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Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

Chronic neonatal blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor by CGP 39551 increases dopaminergic function in adult rat.

Following chronic neonatal treatment with the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist CGP 39551, adult rats showed increased behavioral responses to the D2 dopamine receptor stimulation. In nucleus accumbens and in n. striatum of similarly treated rats increases in D2 dopamine receptor number were observed. CGP 39551 was administered daily to neonatal rats with increasing doses from postnatal day 1 to 22. At postnatal days 70-82, the rats were observed for hyperactivity induced by the selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist LY 171555, the grooming behavior elicited by the specific D1 dopamine receptor stimulating agent SKF 38393 and the stereotypies induced by the mixed D1/D2 receptor agonist apomorphine. [3H]Spiroperidol and [3H]SCH 23390 specific binding to membranes of nucleus accumbens, nucleus striatum and frontal cortex of similarly treated rats was measured. The hypermotility and the stereotyped behavior induced by LY 171555 and apomorphine, respectively, were augmented, whereas grooming behavior elicited by SKF 38393 was unaffected, in CGP 39551-treated rats. Consistently, both in nucleus accumbens and in n. striatum an increase in [3H]Spiroperidol specific binding was observed, while [3H]SCH 23390 specific binding did not change. The study demonstrates that chronic blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor during the critical period of brain maturation results in long-lasting dopaminergic functional changes.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗

PubMed1987

Terguride, a mixed dopamine agonist-antagonist, in animal models of Parkinson's disease.

Terguride, an analogue of lisuride, decreased locomotor activity, produced cataplexy, and blocked apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior. It did not induce stereotypies in rodents or emesis in dogs. However, in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra, terguride produced contralateral rotation. Terguride bound to D-2 striatal dopamine receptors. Terguride has both agonist and antagonist actions at striatal dopamine receptors, but chronic administration did not produce behavioral supersensitivity. These pharmacologic properties differ from those of other antiparkinsonian agents; terguride may be effective for the chronic treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Amphetamine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Valproate- and aminophylline-induced 'wet dog shakes'--a function of dose and time.

The time course of appearance of 'wet dot shakes' (WDS) was examined following valproic acid (VPA, 100, 200, 300, 400 mg/kg i.p.) and aminophylline (AMP, 50, 100, 150 mg/kg i.p.) injections. VPA and AMP at various doses showed a qualitative difference in their ability to induce WDS with no difference in intensity, confirming 'all or none' nature of the phenomenon. There was a significant (p<0.001), dose-dependent increase in the number of whole body shakes following first three doses of VPA but not after the administration of its highest dose (400 mg/kg). In contrast, the numbers of WDS produced by AMP were inversely proportional to its increasing doses. The maximum numbers of WDS were observed at 300 mg/kg of VPA and 50 mg/kg of AMP, within 10 min and 20-30 min during 1 h and 1 h 30 min observation period, respectively. The present stereotyped behavior induced by acute, single dose administration of VPA and AMP in non-toxic doses, being a reproducible phenomenon, lasting for a brief period may be anticipated to serve as a tool to explore mechanisms underlying WDS.

Aminophylline↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prenatal amphetamine exposure alters behavioral reactivity to amphetamine in rats.

In utero exposure to psychostimulants produces neurobehavioral alterations in the offspring of laboratory animals. Most amphetamine-related behavioral changes have been related to changes in the monoamine transmission levels, where monoamines may act as developmental regulatory substances for maturation of neuronal population. This study investigates the effect of prenatal-amphetamine exposure on the offspring's behavioral responses under amphetamine conditioning settings. Pregnant female rats were injected (subcutaneous) with amphetamine or saline during the pregnancy [gestation day (GD) 8 until parturition day]. The prenatal amphetamine exposure resulted in significantly decreased birth weights. The offspring from the saline group displayed a significantly lower number of stereotyped behaviors across the four challenge doses of amphetamine injections. Offspring from the amphetamine-treated prenatal group displayed significantly increased average startle amplitude compared to the controlled offspring. Moreover, offspring from amphetamine-treated prenatal group showed significantly less inhibition for the prepulse startle trials compared to those of the offspring from saline group. These results, taken together, indicate that the prenatally exposed rats displayed a significantly different profile of behavioral reactivity upon amphetamine challenges.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1987

Is the purinergic system involved in the control of pathological movements?

The EEG and behavioral effects of caffeine, carbamazepine and haloperidol were assessed in adult male rabbits. Caffeine (50 mg/kg i.v.) induced a long-lasting EEG desynchronization (45.6/60 min in mean) which was not modified by pretreatment of the rabbits with carbamazepine or haloperidol. All these drugs, administered alone, failed to induce stereotypy in rabbits. The administration of caffeine in combination with carbamazepine and/or haloperidol induced stereotyped behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Violent automatism in a partial complex seizure. Report of a case.

