical fitness and personality variables at second- and third-order factor-analytic structures. Further, the stability of the factor structures at pre- and post-physical fitness program tests was examined by orthogonal and oblique rotations. Physical fitness and personality data were collected on 56 middle-aged males. The fitness and personality variables were factor analyzed and rotated orthogonally and obliquely by the principal axis form of solution. As a result, five second-order factors were extracted, both initially and finally. Factor scores were estimated for each S on each of the second-order factors, and data were factor analyzed to extract the third-order factors. The second-order factors closely resembled Cattell's factors, but subtle differences were found to exist between initial and final factor structures that may have been due to the influence of the fitness program. Two third-order factors were extracted initially and three finally when the factor scores were rotated orthogonally and obliquely, and physical fitness was associated with two of these hierarchical factors both initially and finally. The hierarchical factor structures appeared to be comparable to the scales of Eysenck. On the basis of the present findings it was concluded that the problem of rotation was not of importance and scientifically uninteresting and that the hierarchical factor solutions were highly stable. Further, it appears that the hierarchical levels of personality are manifested in two syndromes confounded by "traits" and "states" of personality. These two syndromes are Introversion vs. Extraversion and Neuroticism vs. Stability. The extraction of additional factors, such as Low Superego Strength vs. High Superego Strength, as in this study, is completely dependent upon the treatment or conditions superimposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Characteristics of items in the Eysenck Personality Inventory which affect responses when students simulate.

A large sample of students completed Form A of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and four subgroups were later asked to simulate extraversion, introversion, neuroticism or stability. It was found that subjects could simulate these four personalities successfully. The changes in individual item responses were correlated with the items' factor loadings, validity, response bias, and detectability. The different scales and types of item were considered separately. In some cases the changes in item responses when simulating introversion and extraversion were related to the extraversion validities and factor loadings of the items. More often, however, the behaviour of items under simulation was correlated with aspects of the items that made them more like an item from another scale and thus lessened their susceptibility to a particular type of simulation.

Deception↗
PubMed1980

[Acoustic evoked driving reactions in the EEG and their conditioning related to the personality factor extraversion-introversion (author's transl)].

Clicks were delivered in trains of 2,5 s duration at click repetition rates of 5 or 8/s to provoke rhythmical activity in the vertex-EEG ('driving response') and to condition the driving response to neutral stimuli in a discrimination paradigm. The Eysenck Personality Inventory was administered to define an independent personality variable, i.e. extraversion-introversion; the interaction of background activity, driving and conditioned driving response with the personality dimension was analyzed. In the background EEG there was a significant difference in the absolute power of the fast alpha-band between introverts and extraverts. Driving was only observed in the fundamental frequency of acoustic stimulation, not in the first harmonic. There was no interaction between driving response and extraversion-introversion or resting EEG activity. Classical conditioning of the driving response was successful with introverts only. Results were interpreted within the framework of Eysenck's personality theory. The possibility to study neurophysiological correlates of memory processes in humans by means of conditioned driving responses is discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1983

The relationship of personality to affective disorders.

Although characterologic constellations such as obsessionalism, dependency, introversion, restricted social skills, and maladaptive self-attributions are popularly linked to the pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the evidence in support of this relationship remains modest. Indeed, many of these attributes may reflect state characteristics woven into the postdepressive personality. Current evidence is strongest for introversion as a possible premorbid trait in primary nonbipolar depressions. By contrast, driven, work-oriented obsessoid, extroverted, cyclothymic, and related dysthymic temperaments appear to be the precursors of bipolar disorders. Other personalities, while not necessarily pathogenic in affective disorders, nevertheless may modify the clinical expression of affective disorders and their prognosis.

Character↗
PubMed1976

Age differences in personality structure: a cluster analytic approach.

