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PubMed1982

Teichoic acid antibodies in osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and gel-diffusion techniques were used to study the development of teichoic acid antibodies in eighteen patients with osteomyelitis and seven patients with septic arthritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Nine of eleven patients with acute osteomyelitis and three of seven with chronic osteomyelitis had a positive response to tests for teichoic acid antibody. However, only two of seven patients with septic arthritis generated a positive teichoic-acid antibody response. In two patients the test was extremely valuable in the diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis. Antibody detection appears to be a sensitive test for detecting staphylococcal osteomyelitis, especially the acute variety. It does not appear to be a reliable test for septic arthritis. It is also useful for the detection of antibody in patients who had received prior antibiotic therapy, yet have persistent foci of infection. The presence of the teichoic acid antibody, as well as its titer, is of diagnostic value in patients with serious infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The detection and quantification of teichoic acid antibodies is of great value for the early diagnosis of patients with acute osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and for assessing the clinical response of such patients.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of quinolaline di-N-oxide derivatives on the DNAse and plasmocoagulase of Staphylococcus aureus].

The effect of the di-N-oxide quinoxaline on the activity and biosynthesis of DNA-ase and plasmocoagulating properties of the Staphylococcus aureus, strain Zhaev, was studied. The highest action in respect to DNA-ase of the Staphylococcus is shown to display dioxydine (1,4-di-N-oxide of 2,3-dioxymethylquinoxaline). Under its effect there takes place a significant fall of the DNA-ase activity and the plasmocoagulating properties of the staphylococcus. In cultures treated with dioxydine or its biologically active analogues the ability to biosynthetize DNA-ase with subsequent cultivationon on a medium containing no compounds is not restored. A possible mechanism of action produced by the study drugs is suggested.

Coagulase↗

PubMed1981

Biotyping and determination of protein A in Staphylococcus aureus strain of skin origin.

By means of biotyping we have investigated 150 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from people with dermatologic complaints. We have used six main and three additional biotyping tests. The strains under investigation did not form a closed biotype, on the contrary, they showed a certain biotype plurality. The determination of protein A in 150 strains of S. aureus isolated from dermatologic process of men, 15 strains of S. aureus of bovine origin and 50 strains of Staphylococcus with negative coagulase activity have brought the following results: all strains of S. aureus of skin origin (human strains) contain protein A in various quantities keeping within 2-64 U. Only 2 from 15 s. aureus strains of bovine origin contain protein A and there were none in 50 strains of Staphylococcus with a negative coagulase reaction.

Acetoin↗

PubMed1981

[Resistance development in human Staphylococcus aureus due to the use of oxytetracycline and tylosin in industrialized swine production units].

Staphylococcus aureus strains from human nasal carriers without vocational contact with pigs could be differentiated from the majority of strains obtained from pathologically affected pigs by determination of host-specific-variety, according to Meyer (1966) and Witte et al. (1977). Less unambiguous findings regarding site variability were recorded from strains in nasal mucosa of pig-handling personnel, clinically intact pigs on farms, and slaughtered pigs. Antibiotics, such as oxytetracycline and macrolides were applied to pigs but failed for all practical purposes to have any bearings on the development of Staphylococcus aureus resistance in human probands with no vocational contact with animals. Personnel of pig units, however, exhibited moderate resistance to oxytetracycline and macrolides of Staphylococcus aureus strains which were typical of man. Macrolide resistance was determined, in that context, by one single-resistance plasmid.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Preflight Staphylococcus aureus carrier state of the cosmonauts].

A preflight study of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in cosmonauts has demonstrated that the microorganism harbors in 79.4% of the tested and microbial foci of the carriers amount to 10(2) ml. The isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains show a pronounced plasma coagulatory, alpha-toxic activity and 67.4% of them can be typed by the International set phages. Prophylactic administration of the native staphylococcal anatoxin increases specific antistaphylococcal immunity, reduces or eliminates completely Staphylococcus aureus in the upper respiratory airways.

Bacteriophage Typing↗

PubMed1980

Carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus among patients receiving allergy injections.

