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PubMed2006

Persistence of antibodies in children primed with two different hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccines and evaluation of booster vaccination.

This study assessed the persistence of antibodies following primary vaccination with two commercially available, hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines (Infanrix hexa and Hexavac). The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of booster vaccination with Infanrix hexa were also evaluated. A total of 329 children primed at 2, 4, and 6 months with Infanrix hexa (n=166) or Hexavac (n=163) received booster vaccination with Infanrix hexa at 12-19 months of age. Antibody concentrations were measured immediately before and 1 month after booster vaccination. Prebooster persistence of antibodies to HBs, PRP and poliovirus types was significantly higher in children primed with Infanrix hexa than with Hexavac, both in terms of seroprotection rate and GMCs/GMTs (p < 0.05). Boosting with Infanrix hexa elicited strong immune responses to all antigens irrespective of the primary vaccine used, with post-booster seroprotection rates comparable between the two primary vaccine groups (ranging from 98.1 to 100%). The incidence of clinically relevant solicited symptoms did not differ significantly between primary vaccine groups, even if the incidence of local symptoms appeared to be more frequent in subjects primed with Infanrix hexa than in those primed with Hexavac. In summary, booster vaccination with Infanrix hexa during the second year of life is immunogenic and well tolerated, offering protection irrespective of the primary combination vaccine used.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1993

Reaction rate in cats vaccinated with a new controlled-titer feline panleukopenia-rhinotracheitis-calicivirus-Chlamydia psittaci vaccine.

The safety profile of a new controlled-titer feline panleukopenia-rhinotracheitis-calicivirus-Chlamydia psittaci vaccine was compared to that of a currently-marketed vaccine. Of particular interest were delayed reactions (previously unreported in the literature in felines) occurring 7 to 21 days after vaccination, and the effect of concurrent vaccinations and cat age on the delayed reaction rate. Nineteen hundred twenty-four doses of the new vaccine and 364 doses of the comparison vaccine were administered in 42 participating veterinary practices. The postvaccination evaluation period was 21 days. Reactions (anaphylaxis, short- and long-term lethargy, inappetence, pain, upper respiratory inflammation, delayed fever, anorexia, and miscellaneous events) were reported in 3.33% of cats receiving the controlled-titer vaccine and in 3.02% of cats receiving the comparison vaccine. The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.45). Reaction rate of the controlled-titer vaccine and that of the vaccine currently accepted by veterinarians appear to be equivalent.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

Acellular vaccines induce cell-mediated immunity to Bordetella pertussis antigens in infants undergoing primary vaccination against pertussis.

The induction of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to Bordetella pertussis antigens (whole, heat-inactivated bacterial cells [BPC], pertussis toxin [PT], filamentous haemagglutinin [FHA], pertactin [PRN]) was assessed by a lymphoproliferation assay in vitro in a cohort of children enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of pertussis vaccines efficacy in Italy. Four vaccination groups were compared: children receiving acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines from SmithKline Beecham (SB) or Chiron Biocine (CB) or whole-cell vaccine (wP) from Connaught, each combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT), or a DT vaccine only. When the purified antigens were used, statistically significant differences in CMI responses were observed between pre- and post-vaccination samples. In particular, CMI responses to FHA and PRN were detected in the majority of both aP vaccines recipients, whereas DTwP-recipients were CMI-positive in a much lower proportion. Clear-cut differences in PT responses were detected between DTwP and DTaP vaccine recipients, in favour of the latter. These differences were maintained up to 24 months after completion of the primary vaccination schedule. Thus, CMI responses could be a useful adjunct to serology in studying the immune responses to pertussis vaccines.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1962

LIVE TULAREMIA VACCINE I. : Host-Parasite Relationship in Monkeys Vaccinated Intracutaneously or Aerogenically.

