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PubMed1976

The significance of the local sweat response in assessing the progress of leprosy.

Serial observations on cutaneous sensation and on sweat response in hypopigmented flat patches of twenty-nine patients with tuberculoid and five with dimorphous leprosy on dapsone therapy were studied over 2 years. Sensation was determined by routine methods, while sweat stimulation was done by intradermal injection of 0-1 ml (0.025 mg) of carbachol (carbaminoylcholine). There was significant improvement in sensation and considerable augmentation of sweat response in the final as compared to the initial tests. The difference in sweat response was statistically significant, suggesting the value of this simple procedure in assessing the progress of leprosy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Ultrastructural study of iron deposition in the eccrine sweat glands of patients with iron overload.

An ultrastructural study of eccrine sweat glands was carried out on three patients with iron overload (two with idiopathic haemochromatosis and one with transfusional haemosiderosis). In all three patients small electron-dense particles were seen in both eccrine sweat glands and macrophages. They appeared primarily in the clear cells of the eccrine sweat glands as membrane-bound irregularly shaped bodies, and were shown to contain iron by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Iron aggregates in and around sweat glands were also seen on light microscopy.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Decreased sweat-gland number and function in patients with alopecia areata.

In this study the number and function of sweat glands on the dorsum of the hand and foot were evaluated using a silastic imprint method. Twenty patients, 11 females and nine males with either alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, or alopecia universalis were included in the study. Patients showed a significant decrease in activated sweat-gland number and function compared to matched controls (P less than 0.001). There was no significant relationship between the degree of sweat-gland dysfunction and extent of hair loss, concurrent illnesses, or treatment. These findings suggest that eccrine sweat-gland function is compromised in patients with alopecia areata.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Elevated sweat sodium associated with pulmonary oedema in meningococcal sepsis.

BACKGROUND: We observed a temporary positive sweat test with sodium and chloride levels greater than 60 mmol L(-1) following meningococcal septicaemia. Objective was to investigate whether this finding is reproducible and whether this disturbance in epithelial sodium transport is related to sepsis-induced pulmonary oedema. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four children with a diagnosis of meningococcal septicaemia and 10 controls with noninfectious critical illness admitted to the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital were included. Sweat collection was by pilocarpine iontophoresis in the acute phase of the illness (days 1-5) and on follow up. Sodium and chloride concentrations were determined by flame photometry. RESULTS: In patients with meningococcal septicaemia, sweat sodium and chloride concentrations were significantly higher in the acute compared with the recovery phase, with a mean (SD) of 31.0 (14.6) mmol L(-1) in the acute vs. 19.6 (10.2) mmol L(-1) on recovery for sodium and 21.0 (12.1) mmol L(-1) in the acute vs. 11.8 (4.9) mmol L(-1) on recovery for chloride (P < 0.01, t-test, for sodium and chloride). Sweat sodium and chloride were significantly higher in patients with meningococcal disease compared with controls and in the acute phase in patients with septicaemia-related pulmonary oedema [mean (SD) sodium: 41.0 (15.4) mmol L(-1) and chloride: 28.8 (14.3) mmol L(-1)] compared with septic patients without [mean (SD) sodium: 24.5 (10.1) mmol L(-1) and chloride: 15.3 (7.9) mmol L(-1)] (P < 0.01 for sodium and chloride). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to provide in vivo evidence of reduced epithelial sodium transport in children with septicaemia and of its association with pulmonary oedema.

Child↗

PubMed1985

Abnormally high sweat osmolality in children with Down's syndrome.

There are few data on sweat analysis in Down's syndrome. We studied 25 children with Down's syndrome and obtained sweat samples by pilocarpine iontophoresis. Sweat osmolality was elevated in Down's syndrome compared to normal. The results of sweat testing must be regarded with caution when cystic fibrosis is suspected in children with Down's syndrome.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1990

Immunocytochemical demonstration of intermediate filament proteins, S-100 protein and CEA in apocrine sweat glands and apocrine gland derived lesions of the dog.

The presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), intermediate filament proteins and S-100 protein in normal and pathological canine apocrine sweat glands was investigated, using a standard immunoperoxidase technique. The normal apocrine sweat glands showed a constant immunoreactivity in all the cases studied. The cells of the acini and of the ducts only reacted with the antikeratin antibody. The myoepithelial cells reacted positively with the antisera antikeratin and anti protein S-100. Epithelial cells of apocrine cysts, sweat gland adenomas and sweat gland carcinomas showed the same immunoreaction than normal apocrine cells. Proliferating myoepithelial cells were also positive for vimentin. In two out of three adenocarcinomas a positive reaction with the anti CEA could be detected in the glandular cells. This can be due to the presence in glandular cells of CEA or of Nonspecific Crossreacting Antigen (NCA). These findings indicate that demonstration of keratin is a useful aid in the detection of apocrine gland derived lesions in the dog. Similarly, S-100 protein is a marker for myoepithelial cells. Further research is necessary to investigate the expression of CEA in canine tumours.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Assessment of basal and stimulated sweating in diabetes using a direct-reading computerized sudorometer.

Abnormalities of eccrine sweating are thought to be common in diabetes. We describe a ventilated-capsule sudorometer for the continuous measurement of basal and stimulated sweat secretion. It is sensitive (detecting as little as 200 ng water vapour), precise, and stable. Since it measures dewpoint rather than relative humidity, it can be calibrated to read sweat volumes directly and independently of ambient temperature and humidity. Preliminary studies using this technique show that basal skin water loss is significantly diminished in patients with established diabetic neuropathy (0.91 +/- 0.18 g (+/- SD) cm-2 h-1) compared with normal subjects (1.21 +/- 0.39 g cm-2 h-1; p = 0.04) and non-neuropathic diabetic subjects (1.32 +/- 0.48 g cm-2 h-1; p = 0.04), and that local sweating induced by iontophoresis of 10 g l-1 acetylcholine is significantly reduced in diabetic subjects up to 5 min of recording (0.95 +/- 0.43 vs 1.26 +/- 0.40 mg; p = 0.02). In neuropathic subjects both low- and high-amplitude responses are seen, the latter probably representing denervation supersensitivity. Further studies with sensitive sudorometry should enable the mechanisms of these abnormal responses to be established.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1999

Modulation of the thermoregulatory sweating response to mild hyperthermia during activation of the muscle metaboreflex in humans.

1. To investigate the effect of the muscle metaboreflex on the thermoregulatory sweating response in humans, eight healthy male subjects performed sustained isometric handgrip exercise in an environmental chamber (35 C and 50 % relative humidity) at 30 or 45 % maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), at the end of which the blood circulation to the forearm was occluded for 120 s. The environmental conditions were such as to produce sweating by increase in skin temperature without a marked change in oesophageal temperature. 2. During circulatory occlusion after handgrip exercise at 30 % MVC for 120 s or at 45 % MVC for 60 s, the sweating rate (SR) on the chest and forearm (hairy regions), and the mean arterial blood pressure were significantly above baseline values (P < 0.05). There were no changes from baseline values in the oesophageal temperature, mean skin temperature, or SR on the palm (hairless regions). 3. During the occlusion after handgrip exercise at 30 % MVC for 60 s and during the occlusion alone, none of the measured parameters differed from baseline values. 4. It is concluded that, under mildly hyperthermic conditions, the thermoregulatory sweating response on the hairy regions is modulated by afferent signals from muscle metaboreceptors.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Effects of body heating and mental arithmetic on facial sweating and blood flow in unilateral migraine headache.

