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Results for “Sedentary Behavior”

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PubMed1997

Lipid profile and socioeconomic status in healthy middle aged women in Sweden.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and full lipid profile in middle aged healthy women. PARTICIPANTS: These comprised 300 healthy Swedish women between 30 and 65 years who constitute the control group of the Stockholm female coronary risk study, a population based, case-control study of women with coronary heart disease (CHD). The age matched control group, drawn from the census register of greater Stockholm, was representative of healthy Swedish women aged 30-65 years. Five measures of SES were used; educational level, occupation, decision latitude at work, annual income, and size of house or apartment. MAIN RESULTS: Swedish women with low decision latitude at work, low income, low educational level, blue collar jobs, and who were living in small houses or apartments had an unhealthy lipid profile, suggesting an increased risk of CHD. Part of this social gradient in lipids was explained by an unhealthy lifestyle, but the lipid gradients associated with decision latitude at work and annual income were independent of these factors. Decision latitude, educational level, and annual income had the strongest associations with lipid profile. These associations were independent of age, menopausal status, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, obesity, excess abdominal fat, and unhealthy dietary habits. Of the lipid variables, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels were most consistently associated with low SES. CONCLUSIONS: Decision latitude at work was the strongest SES predictor of HDL levels in healthy middle aged Swedish women, after simultaneous adjustment for other SES measures, age, and all lifestyle factors in the multivariable regression model.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Do children with obesity implicitly identify with sedentariness and fat food?

We investigated whether youngsters with obesity (n=39) differed from a control group (n=39) in their self-reported attitudes towards and in their implicit identification with physical activity and food. Self-reported attitudes were assessed using a rating scale; implicit identification was assessed using a self-concept Implicit Association Task (IAT). Results revealed a marked group difference on the implicit identification with food: Only youngsters without obesity identified themselves more with non-fat food than with fat food.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative and behavioral analyses of preferred speed: Anolis lizards as a model system.

I quantified the movement patterns of eight morphologically and ecologically diverse Caribbean Anolis lizard species in the field to address the following questions: (1) Do these eight species move at preferred speeds, and if so, what are these speeds? (2) What proportion of their maximum sprinting capacities do the anole species use when moving undisturbed? (3) What percentage of the time do lizards spend moving, and how far do they typically travel on a daily basis? (4) Have the preferred speeds of anoles coevolved with structural habitat use? Most of the distributions of speeds were highly skewed, with a preponderance of slow-speed locomotion (<20% of maximum capacity). Median speeds varied almost eightfold among species, from a low of 4.9 cm/s (3.0% of maximum) to a high of 38.0 cm/s (22.4% of maximum). For all eight species, at least 75% of their locomotor movements took place between 0% and 40% of maximum capacity. The eight species varied almost 15-fold in the percentage of time they spent moving, indicating that not all anole species are equally sedentary. Through usage of modern comparative methods, I showed that Anolis species that move slowly through their environments also tend to use narrow perch diameters and have large habitat breadths. These findings show how evolutionary approaches can be profitably integrated with physiological data to understand how species use their habitats.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Aging successfully until death in old age: opportunities for increasing active life expectancy.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of having no disability in the year prior to death in very old age and to examine factors associated with this outcome. Participants were men and women aged 65 years and older who were followed prospectively between 1981 and 1991 from three communities: New Haven, Connecticut; Iowa and Washington counties, Iowa; and East Boston, Massachusetts. Persons who died in late old age with known disability status within 15 months of death (n = 1,097) were studied for predictors of dying without disability at the last follow-up interview prior to death. The probability of a nondisabled 65-year-old man's surviving to age 80 and then being nondisabled prior to death was 26% and, for a 65-year-old woman, the probability of surviving to age 85 and being nondisabled before death was 18%. Physical activity was a key factor predicting nondisability before death. There was nearly a twofold increased likelihood of dying without disability among the most physically active group compared with sedentary adults (adjusted odds ratio = 1.86, 95% confidence interval 1.24-2.79). These findings provide encouraging evidence that disability prior to death is not an inevitable part of a long life but may be prevented by moderate physical activity.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

Personal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 microm in Mexico City: a pilot study.

