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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Pharmacology of appetite suppression.

Despite a rising worldwide epidemic of obesity there is currently only a very small number of anti-obesity drugs available to manage the problem. Large numbers of differing pharmacological agents reliably produce a reduction in food intake when administered acutely to animals, and when administered chronically they result in a significant decrease in body mass. Behavioural analysis of drug-induced anorexia in animals demonstrates that various compounds profoundly effect feeding behaviour in differing ways. This indicates the variety of mechanisms by which pharmacological agents can induce changes in food intake, body weight and eventually body composition. Some of the same drugs produce decreases in food intake and weight loss in humans. Some of these drugs do so by modifying the functioning of the appetite system as measured by subjective changes in feelings of hunger and fullness (indices of satiety). Such drugs can be considered as "appetite suppressants" with clinical potential as anti-obesity agents. Other drugs induce changes in food intake and body weight through various physiological mechanisms inducing feelings of nausea or even by side effect related malaise. Of the drugs considered suitable candidates for appetite suppressants are agents which act via peripherally satiety peptide systems (such as CCK, Bombesin/GRP, Enterostatin and GLP-1), or alter the CNS levels of various hypothalamic neuropeptides (NPY, Galanin, Orexin and Melanocortins) or levels of the key CNS appetite monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA). Recently, the hormone leptin has been regarded as a hormonal signal linking adipose tissue status with a number of key central nervous system circuits. The peptide itself stimulates leptin receptors and it links with POMC and MC-4 receptors. These receptors may also provide drug targets for the control of appetite. Any changes induced by a potential appetite suppressant should be considered in terms of the (i) psychological experience and behavioural expression of appetite, (ii) metabolism and peripheral physiology, and (iii) functioning of CNS neural pathways. In humans, modulation of appetite may involve changes in total caloric consumption, subjective changes in feelings of hunger and fullness, preferences for specific food items, and general macronutrient preferences. These may be expressed behaviourally as changes in meal patterns, snacking behaviour and food choice. Within the next 20 years it is certain that clinicians will have a new range of anti-obesity compounds available to choose from. Such novel compounds may act on a single component of the appetite system or target a combination of these components detailed in this review. Such compounds used in combination with lifestyle changes and dietary intervention may be useful in dealing with the rising world epidemic of obesity.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Therapeutic failures after gastric bypass operations for morbid obesity].

BACKGROUND: Although gastric bypass is an effective treatment for morbid obesity, the postoperative results are unsatisfactory in 10% of all patients. Therapeutic failures after an operation performed with the sole purpose of reducing the risk of obesity-associated diseases have to be taken seriously. The goal of this study was to investigate the causes of these failures. METHOD: From 1979 to 1993, 165 gastric bypass operations (technique: Mason-Griffen) were performed. Long-term results were obtained in 60 patients after an average of 6.6 years (range 3-13). On follow-up all patients were examined and asked about their level of satisfaction with the weight loss achieved and changes in eating habits. RESULTS: In 6 patients the weight reduction was regarded as insufficient (BMI > 35 and reduction of BMI < 10). The causes of these failures were technical in 3 cases (gastric pouch to 0 large in 1, dilatation of gastrojejunostomy in 2). Three patients had a high calorie intake through an intact gastric bypass by snacking. Three patients regarded the operation as a failure although they had achieved significant weight loss, because they could no longer eat the usual amounts of food. CONCLUSION: Correct surgical technique and preoperative information on the changes in eating habits after a gastric bypass operation are the most important steps in preventing therapeutic failures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Chromosome alterations in peripheral lymphocytes as indices of lifestyle and genotoxicity.

Short-term cultures of human lymphocytes were used to investigate the in vitro metabolism of benzene and its genotoxicity, and to monitor genetic health effects of lifestyles. Metabolic (S9) activation of benzene and its metabolites, catechol, hydroquinone, and phenol, caused an increase in sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) with different optimal concentrations of S9 mix for converting each compound into further reactive forms. The data indicate that catechol and hydroquinone can be optimally metabolized to produce reactive species, presumably benzo(semi)quinones, under conditions of lower metabolic activity than those necessary for phenol and benzene. We have further investigated the correlations between chromosome alterations (SCEs, structural aberrations and micronuclei) in peripheral lymphocytes and individual lifestyles. Healthy lifestyles, or "good health practices" examined were 1) not smoking, 2) not drinking too much alcohol, 3) doing physical exercise regularly, 4) sleeping more than 6 h per night, 5) keeping nutritional balance in meals, 6) not snacking, 7) having breakfast everyday, and 8) not having too much perceived stress. The persons were categorized into 3 groups having good, moderate and poor lifestyles by the number of good health practices they do. Mean frequencies of chromosome alterations in lymphocytes from men with poor lifestyles have been shown to be significantly higher than those in cells from men having good lifestyles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Benzene↗

PubMed1982

Early effects of quitting smoking.