Facial sweating and pulse amplitude during body heating were investigated during the headache-free period in 38 subjects who suffered from unilateral migraine headache that usually recurred on the same side. In 22 of these subjects, pulse amplitude recorded from the forehead circulation was examined during a computerized mental arithmetic test. Thermally-induced increases in forehead pulse amplitude were smaller on the side habitually affected by headache than on the other side of the forehead. Although sweating from the upper part of the forehead did not differ consistently between the two sides, asymmetry of sweating correlated significantly with asymmetry of the vascular response. Sweating and vascular responses were symmetrical in the cheeks. During mental arithmetic, mean increases in forehead pulse amplitude did not differ consistently between the two sides, but the maximum increase was greater on the nonsymptomatic side. These findings suggest that vascular sympathetic outflow was reduced on the symptomatic side of the forehead, possibly because of damage to the sympathetic plexus surrounding the internal carotid artery in the carotid canal during repeated episodes of migraine. Sympathetic fibers to the upper part of the forehead and cheeks bypass the carotid canal, which may account for symmetrical responses during body heating. A reduction in sympathetic outflow could influence vasodilation at the site of migraine headache.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1973

The effect of -adrenoceptor blockade on human sweating.

1. Changes in cutaneous water loss were followed by continuously monitoring total body weight loss.2. Sweating was induced in normal subjects by raising the environmental temperature or by subjecting them to the emotional stress of mental arithmetic.3. Propranolol in a dosage of 0.15 mg/kg body weight intravenously had no significant effect on either thermal or emotional sweating, whereas thermal sweating was completely blocked temporarily by administration of atropine 2.4 mg intravenously.4. It is concluded that beta-adrenoceptor blockade has no effect on physiological sweating in normal people.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1994

Sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma in an 11-year-old boy.

BACKGROUND: Sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma, or microcystic adnexal carcinoma, is a rare neoplasm of the skin with both pilar and eccrine differentiation. Previously this neoplasm has been reported only in adults. We describe a case of sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma in an 11-year-old white male. OBJECTIVE: Description of Mohs surgical procedure for successful management of sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma in a child. METHODS: Mohs micrographic surgery was performed on this rare neoplasm. RESULTS: The described procedure resulted in successful excision of this uncommon neoplasm. CONCLUSION: We present a case of sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma, an unusual cutaneous neoplasm, in an 11-year-old male that was successfully managed using Mohs micrographic surgery.

Carcinoma, Skin Appendage↗

PubMed2005

Treatment of synchronous mucinous carcinoma and endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma with Mohs' micrographic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma is a very rare cutaneous tumor that has been reported only in three patients previously. We report a case of an endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma associated with mucinous carcinoma treated by Mohs' micrographic surgery. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this report is to test the utility of Mohs' micrographic surgery in the treatment of mucinous carcinomata. METHODS: A 79-year-old female with a 2-year history of four lesions of biopsy-proven endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinomas and mucinous carcinoma was treated with Mohs' micrographic surgery. RESULTS: Three of the lesions were completely cleared by Mohs' micrographic surgery. The fourth lesion, in the right lateral canthus, was not cleared by the Mohs' technique because of its location within the orbit and the difficulty of retraction of the globe for appropriate visualization and excision. The patient underwent wide excision of the remaining orbital tumor and reconstruction, which was successfully accomplished. The patient did not experience a recurrence in any of her four lesions over a 2-year follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Mohs' micrographic surgery is an appropriate treatment for mucinous carcinomata, including endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗

PubMed1989

Secretory immunoglobulin A in sweat gland tumors.

The presence of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and secretory component (SC) was investigated in normal human skin and in cutaneous neoplasms including a variety of sweat gland tumors. Immunohistochemistry in normal sweat glands revealed the occurrence of secretory IgA (sIgA) as indicated by reactivity for IgA and SC in serial sections. The majority of 28 cases of sweat gland tumors could be demonstrated to retain their ability to produce IgA and SC. In normal as well as in neoplastic sweat glands heaviest staining for sIgA could be found in the lumina and at the surface of lining epithelia. This is comparable with the presence of sIgA in breast or intestinal neoplasms. In contrast other epidermal cysts or solid tumors were not labelled. In view of recent immunohistochemical studies the demonstration of IgA and SC may be of differentiating value in cutaneous glandular neoplasms.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1994

Eruptive clear cell hamartoma of sweat duct.