This study was aimed to describe the personal exposure of permanent residents in Mexico City's Metropolitan Area (MCMA) to particulate matter of less than 2.5 microm diameter (PM(2.5)) during their daily activities. A total of 40 healthy volunteers (30 women and 10 men) with sedentary activities were included. All of them carried a PM(2.5) personal monitor during 13 h and registered their activities in a written diary that classified them in indoor and outdoor microenvironments in each 30 min period. All sample collections started at 0900 hours, and even though measurements were obtained during the rainy season (April-August 2002), the relative humidity was less than 70%. The data were categorized and evaluated under the following criteria: morning and afternoon exposure, indoor and outdoor activities, and geographical location. The descriptive analysis showed that the overall outdoor median concentration of PM(2.5) (89.50 microg/m(3)) was higher than the indoor one (67.55 microg/m(3)). PM(2.5) concentrations in the morning to early afternoon were more elevated than in the late afternoon, suggesting a circadian-like behavior. In the indoor microenvironment, the highest concentration occurred in the subway (106.2 microg/m(3)) followed by school (93.27 microg/m(3)), and the lowest at home (53.1 microg/m(3)). The outdoor microenvironment with the highest concentrations was the public transportation (bus) (99.95 microg/m(3)), while the automobile had the lowest (64.9 microg/m(3)). The geographical zone with the highest concentration was the Center city area (87.87 microg/m(3)), and the one with the lowest concentration was the northeast area of the city (50 microg/m(3)). All the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis corroborated that PM(2.5) concentrations are mainly determined by geographical locations and hour of the day, but not by the type of microenvironment. The inclusion of covariables in the multivariable analysis ensures a more accurate estimation and prediction of the real PM(2.5) concentrations. In conclusion, PM(2.5) personal exposure of healthy adult permanent residents of MCMA is usually higher than recommended by the international standards in outdoor and even in indoor microenvironments. Particulate matter personal exposure varies in relation to hour of the day, daily activities and microenvironments.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Lifestyle management of erectile dysfunction: the role of cardiovascular and concomitant risk factors.

The influence and significance of lifestyle factors in erectile dysfunction (ED) have been demonstrated in cross-sectional and prospective, randomized, controlled trials. Recent epidemiologic studies in several countries have shown that modifiable lifestyle or risk factors, including physical activity in particular, are directly related to the occurrence of ED. In this article, we review several recent observational studies, 2 of which include a longitudinal follow-up component in the study design. The levels of physical activity in both of these studies predicted ED prevalence and incidence. Furthermore, the role of lifestyle changes (weight loss, physical activity) were recently demonstrated to be effective in modifying ED in a prospective, randomized Italian trial in moderately obese, sedentary men. Men without overt diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease participated in this landmark study. Other studies have shown that aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors can increase the effectiveness or outcomes associated with pharmacologic management of ED. Taken together, these studies support the value of risk factor modification and lifestyle change in the clinical management in men with ED and concomitant cardiovascular illness.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed1999

Transforming growth factor-beta activated during exercise in brain depresses spontaneous motor activity of animals. Relevance To central fatigue.

Intracerebroventricular administration into sedentary mice of the high molecular mass fraction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from exercise-exhausted rats produced a decrease in spontaneous motor activity [K. Inoue, H. Yamazaki, Y. Manabe, C. Fukuda, T. Fushiki, Release of a substance that suppresses spontaneous motor activity in the brain by physical exercise, Physiol. Behav. 64 (1998) 185-190]. CSF from sedentary rats had no such effect. This suggests the presence of a substance regulating the urge for motion as a response to fatigue. A bioassay system using hydra, a freshwater coelenterate, showed an activity indistinguishable from transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the CSF from exercise-fatigued rats, while not in that from sedentary rats. The increase in the concentration of active TGF-beta in the CSF from exercise-fatigued rat was also ascertained by another bioassay system using mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu). Injection of TGF-beta into the brains of sedentary mice elicited a similar decrease in spontaneous motor activity in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing the exercise load on rats raised both the levels of active TGF-beta and the activity of depression on spontaneous motor activity of mice in the CSF of rats. Taken together, these results suggest that exercise increases active TGF-beta in the brain and it creates the feeling of fatigue and thus suppresses spontaneous motor activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Influence of exercise training on tissue chromium concentrations in the rat.