Heart rate, hand tremor, skin temperature, eating, and craving for cigarettes were examined in 19 smokers who quit for 1 day. Measures of heart rate and hand tremor were lower during abstinence; craving seemed greater, skin temperature was higher, and there was more eating, particularly snacking, but no shift in preference towards sweet foods. Quitting brings about profound changes in a smoker's physiology and behaviour, even during the first day. Anticipation of these changes could help would-be quitters, and those who advise them.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Dietary restraint and obesity: their effects on dietary intake.

The current investigation evaluated the effects of levels of restraint, dietary intake, and obesity on both immediate (i.e., in the laboratory) and subsequent (i.e., outside the laboratory) self-reported dietary intake. Subjects were 102 college females, half of whom were given a high-caloric snack of a chocolate milkshake. Subjects were classified according to their level of chronic dieting status and relative weight. Chronic dieting status was measured by utilizing both the Concern for Dieting (CD) and the Weight Fluctuation (WF) factors of the revised restraint scale (Polivy, 1980). When using the WF factor, results indicated that obesity interacted with dieting status on total food consumption (i.e., calories for the entire day). That is, nondieting obese subjects reportedly ate significantly more calories than nondieting normal-weight subjects. Further, nondieting overweight subjects reported eating significantly more than low-restrained normal-weight subjects. On the CD factor, restrained eaters who received a preload reported eating significantly more calories than nondieters at lunch. For those subjects not receiving a milkshake, restrained eaters ate fewer calories at lunch than nondieters. The significance of these results for understanding possible energy imbalances in obese individuals as well as understanding pathological overeating and its consequences is discussed.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1984

Determination of salt in potato chips.

To have an idea about the contribution of snack foods to sodium intake, the salt contents of 39 samples of potato chips sold on the Belgian market have been determined. Therefore two methods were applied: determination of chlorides by titration and of sodium by spectroscopic methods as atomic-absorption spectrofotometry (AAS) or direct-coupled plasma emission spectral analysis (DCP). The results obtained indicate a good correlation between the different methods used. However, the salt values obtained with the AAS detection technique and with titrimetry are slightly higher than those found with the DCP spectroscopic analysis. From the total samples analyzed 40% contained more than 2% of sodium chloride.

Belgium↗

PubMed1995

Cereal and nut bars, nutritional quality and storage stability.

Six snack-type bars were manufactured, to contain oat and wheat germ and two different walnut levels, agglutinated with natural sweeteners and fats. Two bars also contained toasted amaranth with brown sugar cover and wheat extrudate, while two others, contained puffed instead of toasted amaranth. Water activity (Aw) and moisture were determined in the manufactured products. Quality and sensory evaluation and proximate analysis were carried out on the bars containing highest levels of walnuts (18%). The caloric contribution of the bars was computed by Atwater methods. The nutritional quality of the bars was determined by means of the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Ratio (NPR), and the results were used to obtain relative PER and relative NPR. Samples of the latter bars were kept under accelerated storage for 15 days at 37 degrees C and analyzed every 5 days to determine their Aw, moisture, peroxide and sensory acceptability. The drying time for the cereal - and walnut - based bars was 45 min at 120 degrees C. All bars presented a good fiber supply and the CN1 bar, containing only oat, wheat germ and walnut, had the greatest protein content. In the sensory evaluation, the walnut level with the greatest preference was 18%. PER and NPR values of the bars did not differ significantly showing values approximately 86% that of the casein value. During storage, the moisture and Aw decreased in all the bars. Peroxides remained within the acceptable ranges; acceptability based on sensory evaluation remained best in the bar with toasted amaranth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amaranthus↗

PubMed1996

Cottonseed protein: what does the future hold?

Cottonseed protein has the potential to increase the world's food supply while decreasing the incidence of malnutrition among the world's hungry. Nutritionally, cottonseed flour compares favorably to other animal and vegetable protein sources, as it is low in fat and contains a substantial amount of high biological value protein. Animal studies, as well as human research, using gossypol-free glandless cottonseed flour have shown that cottonseed protein promotes growth, increased weight gain, and a positive nitrogen balance. Cottonseed protein food products have been shown to be a healthy addition to the diets of children, college-age women, and the elderly. With its light color and bland flavor, cottonseed has many uses in the food processing arena. Baked goods, snack foods and candy, as well as pet and livestock feed are just a few successful products developed utilizing cottonseed protein.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Content of trans-fatty acids in convenience food].