The relative frequency of positive cultures for Staphylococcus aureus was studied among healthy young patients undergoing desensitization for allergies to determine whether the administration of repeated injections under aseptic conditions had any effect on the carriage rate of S. aureus. Three groups of patients were considered: group I, 11 patients receiving injections for the first time; group II, 20 patients already receiving injections; and group III, 20 control patients who did not receive any injections. Skin, nose and throat cultures were obtained once every two weeks for four months. Among group I patients the rate increased from 18% to 55% following the first injection, after which it fell to a 30-35% level. A rate of 25-35% was found in group II patients as compared to 15-20% in group III. Skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus was found only among group I and group II patients. No local or systemic staphylococcal infections were found during the course of the study. The initial increase in carriage rate of staphylococcus among the healthy young adults in group I is unexplained. Thus, the results of this study further support our initial theory than regular use of needles alone increases the carriage rate of S. aureus, even under strict aseptic conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Repeated studies of the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in the nasal cavity in hemodialysed patients].

OBJECTIVES: In order to better establish a prevention strategy based on mupirocin, we evaluated nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in haemodialysis patients over a 15 month period. METHODS: Search for Staphylococcus aureus in the nasal cavities was made every 2 months in 92 chronic dialysis patients. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to the nature of the carriage: non-permanent, intermittent or permanent. RESULTS: Among the 80 patients retained for analysis, there were 27.5% with intermittent carriage and 11.25% with permanent carriage. Factors which appeared to protect against carriage were rural residence and home self-dialysis. CONCLUSION: Repeated long-term search for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus has provided reliable data for each patient and gave information on the effects of epidemiological conditions and health care structures.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

[Microbial resistance to formaldehyde. III> Dependence of the microbial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus on temperature].

Temperature dependence of microbicidal efficacy of formaldehyde was examined with suspension tests (pH 7.0). Test germs were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus. The methodology was nearly the same as in previous investigations (5, 7). At given exposure periods and temperatures formaldehyde concentrations necessary to produce a microbicidal effect of log (N/N0) = -4.0 (concentrations of equal efficacy) were determined. N and N0 represent the numbers of colony-forming units in suspensions with and without formaldehyde, respectively. On rectangular graphic representation with the reciprocal value of absolute temperature on the abscissa and with the logarithm of the formaldehyde concentration on the ordinate, the formaldehyde concentrations of equal efficacy fitted straight lines. Lines referring to different exposure periods nearly paralleled each other. With increasing exposure periods the steepness of the lines decreased slightly. This effect was most pronounced with Staphylococcus aureus as a test germ. The ratio of formaldehyde concentrations of equal efficacy for exposure periods of 120 minutes at 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively, was 3.1:1 with Staphylococcus aureus, and 2.8:1 with Enterococcus faecium. The corresponding ratio obtained with spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus and referring to 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C, respectively, was 3.6:1. The logarithms of these ratios decreased with temperature in the same measure as the pertinent absolute temperatures increased. On the basis of the previously presented three-dimensional model of the relations between concentration, period of action and efficacy of microbicidal agents, it could be shown that deviations of the results from a linear and parallel course reflect an inconstant concentration exponent. When low formaldehyde concentration, long exposure period and "high" temperature coincide, the efficacy of formaldehyde is lower than calculated for a linear and parallel course of the relation.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMed1975

[Role of circulating antibodies and cellular factors in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus induced rejection of skin autotransplants].

It was found that rejection of the skin autotransplant in the staphylococcus-sensitized animals was accompanied by regular changes in the titres of auto- and staphylococcus antibodies indirectly pointing to the antibody fixation on the rejecting transplant or to their neutralization with the antigens of the perishing skin transplant. In experiments with passive reproduction of the state of rejection in the intact syngenous recipients it was shown that the decisive role in this process was played by the cell factors, but not by the blood serum. The mentioned facts pointed to the role played by allergy of delayed type in the pathogenesis of rejection of skin autotransplants induced with staphylococcus.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Acute Staphylococcus aureus myocarditis in AIDS. 2 cases].

The authors report two cases of acute myocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in patients with AIDS. There was no history of opportunist infections in either case but the CD4 lymphocyte levels were very low. The myocarditis caused acute cardiac failure and death. Histological examination showed microabscesses filled with Gram positive cocci throughout the myocardium. Bacteriological studies identified the Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus myocarditis without endocardial or pericardial involvement is very rare. It is the result of septic emboli in the cardiac microcirculation. Bacterial myocarditis has rarely been diagnosed in HIV positive patients. Both our cases featured severe cell-mediated immunodeficiency without associated neutropaenia. The decreased bactericidal activity of the neutrophil polynuclears and/or a deficit in the immunity mediated by the B-cell lymphocytes in AIDS could explain the lethal septic complications observed in our two cases.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1993

[Characteristics of antilysozyme activity of Staphylococcus aureus in various types of experimental infection course].