This study reports on the effects of exercise training on the chromium concentrations in the heart, liver, kidney, and gastrocnemius muscle of normal Sprague-Dawley rats. A pair-fed (to the trained rats' intake) and a preexperimental group were also studied in order to control food intake and to ascertain any age-related influence on tissue chromium levels, respectively. Four groups of animals were examined: exercise-trained, pair-fed, preexperimental, and sedentary control. Chromium determination was performed by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results from this study show that exercise training increases while pair-feeding and normal aging both decrease chromium levels in tissues. It is suggested that the male Sprague-Dawley rat adapts to exercise training by enhancing tissue levels of chromium or by simply maintaining the high levels of the element found at a younger age.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Low levels of recall among adult Canadians of the CSEP/Health Canada physical activity guidelines.

In 1998, Canadian guidelines were released to encourage sedentary adults to become more active. Representative surveys of over 4,400 Canadian adults found that unprompted recall of these guidelines was low (7.4% in 1999 and 5.2% in 2002), but was higher among educated, affluent, middle-aged, and the physically active. Achieving a high level of activity was associated with demographic variables and other information sources, but not with guideline recall. Guideline promotion has not reached those most in need.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The criterion validity of a last 7-day physical activity questionnaire (SAPAQ) for use in adolescents with a wide variation in body fat: the Stockholm Weight Development Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the criterion validity of a newly developed self-reported last 7-day physical activity questionnaire (SAPAQ) for use in Swedish adolescents with a wide variation in body fatness. MEASUREMENTS: We compared the self-reported total number of MET-minutes with objectively assessed variables of physical activity obtained by accelerometry in 49 (18 male, 31 female subjects) 17-year-old adolescents. RESULTS: Self-reported physical activity was significantly and inversely related to time spent sedentary (r=-0.45; P<0.001) and significantly and positively associated with time spent in physical activity (r=0.51; P<0.001) and the total amount of physical activity (r=0.49; P<0.001). Gender and body fat did not affect the associations between self-reported and objectively assessed physical activity. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the newly developed questionnaire is a valid method for ranking individuals in terms of the total amount of physical activity in Swedish adolescents.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1998

Competing personal goals and exercise behaviour.

Research on the determinants of exercise behaviour has not assessed the role of personal goals which may be in conflict with exercising. A cross-sectional study showed that 312 nonexercisers, 466 people who exercised once or twice a week, and 202 people who exercised at the norm of at least three times a week differed significantly with respect to the number of important personal goals expected to be hampered by exercising at the norm. To be specific, the number of competing activities in the home was higher for the sedentary group than for those who exercised. Further, those who exercised at the norm reported fewer competing social activities than all other subjects and fewer competing self-developmental activities than the non-exercisers. Scores on the scale for activities outside the home did not differ significantly among the three groups. It is argued that any theoretical model of exercise behaviour should take into account the influence of competing personal goals on the initiation and continuation of exercise during leisure time.

Exercise↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Cardiovascular risk factors in Chilean university students].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic university students of both sexes, aged 18 to 25 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum lipid levels were measured in a subsample of 293 subjects, using a Hitachi 717 chemical analyzer. Obesity was classified using body mass index (BMI) measurements. A self-applied questionnaire was used to collect data on sedentary life style, family history of cardiovascular disease and cigarette smoking. Statistical associations of lipid levels with lipidic and non-lipidic risk factors were assessed using Pearson's chi-square test and multiple regression. RESULTS: We found lipid risk levels in 29.2% for total cholesterol (CT), 16.2% for low-density lipoproteins (C-LDL) and 5% for high-density lipoproteins (C-HDL). The main non-lipidic factors were smoking (46.1%) and sedentarism (60.8%). Obesity, hypertension and parental history of myocardial infarction were present in 1.9%, 4.6% and 11%, respectively. We observed an association of a lipid risk profile with obesity, cigarette smoking and family history. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that sedentarism and smoking are associated with a lipid risk profile. These results call for the need to develop appropriate behavior strategies for the successful prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Wheel running alters serotonin (5-HT) transporter, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and alpha 1b-adrenergic receptor mRNA in the rat raphe nuclei.