We describe a patient who had a violent automatism that occurred during a partial complex seizure. The initial spike wave activity was recorded from nasopharyngeal leads that were lost as the patient began his vigorous, violent activity. This activity included nondirected, automatic, stereotyped behavior with physical assaults on objects in his path.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The Cambridge Behavioral Inventory: validation and application in a memory clinic.

The authors examined the validity of the Cambridge Behavioral Inventory (CBI), a questionnaire investigating broad neuropsychiatric symptoms and everyday functional ability in dementia. Test-retest reliability of the CBI was acceptable. Cross-validation with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory showed good concurrent validity of the CBI. The CBI reliably demonstrated that disinhibition, stereotypic behavior, elation, anxiety, poor self-care, and changes in eating habits occurred more commonly in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration than those with Alzheimer's disease. The authors concluded that the CBI is a reliable informant-based assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and everyday functioning and may be a suitable tool for use in general clinical practice settings.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Kindling increases the sensitivity of rats to adverse effects of certain antiepileptic drugs.

Development of novel antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) requires determining the margin between the desired anticonvulsant effect and undesired adverse effects (AE) (therapeutic index). For this purpose, drug-induced "minimal neurological deficits" (e.g., motor dysfunctions) are commonly quantified by simple tests, such as the rotarod test, in normal, i.e., nonepileptic animals. However, increasing evidence shows that chronic brain dysfunction associated with epilepsy may increase susceptibility to the AE of certain AEDs, e.g., N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. The increased AE potential of such investigational drugs can be predicted by using kindled rats instead of normal rodents in preclinical drug evaluation studies. In the present experiments, we wished to determine whether kindled rats also exhibit an altered susceptibility to neurological adverse effects of standard AEDs, i.e., carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital (PB), valproate (VPA), and diazepam (DZP). Abecarnil, a novel benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonist, was included in the study for comparison. All drugs were administered in diverse doses in kindled and nonkindled rats, and all behavioral alterations were scored in the cage and open field. Furthermore, the rotarod test was used to detect and quantify motor impairment induced by drug treatments. Kindled rats were more susceptible than nonkindled rats to motor impairment (ataxia and/or rotarod failures) induced by high doses of AEDs, although differences were noted between the drugs tested. VPA was the only drug that induced stereotyped behavior; it was much more potent in this respect in kindled than nonkindled rats. Abecarnil did not differ substantially in its AE in either subgroup of animals. Our data indicate that epileptogenesis induced by kindling renders the brain more susceptible to certain AE of AEDs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Effect of olivocochlear bundle lesion on locomotor activity in rats.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of olivocochlear bundle (OCB) lesion on spontaneous locomotor activity in Wistar rats. The OCB is an auditory efferent pathway which originates from the superior olivary complex in the brainstem and terminates within the cochlea. It has an inhibitory effect on the auditory end organs. In the present study, the OCB was damaged at the floor of the fourth ventricle using radiofrequency current. The rats' locomotor activities were then monitored weekly for 2 months using an automated Digiscan activity monitor system. Six behavioral variables were collected and analyzed: horizontal activity (HA), total distance (TD), movement time (MT), vertical activity (VA), stereotypy count (SC), and margin time (MGT). Significant time-dependent increases were noted for HA, TD, VA, and SC following OCB lesion. These results of increasing exploratory and stereotyped behaviors may be caused by the rat experiencing more auditory stimulation than before due to OCB dysfunction and may cause the rat to become more curious to explore its surroundings.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Influences of estrogen and/or progesterone on some dopamine related behavior in rats.

1. The effects of ovariectomy and/or of female hormonal treatments on open-field behavior, apomorphine-induced stereotypies and haloperidol-induced catalepsy were studied in rats. 2. Rat's locomotion frequency was significantly decreased by 17 beta-estradiol and estradiol plus progesterone treatments; this open-field parameter was not affected by progesterone administration per se. 3. 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone treatments, alone or in combination decreased apomorphine-stereotyped behavior. 4. Haloperidol effects were higher in both 17 beta-estradiol and 17 beta-estradiol plus progesterone treated rats. 5. Progesterone treatment alone, decreased the duration of catalepsy induced by the minor (1.0 mg/kg) neuroleptic dose. 6. These results were discussed in the light of a possible interference of estrogen and/or progesterone on dopaminergic transmission at the level of the nigroestratial pathway.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice and rats.