Eigelsbach, H. T. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), J. J. Tulis, M. H. McGavran and J. D. White. Live tularemia vaccine. I. Host-parasite relationship in monkeys vaccinated intracutaneously or aerogenically. J. Bacteriol. 84:1020-1027. 1962.-Bacteriological, histological, immunohistochemical, and serological studies were made on monkeys administered live tularemia vaccine strain LVS by either of two routes. Comparative data are presented on nonvaccinated monkeys exposed via the respiratory route to a highly virulent strain of Pasteurella tularensis. Tissue changes resulting from either aerogenic or intracutaneous vaccination were mild, and consisted primarily of the proliferation of histiocytes without the formation of granulomas. The vaccine strain was isolated from the site of vaccination of animals inoculated dermally, from the lungs of animals vaccinated aerogenically, and from the regional lymph nodes, liver, and spleen of both groups; it was not isolated from the blood or bone marrow. Proliferation of the vaccine strain at the site of dermal inoculation and in the lungs of animals exposed aerogenically was observed within 24 hr; in both groups, the maximal viable population was reached within 3 days and maintained through the 10th day. A reduction in the number of viable vaccine organisms had begun by the 14th day; isolations were obtained only from the regional lymph nodes on the 28th day, and the vaccine strain was not isolated from any of the tissues cultured on the 90th day. Because the monkey is less resistant to tularemia than is man, the benign response of this animal to live tularemia vaccine indicates that the vaccine might also be safe for man when administered by either the dermal or respiratory route.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating vaccination coverage using parental recall, vaccination cards, and medical records.

OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates based on vaccination cards, parental recall, and medical records of the percentages of children up-to-date on vaccinations for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis; polio; and measles, mumps, and rubella. METHOD: The authors analyzed parent interview and medical records data from the Baltimore Immunization Study for 525 2-year-olds born from August 1988 through March 1989 to mothers living in low-income Census tracts of the city of Baltimore. RESULTS: Only one-third of children had vaccination cards; based on medical records, these children had higher up-to-date coverage at 24 months of age than did children without cards. For individual vaccines, only two-thirds of parents could provide information to calculate coverage rates; however, almost all provided enough information to estimate coverage for the primary series. For each vaccine and the series, parental recall estimates were at least 17 percentage points higher than estimates from medical records. For children without vaccination cards whose parents could not provide coverage information, up-to-date rates based on medical records were consistently lower than for children with cards or with parents who provided coverage information. CONCLUSIONS: Population-based vaccine coverage surveys that rely on vaccination cards or parental recall or both may overestimate vaccination coverage.

Baltimore↗

PubMed1984

Antibody responses to mumps virus proteins in natural mumps infection and after vaccination with live and inactivated mumps virus vaccines.

Paired sera from 20 patients with acute mumps infection, 16 from persons vaccinated with live attenuated mumps virus vaccine, and 12 from persons vaccinated with formalin-inactivated virus vaccine were studied for mumps antibodies by single radial hemolysis (SRH), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and by enzyme immunoassays (EIA) specific for whole virus, envelope glycoprotein, and nucleocapsid antibodies. Mumps patients had diagnostic rises in serum mumps antibodies in 90-100% of the cases depending on the method of assay. Vaccination resulted in seroconversion in 75-88% (live vaccine) and in 92% (inactivated vaccine) of the cases as detected by SRH or EIAs, whereas HI detected seroconversion only in 38% and 58% of the cases, respectively. Immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that all sera from mumps patients and nearly all postvaccination sera had antibodies against the main structural proteins of mumps virus. By immunoblotting, antibodies against denatured hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion protein (F) were detected in 15-25% of mumps patients and persons vaccinated with live vaccine, whereas most postvaccination sera from those vaccinated with inactivated vaccine had HN (92%) and F (83%) protein antibodies, suggesting that antibodies against the denatured form of proteins are formed.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1994

Hepatitis B vaccination of immunosuppressed heart transplant recipients with the vaccine Hepa Gene 3 containing pre-S1, pre-S2, and S gene products.