The connection between the level of Staphylococcus Aureus anti-lysozyme activity (ALA) and the character of the experimental infection course has been revealed. The subsiding type of infection was developed by infecting by clones with the low ALA and at the same time there was a shift in the structure of population at the final stage of infectious process to the reduction of its heterogeneity in respect of ALA and the preservation of the colonies only with the zero and low ALA. The protracted form of infection was provoked by the clone with the high ALA and the dynamics of microbial dissemination had rhythmical nature and a high heterogeneity in respect of ALA in the structure of population of staphylococcus was preserved and the selection of colonies with the high ALA was observed. ALA of staphylococcus is an important link of pathogenesis of persistence as it determines the duration and dynamics of the survival of the pathogen in the organism.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1993

[A simple and rapid method capable of detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by single culture on an agar plate].

A novel simple agar plate capable of detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by single culture was developed. The agar plate included 1) mannitol and a pH indicator, and 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphoric acid, both for identification of Staphylococcus aureus by its ability to digest mannitol and produce phosphatase; detection of the former by change in color of pH indicator and the latter by fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone, 2) oxacillin at a minimum concentration just to eliminate methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), and 3) phenylethyl alcohol to inhibit growth of most gram negative rods. The method was simple, sensitive, time-saving, and quite effective in the identification of MRSA directly from clinical specimens. Neither false positive nor false negative results were observed by the present method.

Agar↗

PubMed1996

[Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. A severity factor of erysipelas?].

INTRODUCTION: Occasional superinfection or co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus led us to search for S. aureus carriage prospectively in patients with non-necrotizing bacterial dermophypodermitis, in particular erysipelas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study included immunocompetent patients with bacterial dermophypodermitis without signs of toxicity or local manifestations suggesting necrotizing fasciitis. Bacteriology tests included: 1) direct immunofluorescence for streptococcus (groups A, C, G) on skin biopsies taken on day 0, 2) samples from the nasal orifices, the intergluteal fold, and potential skin portals for bacteriology culture, and 3) assay of antistreptolysine O and antistreptodornase B on day 0 and 15. RESULTS: The study group included 42 patients (23 females, 19 males, mean age 64 +/- 3.5 yr). In 39 cases (93%) bacterial dermohypodermitis was located on the lower limb with a potential skin portal in 36 cases (86%). Sample culture, direct immunofluorescence or serology findings demonstrated presence of streptococci in 33 cases (79%). Nasal, intergluteal or potential portal were identified in 19 patients (45%) including 16 with demonstrated presence of streptococci. The rate of cure after oral pristinamycin did not vary significantly between carriers (79%) an non-carriers (91%) of Staphylococcus aureus. Drainage of a localized abscess was successful in 5 of 6 patients after initial failure of antibiotic treatment; 4 of them were carriers of S. aureus. CONCLUSION: This prospective study demonstrated that cutaneous-mucosal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is frequent in patients with non-necrotizing dermohypodermitis. This carriage is not a factor of over-morbidity as shown in this group of infections largely dominated by erysipelas.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1997

Rapid detection of Staphylococcus saprophyticus using primer specific PCR.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is one of the most frequently encountered clinically significant members of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. A set of species-specific PCR primers was defined for the detection of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. These primers target variable regions (V3 and V6) of the 16S rRNA gene. Primer-specific PCR has potential applications in epidemiological studies and diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1997

Compact growth of Staphylococcus haemolyticus in soft agar is not due to hydrophobic interaction between the cocci.

