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PubMed1990

Pathogenesis and serodiagnosis of experimental Trichinella spiralis spiralis and Trichinella spiralis nativa infections in cattle.

Trichinella spiralis spiralis infections were established in cattle by gavage and by feeding infected musculature in the ration. Trichinae were present in greatest numbers in masseter, tongue and diaphragm. Trichinella spiralis nativa had a low infectivity to cattle although a light infection was established in one cow by a heavy challenge. Cattle had an aversion to eating musculature unless it was camouflaged with molasses. Clinical signs of reluctance to eat and masticate were observed between 10 and 30 days postinfection. Eosinophil counts started to increase at seven days and peaked at about 30 days postinfection. By day 60 eosinophil counts returned to near preinfection levels but in animals examined greater than 90 days postinfection, the counts were variable. Focal lesions of eosinophilic myositis were observed up to about 90 days postinfection. Little cellular reaction was observed surrounding trichinae after muscle invasion and cyst development was completed except for cysts undergoing disintegration. Seroconversion occurred in all cattle examined between 7 and 14 days postinfection. Seroconversion was associated with IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins. Peak levels of antibody occurred between 30 and 60 days. Cattle examined at 182 and 369 days postinfection showed a gradual decrease in antibody levels over time.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of ergosterol in cereals, mixed feed components, and mixed feeds by liquid chromatography.

A sensitive, rapid, reproducible, and reliable liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for determination of ergosterol in feedstuffs. The sample is saponified directly and the saponified mixture is extracted with n-hexane. Ergosterol is determined without further purification or cleanup steps by using a liquid chromatograph with a 250 X 4.6 mm column packed with LiChrosorb Si 60, 5 microns, and a high pressure column prefilter. The ultraviolet detector is set at 282 nm. The limit of detection was 0.1 ppm; recovery ranged between 96.7 and 102.2%. Diode array technology is used for identification and peak purity control. Under strong UV irradiation (254 nm) and oxygen or nitrogen atmosphere ergosterol was converted almost quantitatively to ergocalciferol. Under the described conditions of the method, ergosterol proved to be stable. Ergosterol was determined in cereals, mixed feeds (e.g., for swine and poultry), and their components of plant and animal origin. It was not found in carcass meal, meat-and-bone meal, citrus pulps, or molasses; only traces were detected in fish meal.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1989

Experimental trichinosis in sheep.

Trichinella spiralis spiralis infections were established in sheep by administering infective larvae via gavage or feeding infected musculature. Trichinella spiralis nativa infective larvae had a low infectivity for sheep although light infections may be established in some animals with large infective doses. For the most part, sheep were averse to ingesting musculature mixed in a grain ration unless it was camouflaged with molasses. The heaviest infections usually occurred in the masseter muscle. The fact that sheep are averse to ingesting muscle tissue may reduce the likelihood of trichinosis. Anti-Trichinella antibodies to both T: spiralis spiralis and T. spiralis nativa were produced as demonstrated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroconversion occurred in several sheep challenged with T. spiralis nativa even though larvae were not recovered from the musculature by pepsin-digestion.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on the activity of mitochondrial enzymes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during desiccation].

The work deals with the effect of carbon sources, presence of protein synthesis inhibitors (cycloheximide and chloramphenicol) and dehydration regime on the enzyme activity of the dried yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast grown on molasses and dried by aeration demonstrated a notable increase of the NADH-dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities as compared with the analogously treated yeast grown on ethanol. The latter showed a notable rise only in the activity of NADH-dehydrogenase during slow drying. Addition of protein synthesis inhibitors into the cultivation medium caused no decrease of activities of the above mentioned enzymes of the dried yeasts in any variant under study.

Desiccation↗

PubMed1986

[Production of ethanol by fermentation with a high concentration of yeasts. Its application in already installed distilleries].

Due to the dramatic increase in international oil prices, the ethanol production by fermentation is presently becoming an attractive and feasible project for many countries Argentina has implemented an experimental national program of ethanol use as fuel and the standard procedure of Melle-Boinot is currently employed in sugar cane molasses fermentation. The aim of this work was to improve the overall efficiency of the batch process by recycling high levels of yeast biomass. It was observed that the volumetric productivity increased with biomass concentration, whereas the specific productivity decreased. Both variations were not linear (Fig. 1). It was difficult to keep a yeast concentration higher than 3 x 10(8) cell/ml during batch fermentation assays. Anyhow the periodic subculturing of yeast biomass (every 13 recycling periods) proved to be an effective method to obtain a high cell density in the fermentation medium (Fig. 2). The industrial application of data reported here would not imply additional investment or equipment to distilleries using standard fermentation procedures.