The antibody response of immunosuppressed heart transplant recipients to vaccination with the hepatitis B (HB) virus vaccine Hepa Gene 3 (HG-3), containing HB virus pre-S1, pre-S2, and S gene products, was examined. Three heart transplant recipients who had been vaccinated preoperatively against HB responded well to the vaccination. Five of 38 patients (13.2%) vaccinated postoperatively before HG-3 vaccination with the second-generation vaccine Gen-H-B-Vax-D (37 without and 1 with detectable anti-HBs response) and 3 of 24 (12.5%) without previous HB vaccination developed protective anti-HBs titers (greater than 10 U/l) after immunization with the HG-3 vaccine. The low response rate (8/62, 12.9%) found for postoperatively vaccinated patients indicates that heart transplant recipients should be vaccinated against HB before immunosuppressive medication.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Successful adoptive immunotherapy with vaccine-sensitized T cells, despite no effect with vaccination alone in a weakly immunogenic tumor model.

Tumor cell vaccines have been successful at inducing immunity in naïve mice, but only in a few reports has vaccination alone induced regression of established tumors and, generally, only when they are very small. Clinically, vaccinations alone may not be able to cause regression of established human cancers, which tend to be weakly immunogenic. We hypothesized that pharmacologic ex vivo amplification of a vaccination-induced immune response with subsequent adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) to tumor-bearing animals would be more effective in treatment of these animals than vaccination alone. The 4T1 and 4T07 mammary carcinomas are derived from the same parental cell line, but 4T1 is much less immunogenic and more aggressive than 4T07. Vaccination with either 4T1, 4T1-IL-2, or 4T07-IL-2 was not effective as treatment for established 4T1 tumors. However, 4T1 or 4T07-IL-2-vaccine-sensitized draining lymph node (DLN) cells, activated ex vivo with bryostatin 1 and ionomycin and expanded in culture, induced complete tumor regressions when adoptively transferred to 4T1 tumor-bearing animals. This was effective against small tumors as well as more advanced tumors, 10 days after tumor cell inoculation. Furthermore, as would be required for this approach to be used clinically, vaccine-DLN cells obtained from mice with established progressive 4T1 tumors (inoculated 10 days before vaccination) also induced regression of 4T1 tumors in an adoptive host. In none of these experiments was exogenous IL-2 required to induce tumor regression. The response to tumor cell vaccine can be amplified by ex vivo pharmacologic activation of sensitized T cells, which can then cure an established, weakly immunogenic and highly aggressive tumor that was resistant to vaccination alone.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Hepatitis B vaccination: long-term follow-up of the immune response of preterm infants and comparison of two vaccination protocols.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a 3-year follow-up study of long-term antibody persistence following vaccination of low-risk preterm infants with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (HBV). Two three-dose protocols were compared: vaccination beginning within 24 h of birth to initial vaccination delayed until a weight of 2,000 g was reached. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study population included 136 children, divided into three groups: children born prematurely (< or = 35 weeks, n = 57), children born at term (> or = 37 weeks, n = 39), both groups receiving the first dose of HBV within 24 h of birth, and children born prematurely (< or = 35 weeks, n = 40), who received the first dose of HBV when a weight of 2,000 g was reached. All infants received the second hepatitis vaccination 1 month after the first, and the third dose 6 months after the first. Hepatitis B surface antibody (AntiHBs) was measured at an age of 3-3.5 years (at least 2.5 years after completion of the three-dose HBV series). An AntiHBs level of > or = 10 IU/l was considered positive. RESULTS: At 3-3.5 years of age, a higher percentage of the premature-delayed vaccination group had a positive AntiHBs level (92.5%) compared to both the premature (54.4%, p < 0.001) and full-term groups (71.8%, p < 0.05) vaccinated soon after birth. The premature-delayed vaccination group also had a significantly higher geometric mean concentration (GMC) (119 vs 14.2 IU/l, p < 0.001 and 119 vs 32.7 IU/l, p < 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: Delaying vaccination of premature infants against hepatitis B until a weight of 2,000 g was reached resulted in both a significantly higher percentage of children with positive antibody levels and a significantly higher GMC at 3-3.5 years of age as compared to early-vaccinated preterm and full-term infants. The known short-term advantage of delayed vaccination of preterm infants was shown to persist for at least the first 3 years of life.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

Immunogenicity of the intradermal route of hepatitis B vaccination with the use of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.