BACKGROUND: Altered serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission is implicated in the antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of physical activity. In the current study, we investigated whether physical activity alters factors involved in the regulation of central 5-HT neural activity. METHODS: In situ hybridization was used to quantify levels of 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), and alpha(1b)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(1b) ADR) messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in the dorsal (DRN) and median raphe (MR) nuclei of male Fischer rats after either sedentary housing or 3 days, 3 weeks, or 6 weeks of wheel running. RESULTS: Wheel running produced a rapid and lasting reduction of 5-HT(1B) mRNA in the ventral DRN. Three weeks of wheel running decreased 5-HTT mRNA in the DRN and MR and increased alpha(1b) ADR mRNA in the DRN. After 6 weeks of wheel running, 5-HTT mRNA remained reduced, but alpha(1b) ADR mRNA returned to sedentary levels. Serotonin(1A) mRNA was increased in the MR and certain DRN subregions after 6 weeks only. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that the central 5-HT system is sensitive to wheel running in a time-dependent manner. The observed changes in mRNA regulation in a subset of raphe nuclei might contribute to the stress resistance produced by wheel running and the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of physical activity.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

Vitamins in Spanish food patterns: the eVe Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe vitamin intakes in Spanish food patterns, identify groups at risk for inadequacy and determine conditioning factors that may influence this situation. DESIGN: Pooled-analysis of eight cross-sectional regional nutrition surveys. SUBJECTS: Ten thousand two hundred and eight free-living subjects (4728 men, 5480 women) aged 25-60 years. Respondents of population nutritional surveys carried out in eight Spanish regions (Alicante, Andalucia, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Catalunya, Galicia, Madrid and Basque Country) from 1990 to 1998. The samples were pooled together and weighted to build a national random sample. METHODS: Dietary assessment by means of repeated 24-hour recall using photograph models to estimate portion size. Adjusted data for intra-individual variation were used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake. A Diet Quality Score (DQS) was computed considering the risk for inadequate intake for folate, vitamin C, vitamin A and vitamin E. DQS scores vary between 0 (good) and 4 (very poor). Influence of lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity) was considered as well. RESULTS: Inadequate intakes (<2/3 Recommended Dietary Intake) were estimated in more than 10% of the sample for riboflavin (in men), folate (in women), vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. More than 35% of the sample had diets classified as poor quality or very poor quality. Factors identified to have an influence on a poor-quality diet were old age, low education level and low socio-economical level. A sedentary lifestyle, smoking, usual consumption of alcohol and being overweight were conditioning factors for a poor-quality diet as well. CONCLUSION: Results from The eVe Study suggest that a high proportion of the Spanish population has inadequate intakes for at least one nutrient and nearly 50% should adjust their usual food pattern towards a more nutrient-dense, healthier diet.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Interspecific reciprocity explains mobbing behaviour of the breeding chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs.

When prey animals discover a predator close by, they mob it while uttering characteristic sounds that attract other prey individuals to the vicinity. Mobbing causes a predator to vacate its immediate foraging area, which gives an opportunity for prey individuals to continue their interrupted daily activity. Besides the increased benefits, mobbing behaviour also has its costs owing to injuries or death. The initiator of mobbing may be at increased risk of predation by attracting the predator's attention, especially if not joined by other neighbouring prey individuals. Communities of breeding birds have always been considered as temporal aggregations. Since an altruist could not prevent cheaters from exploiting its altruism in an anonymous community, this excluded any possibility of explaining mobbing behaviour in terms of reciprocal altruism. However, sedentary birds may have become acquainted since the previous non-breeding season. Migrant birds, forming anonymous communities at the beginning of the breeding season, may also develop closer social ties during the course of the breeding season. We tested whether a male chaffinch, a migrant bird, would initiate active harassment of a predator both at the beginning of the breeding season and a week later when it has become a member of a non-anonymous multi-species aggregation of sedentary birds. We expected that male chaffinches would be less likely to initiate a mob at the beginning of the breeding season when part of an anonymous multi-species aggregation of migratory birds. However, their mobbing activity should increase as the breeding season advances. Our results support these predictions. Cooperation among individuals belonging to different species in driving the predator away may be explained as interspecific reciprocity based on interspecific recognition and temporal stability of the breeding communities.