A cluster analytic approach was used to determine possible age differences in the structure of personality as measured by the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Subjects were 969 adult male volunteers, originally divided into three groups: 25 to 34, 35 to 54, and 55 to 82. Two familiar dimensions of personality, Anxiety-Adjustment and Introversion-Extraversion, were found to be cross sectionally stable. A third cluster dimension, interpreted as openness to experience, showed age-related differences. Young subjects showed openness to feelings; middle-aged subjects showed openness to ideas; and old subjects showed a balanced openness to both feelings and ideas. Repartitioning of the sample into two groups (ages 25 to 43 and 44 to 82), and three groups (25 to 39, 40 to 47, and 48 to 82) confirmed these age differences in the third cluster. The interpretation of the third cluster is discussed in terms of Jung's concepts of psychological functions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Self-image disparity, repression-sensitization, and extraversion-introversion: a unitary dimension?

To determination (1) whether self-image disparity, repression-sensitization, and extraversion-introversion intercorrelated to a degree indicative of a unitary personality dimension and, (2) whether the interrelationships among these variables was accounted for by cognitive developmental variance, Byrne's Revised Repression-Sensitization Scale, Giedt and Downing's Extraversion-Introversion Scale, and two measures of self-image disparity were administered to 20 male college freshmen and 20 male seniors. All the correlations among the four measures were significant, but none correlated significantly with cognitive development, as measured by SATs. Factor analysis yielded a clearcut personality factor and a clearcut cognitive factor, indicating that the personality measures reflect a unitary dimension, even after cognitive developmental variance is extracted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Motivated recruitment of autobiographical memories.

We hypothesized that people motivated to believe that they possess a given trait search for autobiographical memories that reflect that trait, so as to justify their desired self-view. We led subjects to believe that either extraversion or introversion was desirable, and obtained convergent evidence from open-ended memory-listing tasks as well as from reaction-time tasks measuring the speed with which memories could be generated that this manipulation enhanced the accessibility of memories reflecting the desired trait. If people rely on their memories to construct desired self-concepts, motivated changes in self-concepts should be constrained by the content of available memories. Our final study demonstrates such constraints.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

Drugs and personality: extraversion-introversion.

Eysenck theorizes that stimulants induce introversion and that depressants induce extraversion; common sense suggests opposite expectations. Scores on the extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory yielded statistically significant differences among carefully matched series of heavy, chronic users of cocaine, amphetamine, opiates, barbiturate/sedative-hypnotics, and a comparable series of nonusers. Cocaine users and opiates users were found to be more introverted; amphetamine users, barbiturates users, and nonusers were more extraverted . These findings did not fully support either set of hypotheses. These data also implied that, if drugs influence extraversion, they do so only by suppressing it. Data from two other measures of extraversion were consistent with this hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of time of day, introversion and neuroticism on selectivity in memory and attention.

Two experiments examined the effects of time of day, introversion and neuroticism on selectivity in memory and attention. The first experiment showed that none of these factors interacted with task priority, which suggests that such variables do not produce the same changes in selectivity as do exogenous factors such as noise. In Exp. 2, colour names were read more quickly in the late afternoon than in the early morning, whereas patches of colour were named more quickly in the morning. Results from the Stroop interference condition showed that subjects classified as extraverts on the basis of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scores were less susceptible to distraction than those scored as introverts, but the size of this effect was influenced both by time of day and by whether the subjects scored as stable or neurotic on the questionnaire.

Arousal↗
PubMed1993

Eysenck's arousal theory of introversion-extraversion: a converging measures investigation.

Convergent electroencephalographic, performance, and psychometric measures of arousal were used to test predictions based on H. J. Eysenck's (1967) theory. Twelve introverts and 12 extraverts had their brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) monitored under 3 levels of caffeine administration (0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/kg) and 3 levels of task demand (resting, simple response time, and complex response time). Results revealed a decrease in the latency of Wave V of the BAER as a function of personality, with introverts evidencing significantly shorter latency of Wave V as compared with extraverts. Faster conduction time between Waves I-III and I-V were also found in introverts. Caffeine at either the 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg level was associated with decreased latency of Wave V, compared with the placebo condition. No personality differences in subjective arousal or reaction time performance were found across any of the conditions.

Adolescent↗