In March 1987, 32 hospital employees were enrolled in a prospective trial of intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccination. Enrollees were given 0.1 ml of vaccine on days 1, 30, and 180. Two weeks after the third intradermal vaccination, 81%, or 26, of the enrollees showed seropositivity (greater than or equal to 10 mIU antibody/ml) for hepatitis B surface antibody. Five of six nonresponders were given a fourth intradermal vaccination. Two additional seroconversions occurred, resulting in an overall conversion rate of 90% for recipients of up to four intradermal vaccine doses. Complications of vaccination were limited primarily to the occasional persistence (less than 6 months) of hyperpigmentation at the injection site. Administration of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine by the intradermal route proved to be a safe and effective method of vaccination. Cost savings of preexposure immunization with the intradermal versus the intramuscular route of vaccination were approximately $90 per enrollee. Efficacy and safety can be maximized by employing a fourth vaccine dose and routinely documenting seroconversion after vaccination.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1993

Intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in a 300-bed primary care hospital: experience with a recombinant vaccine in a four-dose schedule.

BACKGROUND: All hepatitis B vaccination programs, regardless of route, must address such factors as primary response rate, additional booster injections for primary nonresponders, antibody persistence, the need for and timing of additional booster injections for primary responders, overall costs, and medical efficacy. A voluntary intradermal hepatitis B vaccination program with postvaccination testing was implemented in a 300-bed primary care hospital with a recombinant vaccine packaged in a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml (Engerix B; SmithKline and French Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa.). METHODS: After informed consent was obtained, 460 employees were vaccinated intradermally over the deltoid muscle by a single employee health nurse at months 0 (initial), 1, 2, and 6, followed by testing for serologic response 1 to 2 months after the final dose. RESULTS: Of 411 employees who completed the entire protocol, 90.5% had seroconversion, as determined by enzyme immunoassay. Twelve of 29 primary nonresponders (41%) had seroconversion after an additional (fifth) intradermal booster injection. Of the primary responders, 84.5% remained seropositive when tested 18 months after the initial vaccination injection. These results are comparable to those of intramuscular vaccination and to the original studies of intradermal vaccination with plasma-derived vaccines that had shown excellent immunogenicity. CONCLUSIONS: Intradermal and intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination programs must be implemented in somewhat different ways, but both can provide excellent protection against hepatitis B viral infection. Even allowing for the additional expense of postvaccination testing and more frequent booster injections, intradermal vaccination greatly reduces the overall costs of hepatitis B vaccination and may therefore increase compliance in many different settings.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Risk factors for systemic hypersensitivity reactions after booster vaccinations with human diploid cell rabies vaccine: a nationwide prospective study.

To determine the incidence of and risk factors for adverse reactions following the boosters, we conducted a nationwide prospective study of persons receiving pre-exposure booster vaccination with human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV). Persons who had previously received three pre-exposure doses of HDCV and whose rabies neutralizing antibody titres were < or = 1:5 were enrolled in the study if they stated that they intended to receive a booster. Of the 98 persons enrolled in the study, 40 (41%) were in risk groups for whom boosters are not recommended. Three (3%) of 98 developed generalized urticaria or wheezing within 1 day of receiving boosters and three others (3%) developed urticaria 6 to 14 days after the booster. No differences were found between individuals with reactions (either type) and those with no adverse reaction according to age, gender, occupation, history of previous allergies, or time since or route of primary vaccination. Reactions were somewhat more common among persons who received primary vaccinations by the intramuscular route (i.m.) and booster vaccinations by the intradermal route (i.d.) (3/15, 20%) or primary vaccinations i.d. and booster vaccinations i.m. (2/10, 20%), and somewhat less common among persons who received both these vaccinations i.d. (1/52, 2%) or i.m. (0/7). The number of persons who develop allergic reactions may be minimized by administering vaccinations only when vaccination is strictly indicated. The influence of the route of primary and booster vaccinations on the development of reactions deserves further study.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Level of virulent virus excreted by infected pigs previously vaccinated with different glycoprotein deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccines.