Dietary intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) has recently been linked to the incidence of coronary heart disease. Partially hydrogenated oils and milk and depot fat of ruminant animals are widely regarded as the major sources of dietary TFA. Data concerning TFA contents of industrially prepared food, so-called convenience food, are, however, scarce. Therefore, the fatty acid composition of 52 canned meat products, 51 dry products (soups and sauces), 51 bakery products and snacks, and 74 ready prepared meals (canned or deep-frozen) was examined by gas/liquid chromatography. Canned meat products or prepared meals are no major sources for dietary TFA. Both product groups provided less than 1 g/100 g meat or serving. Contrary to this, dried food items may contain up to 9 g TFA/100 g product.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Mealtime patterns in a southern German population. Results from the WHO MONICA 1984/1985 Augsburg nutritional survey project].

Seven-day food records of the MONICA project Augsburg dietary survey, which were collected between October 1984 and May 1985 in 899 men aged 45-64 years (random sample), were used to analyze meal patterns. Among other variables, the emphasis was placed on meal frequency and rhythm, frequency of meal combinations, place and time of meal intake as well as on the contribution of different meals to selected nutrient intake. Breakfast delivers 17%, lunch 29%, and dinner 33% of the total daily energy intake; all other meals (snacks) deliver 21% of the energy intake. The mean contribution of the three major meals, such as breakfast, lunch and dinner to daily protein intake is 14%, 36%, and 36%; to fat intake 17%, 33%, and 35%, and to carbohydrate intake 23%, 25%, and 29%, respectively. Data on meal patterns are useful for the development of preventive strategies.

Diet Records↗

PubMed1989

[Food habits of today's adolescents: epidemiological and psychosocial aspects].

Adolescence is a period of life often characterized by inconsistent, experimental and risky behaviour. The study of alimentary habits of adolescents is of particular importance since these determine whether nutritional needs will be met. Whereas an epidemiologic approach seeks to determine the number, the role, and the weight of the multiple determinants of these behaviours, a psycho-social approach leads to the consideration of factors much more difficult to quantify. This paper is based on a local pilot study covering 161 male and female apprentices 15 to 21 years of age, as well as on data available from the recent literature. First, a review of common behaviours such as skipping meals, snacking between meals, and concerning food preferences and aversions is presented. We then review in greater depth two recent publications. The first concerns the attraction that soft drinks have for young people and its consequences for micronutrient balance. The second illustrates the relationship between self-body image and various adolescent attitudes and habits involving caloric restriction. Overall, it appears that data currently available to epidemiologists and "preventologists" concerning adolescent feeding behaviour would not allow them either to reassure those pessimists or worry those optimists whose opposing views on the subject appeared in publications prior to the 1980s. Indeed, there have been but few longitudinal studies of the kind which could let one confirm which subgroups of adolescents are truly at risk of particular health problems as a result of specific types of feeding behaviour.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Functional suitability of commercially milled rice bran in India for use in different food products.

The effect of blending of commercially available full fat and defatted rice brans in India from modern multistage rice mills with parboiling/stabilizing facilities in different food products in comparison to those obtained from laboratory milling of rice is reported. Bread volume and cookie spread decreased but muffin volume increased with the addition of different types of bran to wheat flour, however, the cookie spread factor was not affected by addition of full fat rice bran. The yields of the extrudate were increased by the blending of full fat rice bran but were decreased by the addition of defatted rice bran. Rice brans could be added to different food products to the extent of 5-10%. However, the full fat rice bran could not be used for production of extruded snack food.

Bread↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Management of diabetics with the use of a microprocessor: comparison of insulin treatments based on blood and urine glucose levels.

The insulin treatment of 8 insulin-dependent diabetics was controlled with a microprocessor (Better Control Medical Computer, BCMC, Inc., Toronto, Canada) with information derived from blood or first voided urine glucose concentrations assessed by reagent strips four times a day, before the three main meals and bedtime snack. The microprocessor recommends modification of the insulin doses so as to reach a pre-prandial blood glucose value of 110 mg/dl or a urine glucose concentration of 0.1 g/dl. During the first two weeks self-management was uniformly applied by the patients, based on their blood glucose concentration. Subsequently, it was continued by the patients who were divided into two groups, one using the blood, the other the urine glucose concentrations, each for three weeks, alternately. During microprocessor treatment the patients' mean blood glucose profiles decreased from 152 +/- 37 mg/dl to 126 +/- 28 mg/dl. No difference was found between treatments based on blood or urine glucose concentrations concerning either the mean blood glucose profiles or the number of hypoglycemic episodes in the presence of an average glucose threshold and good renal function. The first voided urine glucose concentration and mean and maximal blood glucose values obtained at the time of urine filtration were closely correlated (r = 0.82 and 0.86, p less than 0.001).