Ethanol↗

PubMed1979

[Water intake, pH and ammonia levels in the ruminal contents of sheep fed pelleted feed].

Wethers were studied for the effect of the complete pelleted feed ration on the intake of water and concentration of pH and ammonia in the rumen. The animals consumed daily 1300 g of dry matter of the diet containing 41.81% of meadow hay, 25.8% of barley, 15.37% of sawdust, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea and 1.24% of vitamin mineral supplement. This feed was given to them for six months. The pelleted diet increased the intake of water (the dry matter consumption remaining the same in the control and experimental group), reduced pH concentration (6.0--6.2) and slightly increased the level of ammonia in the first hour after feeding; this was probably due to a rapid release of nitrogen compounds from the feed and to intensive rumen fermentation.

Ammonia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Dehydration effect on the fatty acid composition of lipids in baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14].

The effect of dehydration on the fatty acid composition of lipids in baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14 cultivated on the ethanol (1.5%) containing medium in the presence or absence of glutamic acid and biotin or on molasses (2%) was studied. In spite of a relatively low drying temperature (35 degrees C), the correlation between saturated and non-saturated fatty acids may vary within 40--60 min.

Biotin↗

PubMed1977

[Effect of wood waste on the digestibility of glycides and level of volatile fatty acids in sheep].

Sheep were subject to an experiment concerning the effect of treated beech sawdust and thickened aqueous hydrolyzate of beech wood (xylocel) on the digestibility of glycides and on the level of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen content. The results prove that the use of treated beech sawdust as a replacer for ground barley straw favourably influenced the digestibility of monosaccharides, cellulose, lignin and total dry matter of the diet. Sawdust reduced the concentration of total VFA in the rumen content but the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (A:P) was lower and the energetic efficiency of the VFA produced was higher in the diet containing sawdust. The addition of urea to the diet with beech sawdust conditioned less effectively, as distinct from the case mentioned above, did not give a clear effect. Urea encouraged the digestibility of pentosanes, glucose and cellulose, but reduced the energetic efficiency of the VFA produced. Xylocel had no clear effect on the digestibility of sugars either. The higher A:P ratio and the lower energetic efficiency of the VFA produced testify to the fact that xylocel in combination with beet molasses was not a sufficient replacer of sugar-beet glycides.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1979

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sugars in various food products.

A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed which is fast, simple, specific, and reliable over a wide range of sugar concentrations in a variety of food matrices. With few exceptions, sample preparation is simple, requiring only a water-ethanol extraction, followed by a rapid mini-column cleanup before injection into the HPLC system. The majority of samples can be prepared for analysis within 1--1 1/2 hr, and the following sugars are separated in less than 45 min: fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, melibioals, chocolate products, chocolate sirups, cookies, health food products, molasses, preserves, processed fruits, and soy protein products.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1973

Chromium in refined and unrefined sugars--possible nutritional implications in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases.

It has recently been discovered that chromium is an essential element, particularly in relation to carbohydrate metabolism. Food refinement leads to a loss of chromium as well as of other trace elements. The nutritional significance, particularly in relation to cardiovascular diseases, of the excessive consumption of refined food, poor in trace elements, is not well understood. The first results of a WHO study on the chromium content of different brands of refined and unrefined sugars obtained from various countries are described here. Flameless atomic absorption was used for chromium analysis. Molasses have the highest chromium content (0.266 mg/kg), followed by unrefined (0.162) and brown (0.064) sugars. Refined sugar has the lowest chromium content (0.020 mg/kg). No differences associated with the geographic origin of the sugars were observed.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1982

[The effect of feeding sawdust and fodder cut into various lengths on rumen fermentation].