Seven deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccines were compared for their ability to induce an immunity which suppresses virus excretion. For each vaccine, the levels of clinical protection and viral excretion were compared. Groups of eight pigs were vaccinated twice with attenuated deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccines (which do not express certain glycoproteins: gI, gX or gp63). Pigs were vaccinated at the beginning of the fattening period and challenge took place at the end of it when the pigs were 18-19 weeks old. Live virus vaccines were suspended in water or in an oil-in-water emulsion. The experiment was performed in three successive assays of two groups of eight pigs (except three groups for the first assay). At each assay, a control unvaccinated group of eight pigs was added to compare the effects of challenge between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. In total, 80 pigs were involved in this experiment. All the vaccinated pigs excreted virus from 3 to 9 d after challenge. However the level of viral excretion and the duration of the period of excretion were reduced after vaccination and especially, when oil-in-water emulsion was used. There were obvious differences between vaccines. With some vaccines, when the level of viral excretion was low, the level of clinical protection was high. However, in other cases, the level of clinical protection could be good despite a higher level of viral excretion. The seroneutralizing titres were significantly and inversely related to a low level of viral excretion but not to the level of clinical protection.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Monitoring health care workers after smallpox vaccination: findings from the Hospital Smallpox Vaccination-Monitoring System.

BACKGROUND: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee recommended that hospitals establish on-site, daily assessments of health care workers vaccinated with smallpox vaccine. The Hospital Smallpox Vaccination Monitoring System (HSVMS) was 1 component of the smallpox vaccination plan to monitor adverse events on-site in hospitals. This report presents findings from February to August 2003. METHODS: All US institutions participating in the smallpox vaccination program were eligible to enroll in and use HSVMS through the Internet-based Centers for Disease Control Secure Data Network. RESULTS: Of the 730 enrolled vaccinees, 341 (47%) were nurses; 122 (17%) physicians; 75 (10%) laboratory, patient care, radiology, or other technicians; 39 (5%) administrators; 22 (3%) housekeepers; 21 (3%) physical or respiratory therapists; 20 (3%) infection control professionals; 19 (3%) safety or security staff; and 17 (2%) epidemiologists; and 54 (7%) were workers in other job categories. Most (86%) vaccinees had been previously vaccinated. Postvaccination signs and symptoms were frequent: itching (75.2%), pain at the vaccination site (31.6%), swollen or tender lymph nodes (26.4%), fatigue (26.2%), and headache (20.8%). Symptoms were highest during the first week after vaccination; symptoms were more frequently reported among vaccinees without previous vaccination. Adherence to recommended vaccination site care was reported in 2732 of 3091 (88.4%) follow-up visits among workers with patient contact. Of the 4379 days workers planned to work, during 31 (0.7 per 100) days, workers performed restricted activities, and, in 60 (1.4 per 100) days, workers were absent. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from HSVMS indicate that adherence to post-smallpox vaccination site care was high and that the number of days of work affected was low.

Health Personnel↗

PubMed2004

The number needed to vaccinate (NNV) and population extensions of the NNV: comparison of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine programmes for people aged 65 years and over.

The number needed to treat (NNT) and population extensions of the NNT describe the population outcomes of disease treatment, usually for chronic diseases. We have developed similar measures for vaccine preventable diseases based on the number needed to vaccinate. These measures quantify the number of people, or the number of vaccine doses, needed to prevent one event due to disease per year and allow the calculation of the vaccine cost to prevent one event due to disease per year. We used this method to compare influenza and pneumococcal vaccine programmes for people aged 65 years or more. We calculated the vaccine cost (dollars AUD) to prevent a case of disease, a hospitalisation or a death due to influenza or invasive pneumococcal disease each year in this age group. For influenza, the vaccine costs were dollars 598 to prevent one case per year, dollars 10787 per hospitalisation prevented and dollars 74801 per death prevented each year. We assumed all cases of invasive pneumococcal disease were hospitalised so the vaccine cost of dollars 11494 per case prevented was the same as the vaccine cost per hospitalisation prevented, while the vaccine cost per death prevented each year was dollars 49972. These results suggest the vaccine costs for the prevention of one hospitalisation or one death each year due to invasive pneumococcal disease among the elderly in Australia would be similar to the costs for the prevention of one hospitalisation or death due to influenza.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

The humoral immune response and protective efficacy of vaccination with inactivated split and whole influenza virus vaccines in BALB/c mice.