Adult↗

PubMed1999

In vitro dialyzability using meal approach as an index for zinc and iron absorption in humans.

With a standardized protocol under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, 65Zn and 59Fe dialyzability was measured for 38 diets from 7 different published studies on human absorption. The compositions of these diets were available in the form of the amounts of food ingredients used for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Considering each of these types as a separate meal, percent dialyzability was measured. The weighted average of breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks, if any, was taken to represent the entire day's bioavailability. The correlation between in vitro percent dialyzability and reported human absorption was 0.92 for zinc and 0.96 for iron and both were statistically significant (p = 0.0001). The prediction equations for zinc and iron were obtained as y = -0.7718 + 1.1038x and y = 0.3197 + 0.9084x, respectively. This indicated that in vitro dialyzability using the meal approach can be used as an index with good discriminating power for different levels of human absorption.

Diet↗

PubMed1997

Eating behavior following stress in women with and without bulimic symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of an interpersonal stressor on subsequent calorie intake in females with (N = 20) and without (N = 20) significant bulimic symptomatology. METHOD: Subjects participated in two laboratory sessions that differed according to experimental condition (stress versus no stress), completed self-report measures of mood and anxiety before and after the experimental task, and were provided with an array of snack foods after each session. RESULTS: Counter to the hypothesis, women with bulimic symptoms did not differentially increase their intake when exposed to stress. However, results for the intake of each macronutrient indicated that both bulimic and control women increased their consumption of carbohydrates following the stressor. Thus, stress was related to increased carbohydrate consumption by all subjects but did not differentially affect the consumption of women with bulimic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: It may be that women with bulimic symptoms are not differentially vulnerable to eating in response to stress or that current laboratory paradigms are unable to detect differences in eating following a stressor.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

Enterotoxigenicity, klebocinogeny and antibiotic resistance pattern of food isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The enterotoxigenicity, klebocinogeny and susceptibility to antibiotics for 100 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from various food samples is reported. 49% of the samples supported growth of K. pneumoniae: a high proportion of these strains were isolated from sweets and snacks (51%). Enterotoxigenicity as determined by a coagglutination test with anti-LT4 coated staphylococci was observed in 61 of 100 Klebsiella isolates. 21% of the strains were found to be klebocin producers against the K. pneumoniae WC indicator strain. A significant correlation was observed between klebocinogeny and enterotoxigenicity (p less than 0.05). Most strains (91 and 74% respectively) were inhibited by gentamicin and nalidixic acid. Most of the strains were multiply drug-resistant.

Bacteriocins↗

PubMed1991

The Kilkenny Post-Primary Schools Survey--a survey of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour relevant to non-communicable diseases.

This survey was carried out in the Spring of 1987 on a stratified random sample of 445 post-primary schoolpupils in County Kilkenny, Ireland. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour relevant to non-communicable diseases were examined using a questionnaire developed from a World Health Organization core questionnaire. The results showed that levels of adolescent alcohol and tobacco use were similar to those found in neighbouring European countries. Smoking and drinking increased during adolescence and were more prevalent in males. Physical activity decreased throughout adolescence and a high intake of "snack foods" was found. Health-related knowledge levels were high but were not related to behaviour.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Psyllium fibre and the metabolic control of obese children and adolescents.

In children and adolescents from developed countries, obesity prevalence has strongly increased in the last decades and insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance are frequently observed. Some dietary components such as low glycemic index foods and dietary fibre could be used in order to improve glucose homeostasis in these children. Psyllium or ispaghula husk (the husk of the seeds of Plantago ovata) is a mixture of neutral and acid polysaccharides containing galacturonic acid with a ratio of soluble/insoluble fibre of 70/30. Some foods could potentially be enriched with psyllium, like breads, breakfast cereals, pasta and snack foods. The aim of this review was to assess the usefulness of psyllium in the management of obese children and adolescents with abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. After psyllium supplementation, the percentage change in postprandial glucose in type 2 diabetes patients, ranged from -12.2 to -20.2%. In hypercholesterolemic children, the effect of psyllium in LDL-cholesterol serum concentrations ranged from 2.78 to -22.8%; the effect in HDL-cholesterol from -4.16 to 3.05%; and the effect on triglycerides from 8.49 to -19.54%. The reviewed evidence seems to show that psyllium improves glucose homeostasis and the lipid and lipoprotein profile; however, more well controlled trials and further studies are needed to clarify it's effects and the mechanisms involved.

Adolescent↗