Aggression↗

PubMed2003

Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity.

Physical activity enhances insulin action in obese/overweight individuals. However, the exercise prescription required for the optimal enhancement is not known. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exercise training consisting of vigorous-intensity activity would enhance insulin sensitivity more substantially than moderate-intensity activity. Sedentary, overweight/obese subjects (n = 154) were randomly assigned to either control or an exercise group for 6 mo: 1) low-volume/moderate-intensity group [ approximately 12 miles walking/wk at 40-55% peak O2 consumption (Vo2 peak)], 2) low-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 12 miles jogging/wk at 65-80% Vo2 peak), and 3) high-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 20 miles jogging/wk at 65-80% Vo2 peak). Training volume (miles/wk) was achieved by exercising approximately 115 min/wk (low-volume/high-intensity group) or approximately 170 min/wk (low-volume/moderate-intensity and high-volume/high-intensity groups). Insulin action was measured with an insulin sensitivity index (SI) from an intravenous glucose tolerance test. In the control group, there was a decrement (P < 0.05) in SI. In contrast, all the exercise groups significantly (P < 0.05) increased SI; the relative increment in the low-volume/moderate-intensity and high-volume/high-intensity groups ( approximately 85%) were greater than in the low-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 40%). In conclusion, physical activity encompassing a wide range of intensity and volume minimizes the insulin resistance that develops with a sedentary lifestyle. However, an exercise prescription that incorporated approximately 170 min of exercise/wk improved insulin sensitivity more substantially than a program utilizing approximately 115 min of exercise/wk, regardless of exercise intensity and volume. Total exercise duration should thus be considered when designing training programs with the intent of improving insulin action.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1992

Predictors of adoption and maintenance of vigorous physical activity in men and women.

BACKGROUND: This study examined predictors of adoption and maintenance of vigorous physical activity over time in a sample of 1,719 randomly selected women and men. METHODS: Based on reported frequency of vigorous exercise in a mail survey at baseline, subjects were classified as sedentary (zero sessions per week), intermediate (one to two sessions per week), or active (three or more sessions per week). RESULTS: On the same survey subjects reported on 25 potential determinants of physical activity based on a comprehensive learning model. Twenty-four months later, 85% of subjects were resurveyed, and their physical activity levels were classified. Within each baseline category and gender subgroup, predictors of follow-up physical activity were identified. In multivariate analyses, adoption of vigorous exercise by sedentary men was predicted by self-efficacy, age (inverse), and neighborhood environment (inverse). Adoption by sedentary women was predicted by education, self-efficacy, and friend and family support for exercise. Maintenance of vigorous physical activity was predicted by self-efficacy and age (inverse) for initially active men and by education for initially active women. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that factors influencing adoption are different for men and women, and there may be different factors influencing adoption versus maintenance of vigorous physical activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Behavioural treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity.

Current state-of-the-art behavioural treatments for childhood and adolescent obesity, produce long-term weight control in up to one-third of participants. A review of the most effective treatments suggests structural and organizational components and treatment content that are most likely to be successful. These include a group format with individualized behavioural counseling; parent participation; frequent sessions; a long treatment duration; a simple and explicit diet that produces a calorie deficit; a physical activity program emphasizing choice and reinforcing reduced sedentary behaviours; making changes in the home and family environment to help reduce cues and opportunities associated with calorie intake and inactivity, and to increase cues and opportunities for physical activity; self-monitoring; goal setting and contracting; parenting skills training; skills for managing high-risk situations; and skills for maintenance and relapse prevention. Still, there are many unanswered questions about the implementation of all the components of treatment. Further research, to identify treatment approaches that promote long-term maintenance of weight control, is greatly needed.

Adolescent↗