Wethers were subjected to experiments aimed at studying the possibility of replacing part of bulk fodder by treated beech sawdust and its effect on ruminal fermentation in the case of administration of chopped and unchopped hay. For a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1000 g of diet dry matter daily; the diet contained 41.81% of chopped meadow hay, 25.28% of barley, 15.37% of chopped straw, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea and 1.24% of mineral supplement. In the test group the 15.37% proportion of straw was replaced by sawdust. In the subsequent ten-week period the animals were given the same diets, but the hay was not chopped. On the whole the experiment was performed with two groups with straw and two with sawdust. In the groups with chopped hay the sawdust in the diet increased the molar percentage of acetic acid, reduced the molar percentage of propionic acid (which resulted in an increased acetate: propionate ratio), and reduced the pH value and energy efficiency of the produced volatile fatty acids (VFA). The levels of total VFA were not affected. In the groups fed unchopped (long) hay the diet with 15.37% of sawdust showed a significant increase in total VFA and in the molar percentage of butyric acid as well as in the energy efficiency of VFA in rumen. The acetate: propionate ratio was not changed, probably owing to sufficient production of acetic acid. Although some variability was recorded in the results, it can be stated that treated beech sawdust had no adverse effect on rumen fermentation and that the replacement of part of bulk forage by this sawdust was successful. A relationship was also found between sawdust and the physical form of the bulk fodder contained in the ration.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1983

[Biomass production and biological purification of distillation slops in a 2-step process].

In order to lower the chemical demand (COD) of slops from cane molasses alcohol a treatment of two steps which allows the production of single cell protein of Candida utilis and Paecilomyces variotii has been performed. Its use reduces the treatment cost. In the first step the slops without sterilization supplemented with ammonium sulphate (5 g.l-1) and dipotassium phosphate (0.5 g.l-1) was inoculated with C. utilis and P. variotii. The yield was 24 and 18 g.l-1 of dry biomass and COD reduction of 36 and 75% respectively. In the second step, the remainder effluents were treated with Aspergillus niger. The final COD reduction attained was 93 and 92% respectively.

Aspergillus niger↗

PubMed1984

[The effect of feeding silage juices on selected hematologic and biochemical parameters in the blood (serum) and urine of feedlot bulls].

The influence of silage juice feeding on the changes in 24 haematological and biochemical parameters in blood (blood serum) and urine of feeder bulls was evaluated in two comparative experiments in which no silage was included in feed rations. The supplement of 2 or 4 litres of juice per 100 kg of live weight represented a daily acidogenous stress of 0.79 to 1.93 moles of organic acids. In the first experiment this supplement was not proved to evoke any significant changes in the evaluated parameters. In the second experiment, in which the silage juices were enriched with sodium chloride, aqueous ammonia solution (26%) and molasses, a statistically significant increase in the level of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in blood and in the corresponding sum of ketone bodies (P less than 0.05 to 0.01) was observed in the experimental group of animals. The levels of sodium in serum were also increased (P less than 0.05). The average weight gains of bulls belonging to the experimental group were higher than those in the control groups.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1983

[Changes in the serum alkaline phosphatase of sheep and cattle with acute acidosis of the forestomach].

Experimental acidosis of the forestomach was induced in 6 lambs and 29 ewes and rams, using starch (5-10 g/kg body mass), lactic acid (0.4-0.5 per cent of the live weight) or concentrates (50-60 g/kg body mass). Acidosis occurred spontaneously in 10 calves and 14 cows following the intake of great amounts of molasses. The changes were followed up in the total activity and properties of the alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum of the diseased animals. It was found that the total activity of the enzyme in the blood serum of the test animals dropped at the 24th hour after the beginning of the experiment, reached its lowest point at the 48th-72nd hour (50 to 70 per cent drop as compared to the initial level), and was still under the initial level with part of the test animals at the 96th hour. The decrease in the total activity of the enzyme in the blood serum was found to be linked with changes in its properties - the resistance to 1-phenylalanine rose, and the resistance to 1-arginine, 1-homoarginine, and heat treatment at 56 degrees C for 10 minutes dropped. The activity of the serum alkaline phosphatase with the spontaneously affected calves and cows was dependably lower than the activity of the enzyme un normal calves and cows. It is believed that the drop of the total activity of the blood serum alkaline phosphatase is chiefly governed by the lowered release in the blood of intestinal alkaline phosphatase as the result of its disturbed synthesis and intestinal absorption.

Acidosis↗

PubMed1984

Accidental monensin sodium intoxication of feedlot cattle.