In male ICR mice, a single intraperitoneal administration of methamphetamine (METH) (10 mg/kg) induced stereotyped behavior such as continuous sniffing, circling, and nail biting, reaching a plateau level 20 min after the injection. Subcutaneous pretreatment with clorgyline, a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A inhibitor, at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg 2 h prior to the drug challenge significantly decreased the initial (first 20 min) intensity of stereotypies and increased the latency to onset. The effect was not observed with either higher doses of clorgyline (1 and 10 mg/kg) or l-deprenyl, a MAO-B inhibitor, at doses of 0.1-10 mg/kg. In male Wistar rats, the inhibitory effect of clorgyline on METH-induced stereotypy was not observed. Pretreatment of the mice with clorgyline (0.1 mg/kg) had no effect on apparent serotonin and dopamine turnover in the striatum, although the higher doses of clorgyline (1 and 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the turnover. These results suggest that a low dose of clorgyline tends to increase the latency and decrease the intensity of stereotypies induced by METH in a dopamine metabolism-independent manner in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of psychic emergence reactions after (+/-)-ketamine and (+)-ketamine in mice.

Ketamine is a racemic mixture containing equal parts of (+)-ketamine and (-)-ketamine. The ketamine enantiomorphs are different in anesthesia and psychic emergence reactions after anesthesia. Therefore, (+)-ketamine was compared with racemic ketamine in a number of randomized studies in volunteers and patients. However, their relations remain controversial. In the present studies, the psychic emergence reactions after injection of (+/-)-ketamine and (+)-ketamine were compared in mice. At equimolar doses, the (+)-isomers elicited episodes of hypnosis nearly 1.4-fold more potent than those of the racemic ketamine. After the administration of equihypnotic doses of (+)-ketamine and (+/-)-ketamine, the posthypnotic stimulation of locomotor activity, stereotype behavior and 5-HT-induced head-twitch response by the (+)-enantiomorph was significantly less intense than that of racemic ketamine. In receptor binding test, (+)-ketamine showed a higher affinity for NMDA receptor than that of (+/-)-ketamine, while (+)-ketamine and (+/-)-ketamine showed no affinity for dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor. These results suggest that the (+)-ketamine has fewer posthypnotic side effects than (+/-)-ketamine when (+)-ketamine and (+/-)-ketamine were administered at equihypnotic dosages and that dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor were not involved in the effects of (+)-ketamine and (+/-)-ketamine.

Anesthetics, Dissociative↗

PubMed2002

Cannabinoid-induced stimulation of motor activity in planaria through an opioid receptor-mediated mechanism.

Planaria, the most primitive example of centralization and cephalization of the nervous system along phylogeny, shows specific stereotyped behavioral patterns following exposure to drugs acting on neural transmission. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist WTN55212.2 on motor activity in planaria. WTN55212.2 produced dose-dependent stimulation of motor behavior. High doses of the drug caused stereotyped activities identical to those seen previously with opioid agonists. These effects were antagonized by coexposure to cannabinoid or opioid receptor antagonists. The results indicate that functional interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems are highly conserved along phylogeny, at least at the behavioral level.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A dual approach to self-stimulation and locomotor trace affected by chronic methamphetamine treatment for an animal model of schizophrenia.

The effect of long-term methamphetamine (MAP) treatment on intracranial self-stimulation of the lateral hypotholamus and locomotor traces was assessed. An attempt was made to provide a useful animal model for understanding anhedonia, stereotypy, and reoccurrence of liability, which are analogous to symptoms of schizophrenia. The frequency of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) as used as a measure of the animals' "hedonic-anhedonic" state. Following long-term MAP treatment (3 mg/kg), rats gradually showed stereotyped behavior, and became inactive and unresponsive to ICSS. These behavioral changes and decreased ICSS lasted several weeks after cessation of chronic MAP treatment and seemed to suggest post-MAP chronic psychosis and (or) anhedonia, two of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The traces of rat behavior affected by chronic MAP treatment were classified into three types, peripheral, mixed, and fixed, occurring in a dose-dependent manner. Reverse tolerance, similar to the reoccurrence of schizophrenic symptoms, was observed as a fixed stereotypy associated with loss of ICSS. These abnormal phenomena were suppressed by pretreatment with haloperidol. In the present study, the combination of ICSS and locomotor trace affected by chronic MAP treatment was proposed as an animal model of schizophrenia and as a useful technique for gauging the effect of neuroleptics.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Two functional effects of decreased conductance EPSP's: synaptic augmentation and increased electrotonic coupling.

Three electronically coupled motor neurons, which mediate inking behavior in Aplysia californica, receive both increased and decreased conductance excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's). The increased conductance EPSP's reduce electrical coupling among the cells, whereas the decreased conductance EPSP's increase electrical coupling. The decreased conductance EPSP's also augment the action of a previously ineffective sensory input and this augmentation is enhanced by the increase in electrical coupling. Both effects combine to trigger a stereotypic behavioral response.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1980

[Behavioral pharmacology of mianserin hydrochloride, a new antidepressant (author's transl)].