A histologically unique condition of the sweat duct was found in a miliaria-like papular eruption on the extensor surfaces of extremities of a 41-year-old female patient. The hypertrophic epithelium of the sweat duct wall consisted of extensively vacuolated clear cells. There was mild hyperkeratosis around the sweat duct orifice. The eccrine gland cells showed only partial vacuolization. Since this condition is not related to any of the other known benign changes of the eccrine duct, we report it with a presumptive descriptive diagnosis of eruptive clear cell hamartoma of sweat duct.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Is palmar and plantar sweating thermoregulatory?

We tested the hypothesis that palmar and plantar sweating has a thermoregulatory role and is mediated by the same thermoregulatory mechanisms that control sweating in the rest of the body surface. In a series of empirical tests involving 34 participants (five of whom exhibited palmar hyperhydrosis), the effect of high environmental temperature on sweating was examined. Wilcott's finding, that effects at the palm are of considerable magnitude, was confirmed only in subjects who were in a state of excitement. In relaxed subjects, the effects of high environmental temperature on palmar and plantar sweating was negligible. We conclude that the palms and soles do not directly participate in thermoregulation.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Ultrastructural variations in the sweat glands of anhidrotic horses.

The ultrastructure of sweat glands from the skin of free sweating horses was compared with that of glands from anhidrotic cases. Evidence of atrophied and abnormal sweat glands in the anhidrotic horses indicates that the condition involves progressive failure of the glandular mechanism of sweat production.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Carbonic anhydrase activity and sweat gland morphology in trained and untrained Standardbred trotters.

Sweat gland morphology and carbonic anhydrase (CA) distribution was studied after exercise in trained and untrained horses using a histochemical technique and light microscopic image analysis. Three trained and 3 untrained Standardbred trotters performed an exercise test (20 min trot at 6 m/s with 5 min walk at 1.8 m/s in the beginning and end) on a high-speed treadmill at 35 degrees C. Skin biopsies were taken before exercise and after trot. The fluid loss after exercise was 10, 12 and 12 g/kg bwt in the untrained horses and 4, 6 and 11 g/kg in the trained. Trained horses had a larger cell area than untrained after exercise, which might be related to an increase in secretory capacity. The area of the cell occupied by CA was independent of training status, but increased with exercise in both groups. The CA activity was higher in untrained animals and increased after exercise in both groups. The change in CA during exercise might be a response to an increasing demand for HCO3- secretion during sweat formation. Therefore, the sweat gland undergoes morphological changes due to stimuli such as heat, exercise and training, but species differences are evident. To our knowledge, no one has previously studied the influence of training on the morphology of the equine sweat gland.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Development of emotional sweating in the newborn infant.

Sweating from the palm and sole occurs independently of ambient temperature but is influenced by emotional factors. It thus provides a useful objective measure of emotional state. The development of this emotional sweating in the newborn was investigated by measuring palmar water loss and relating it to the infant's state of arousal. Although 433 individual measurements were made on 124 babies of gestational age 25 to 41 weeks and postnatal age 15 hours to 9 weeks. Palmar water loss was also recorded continuously in 22 infants undergoing heel prick for routine blood sampling. In babies of 37 weeks' gestation or more, there was a clear relationship between palmar water loss and arousal from the day of birth, and by the third week levels on vigorous crying were comparable with those of an anxious adult. Less mature babies did not show emotional sweating at birth; it was first seen at the equivalent of 36 to 37 weeks' gestation regardless of maturity. Continuous recordings confirmed the cross-sectional data and illustrated the abrupt nature of the response. Emotional sweating could be a useful tool for the assessment of emotional state of the newborn.

Emotions↗