Of 1,994 yearling and 2-year-old cattle in a winter feeding program, 117 died within 42 days of being fed toxic amounts of monensin sodium in a liquid protein supplement. Death losses commenced on the third day after ingestion of a toxic amount in the feed. Clinical signs in cattle that died in less than 9 days included anorexia, pica, diarrhea, depression, mild hindlimb ataxia, and dyspnea. Gross necropsy findings in cattle dying in the acute phase of the illness included hydrothorax, ascites, and pulmonary edema, as well as petechial hemorrhages, edema, and yellow streaking in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Cattle dying after 9 days had gray streaks in heart and skeletal muscle, generalized ventral edema, enlarged, firm, bluish discolored liver, and enlarged heart. Microscopic changes in cattle dying in the acute phase (less than 9 days) consisted of pulmonary edema, congestion, and hemorrhage. Cardiac and skeletal muscle had localized areas of edema, hemorrhage, and coagulative necrosis. In cattle dying after 9 days of illness, the changes included lymphocytic infiltration, sarcolemmal nuclear proliferation, and fibrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Lungs contained increased alveolar macrophages and a few neutrophils. Centrilobular necrosis and mild fibrosis were found in the liver. Changes varied somewhat according to the area of heart or skeletal muscle that was affected. Active muscles, eg, those in the heart ventricles and diaphragm, were altered most severely. Intoxication appeared to be a result of sedimentation of monensin in the molasses carrier to give remarkable concentrations of the substance at the bottom of the holding tank.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1980

[Possibilities of using nitrogen-containing waste products for cultivation of Candida utilis. I. Communication: the use of piacryl-waste sulphuric acid].

Piacryl-waste sulphuric acid and ammonia-urea wastewaters, nitrogen-containing products of chemical industry, have been used for cultivation of Candida utilis. In our investigations, piacryl-waste sulphuric acid proved to be of special interest. The possibilities of using waste sulphuric acid during the cultivation of fodder yeast as well as in clarified and unclarified sugar beet molasses are discussed regarding the cell yields and the crude- and true protein content at various dilution rates in chemostat culture.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1978

Inhibition of calcium absorption in ponies fed diets containing oxalic acid.

The effects of dietary oxalic acid on absorption, excretion, and retention of calcium was determined in Shetland ponies in 2 experiments. In each experiment, the results of feeding a control diet consisting of oats, molasses, and a complete pelleted horse ration were compared with those of feeding the control diet plus 1% oxalic acid. The diets contained 0.6% calcium in the 1st experiment and 0.45% calcium in the 2nd experiment. Oxalic acid increased the fecal excretion of calcium and decreased calcium absorption. The endogenous fecal excretion of calcium determined in the 1st experiment, using 47Ca, was not affected by dietary oxalic acid, indicating that the increase in fecal calcium was due to unabsorbed dietary calcium. Ponies fed 1% oxalic acid in diets containing 0.45% calcium were in negative calcium balance. The ponies did not conserve calcium by reducing the urinary calcium excretion if they were fed oxalic acid. Magnesium balance was measured in the 3 ponies in the 1st experiment. Urinary magnesium excretion increased and magnesium retention decreased in response to oxalic acid intake.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1980

The estrogenic effect of silage fodder.

The changes in the amounts of estrogens and in the estrogenic effects were compared with the changes occurring in the quality of silage fodders, which were prepared by three different methods (without any additives, by green-solution method, and with molasses) from the 1977 aftermath, composed of 50% of different kinds of grasses and 50% of red clover. The estrogenic isoflavones known (formononetin, biochanin-A, genistein and daidzein) were analysed quantitatively by liquid chromatography, the estrogenic effect by bioassay using female rats aged 21-22 days as test animals the criteria being the uterine weight, the vaginal opening, and the uterine liquid quantity. Other characteristics of the fodders were determined by 21 laboratory determinations or perceptible estimates. The correlations between the characteristics of the fodder showed that, in addition to the plant estrogens, the amount of lactic acid had significant influences on the estrogenic effect. The pH values and the amount of lactic acid had significant effects also on the changes in the amounts of estrogenic isoflavones known. The quantities of isoflavones and the estrogenic effects varied in fodders ensiled by various methods.

Animal Feed↗