It was hypothesized that the formation of compact colony in soft-agar both in the presence and absence of serum, characteristic mainly for strains of the species Staphylococcus haemolyticus among coagulase-negative staphylococci [Szúcs et al. Acta Microbiologica Hungarica 40:181-189 (1993)] was due to hydrophobic interaction between cocci. The effect of a number of surface active agents on this phenomenon was examined. Neither 0.1% and 1%. Tween-80 nor 5% and 10% ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol nor 0.1%-4% trypsin influenced the colony morphology in soft-agar prepared in modified Staphylococcus 110 broth. Bovine lactoferrin and apolactoferrin at concentrations of 0.1%-0.4% made compact colonies transient to diffuse ones. Thus, cocci are not adhered to each other in compact ball-like colonies by hydrophobic interaction or trypsin-sensitive proteins. It is possible that still unknown polysaccharide-binding proteins or other trypsin-resistant proteins are responsible for the formation of compact colonies by Staphylococcus haemolyticus in soft-agar.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed1998

Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin-polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in a Staphylococcus keratitis model.

PURPOSE: Staphylococcus aureus causes severe corneal infections that often result in corneal scarring and blindness. Presently, therapy often involves the use of a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. This study, employing an experimental rabbit model of Staphylococcus keratitis, compared the effectiveness of two commonly prescribed formulations of fluoroquinolones to an experimental formulation, ciprofloxacin with polystyrene sulfonate (ciprofloxacin-PSS). The ciprofloxacin-PSS formulation uses an ion exchange resin to aid in the delivery of drug to the cornea. METHODS: Early (4-9 h postinfection, PI) and late (10-15 h PI) therapies were studied, employing 5 groups: ciprofloxacin-PSS, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, PSS vehicle. and untreated. Dosing regimens were: every 30 min, 60 min, or a single drop applied at 9 h PI. Eyes were observed by slit lamp examination (SLE) and bacterial colony forming units (CFU) per cornea were determined. RESULTS: Early phase therapy with ciprofloxacin-PSS, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin administered every 30 or 60 min were equally effective (P > or = 0.2880), decreasing CFU per cornea by >5 log. Ciprofloxacin was significantly more active than ciprofloxacin-PSS or ofloxacin (P < or = 0.0410) when applied as a single drop. Late therapy with ciprofloxacin-PSS, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin administered every 30 or 60 min resulted in >3 log decrease in CFU per cornea relative to controls (P < or = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Topical treatment of experimental Staphylococcus keratitis with ciprofloxacin-PSS, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin was effective. The effectiveness of ciprofloxacin-PSS suggests that improved drug delivery systems employing an ion exchange resin could be useful in an ocular fluoroquinolone formulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Role of horn flies (Haematobia irritans) in Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in dairy heifers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Staphylococcus aureus can colonize in horn flies and whether colonization is sufficiently persistent for transmission of the organism to cows by flies. ANIMALS: 2 Jersey heifers exposed to infected horn flies. PROCEDURE: Staphylococcus aureus was allowed to colonize in horn flies, and duration of colonization was determined. Flies with colonized S aureus were allowed to feed on teats of uninfected heifers to determine whether intramammary infection could be transmitted from fly to heifer. Scab material from naturally infected heifers was submitted for bacteriologic culture to determine whether S aureus was present and whether scabs could serve as a possible source of S aureus for flies. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus colonized in horn flies and remained for up to 96 hours after exposure. Exposure of teats of uninfected heifers to horn flies colonized with S aureus resulted in intramammary infection in 3 of 4 exposed teats. Culture of scab material from teats of naturally infected heifers revealed high concentration of S aureus (> 107 colony-forming units/mg), and flies without previously colonized S aureus were allowed to feed on scabs; S aureus colonized in them just as readily as it did in flies that had fed on experimentally infected blood. CONCLUSIONS: Horn flies are capable of transmitting S aureus-induced intramammary infection to heifers, and scabs on teats are a potential source of S aureus. Fly control on dairy cows in herds with known S aureus problems is recommended as a method to help prevent these infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Staphylococcus aureus septicemia producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin. 3 cases].

BACKGROUND: A strong association has been observed between furuncles and Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. CASE REPORTS: Within one year, we cared for three men at the Cayenne hospital who had Staphylococcus aureus septicemia with severe pleuropulmonary involvement originating from furuncular lesions. The Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the skin lesions and from blood cultures produced Panton-Valentine leukocidin. CONCLUSION: These cases demonstrate the gravity of S. aureus septicemia in young patients with furunculosis. These cases are the first reported with severe S. aureus infections associated with Panton-Valentine leukocidin producing strains.

Adolescent↗