Behavioral pharmacological properties of mianserin (1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydro-2-methyldibenzol[c,f]pyrazino [1.2-a]azepine monohydrochloride) were investigated in comparison with imipramine (IMP) and amitriptyline (ATP). Mianserin antagonized reserpine-induced hypothermia but to a much lesser extent than IMP or ATP, and did not block the ptosis evoked by reserpine or tetrabenazine. Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior was significantly enhanced by both IMP and ATP, but not by mianserin. Unlike IMP or ATP, haloperidol-induced catalepsy in the rat was not blocked by mianserin. Like IMP or ATP, mianserin did not suppress the convulsions induced by bemegride or strychnine in the mouse, and or emetic action of apomorphine in the dog, while only mianserin did not block the convulsions evoked by electric shocks. Mianserin more strongly potentiated the anesthetic action of thiopental than did IMP. ATP showed strong muscle relaxant action and the impairment of coordinated motor activities both in mice and rats, in the inclinated screen test and rotarod test, while, like IMP, these actions of mianserin were significant only in the rat. Catalepsy was not induced nor was the righting reflex suppressed by mianserin. In the low spinal cat, mianserin did not depress the amplitude of extensor MSR. Moreover, the MSR inhibition induced by conditioning stimulation of ipsilateral cutaneous afferents and the MSR potentiation evoked by conditioning stimulation of contralateral saphenous nerve were unaffected by mianserin. The curious behavior of mice and rats was significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by mianserin, and tended to be suppressed by ATP, while an enhancement was seen with IMP in large doses. Mianserin was the most potent in suppressing the fighting behavior induced by long-term isolation of the mouse, and was the weakest in suppressing electric-stimulation-induced fighting behavior, compared with IMP and ATP. Mianserin showed no significant suppression of the muricide behavior of the olfactory bulbectomized rat, while IMP significantly suppressed it. No significant differences were observed among mianserin, IMP and ATP as to their actions on the conflict behavior and the shuttle-box type conditioned avoidance behavior of the rat. These results indicate that behavioral pharmacological actions of mianserin were not always the same as those of IMP and ATP. Therefore, mianserin may be a new antidepressant with mechanisms of action which differ from that of the usual tricyclic antidepressants.

Agonistic Behavior↗

PubMed1976

Behavioral effects of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of ascending 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways.

In protriptyline (25 mg/kg) pretreated rats stereotactic 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) lesions of the medial plus laternal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HE) bundles in the mesencephalon increased the 5-HT fluorescence in these bundles, and reduced the in vitro uptake of [3H] 5-HT in the hypothalamus to 16% of control values after 2 mug 5,7-DHT/4mul and 12% after 4 mug 5,7-DHT/4mul, and in the cortex cerebri to 35 and 34% of control values, respectively. Selective lesion of the medial 5-HT bundle reduced [3H] 5-HT uptake both in hypothalamus and in cortex cerebri to 45-48% of control values, while selective lesion of the lateral 5-HT bundles significantly reduced [3H] 5-HT uptake only in cortex (to 73-75%). No significant change was observed in [3H] noradreanaline uptake after any injection, or in [3H] 5-HT uptake after vehicle injections. Locomotor activity in an open field 3-10 days postoperatively was significantly reduced by lesions of the medial plus lateral 5-HT bundles. 5-Hdroxytryptophan (50 mg/kg) and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (MK 486, 75 mg/kg) 17 days postoperatively induced a pronounced behavioral "5-HT syndrome" in these rats with medial plus lateral lesions but not in controls. Pain sensitivity, as measured by the hot plate test, was not changed by any lesion, even when tryptophan hydroxylase was partly inhibited with alpha-propyldopacetamide (100 mg/kg). Morphine analgesia and acquisition of a one-way avoidance response also were unchanged. Apomorphine (2 mg/kg)-induced locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior, as measured in an Animex activity meter, were not significantly different from control values in the 5,7-DHT groups. It was concluded that the medial 5-JT BUNDLE INNERVATES BOTH THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE CORTEX CEREBRI AND THE LATERAL 5-HT bundle mainly the cortex. These ascending 5-HT neurons are involved in maintaining open field ambulation. No wupport was obtained for the view that they are involved in pain mechanisms, in morphine-induced analgesia, in apomorphine-induced motor behavior, or in one-way avoidance learning.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative analysis of haloperidol effects on passive avoidance retention in aggressive and submissive mice].

The effects of haloperidol on retention of avoidance during its extinction in C57BL/6J mice were shown to depend on a behavioral stereotype (aggressive or submissive). In submissive mice, haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) injected an hour before training stabilized retrieval of the conditioned reflex in repeated testings (up to 17 days) as compared to its fast extinction in control animals. In aggressive mice, on the contrary, haloperidol reduced the retention of the memory trace retrieval. It is suggested that divergent haloperidol effects on extinction of passive avoidance in mice with alternative behavioral strategies are determined by the features of organization of the mesolimbico-cortical dopaminergic system and emotional state, in particular, anxiety.

Aggression↗