Recently the urgency of developing a pandemic influenza vaccine has lead to the re-evaluation of the use of whole virus vaccine. We have compared the humoral immune response and the protective efficacy of whole and split influenza virus vaccines in mice. Whole virus vaccine was more immunogenic particularly after the first dose of vaccine, generally eliciting higher numbers of systemic antibody secreting cells and an earlier and higher neutralising antibody response. Immunisation with one dose of whole virus vaccine more effectively reduced viral shedding upon non-lethal homologous viral challenge, but two doses of split virus vaccine was most effective at limiting viral replication and this was correlated with high influenza specific serum IgG concentrations. The two vaccine formulations induced different T helper profiles particularly after one dose of vaccine; split virus vaccine induced a type 2 bias response, whereas whole virus vaccine elicited a dominant type 1 response.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Enhanced immunogenicity and protective effect conferred by vaccination with combinations of modified vaccinia virus Ankara and licensed smallpox vaccine Dryvax in a mouse model.

Significant adverse events are associated with vaccination with the currently licensed smallpox vaccine. Candidate new-generation smallpox vaccines such as the replication-defective modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) produce very few adverse events in experimental animals and in limited human clinical trials conducted near the end of the smallpox eradication campaign. Efficacy evaluation of such new-generation vaccines will be extraordinarily complex, however, since the eradication of smallpox precludes a clinical efficacy trial and the correlates of protection against smallpox are unknown. A combination of relevant animal efficacy studies along with thorough comparative immunogenicity studies between traditional and new-generation smallpox vaccines will be necessary for vaccine licensure. In the present study, a variety of immune responses elicited by MVA and the licensed smallpox vaccine Dryvax in a murine model were compared, with a focus on mimicking conditions and strategies likely to be employed in human vaccine trials. Immunization of mice with MVA, using several relevant vaccination routes including needle-free delivery, elicited humoral and cellular immune responses qualitatively similar to those elicited by vaccination with Dryvax. Similar levels of vaccinia-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody were elicited by Dryvax and MVA when higher doses (approximately 1 log) of MVA were used for immunization. Antibody levels peaked at about 6 weeks post-immunization and remained stable for at least 15 weeks. A booster immunization of either MVA or Dryvax following an initial priming immunization with MVA resulted in an enhanced IgG titer and neutralizing antibody response. In addition, both Dryvax and various MVA vaccination protocols elicited antibody responses to the extracellular enveloped form of the virus and afforded protection against a lethal intranasal challenge with vaccinia virus WR.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Oral vaccination of dogs with recombinant rabies virus vaccines.

Oral rabies virus (RV) vaccines are used to immunize a diversity of mammalian carnivores, but no single biological is effective for all major species. Recently, advances in reverse genetics have allowed the design of recombinant RV for consideration as new vaccines. The objective of this experiment was to examine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of recombinant RV vaccines administered to captive dogs by the oral route, compared to a commercial vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) recombinant virus vaccine. Animals consisted of naive purpose-bred beagles of both sexes, and were 6 months of age or older. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of six groups, and received either diluent or vaccine (PBS; V-RG; RV SN10-333; RV SPBN-Cyto c; RV SPBNGA; RV SPBNGAGA), with at least six animals per group. On day 0, 1 ml of each vaccine (or PBS) was administered to the oral cavity of each dog, at an approximate concentration of 10(8) to 10(9) TCID50. After vaccination, dogs were observed daily and bled weekly, for 5 weeks, prior to RV challenge. No signs of illness related to vaccination were detected during the observation period. Excluding the controls, RV neutralizing antibodies were detected in the majority of animals within 1-2 weeks of primary vaccination. Thereafter, all dogs were inoculated in the masseter muscle with a street virus of canine origin. All control animals developed rabies, but no vaccinates succumbed, with the exception of a single dog in the V-RG group. Review of these preliminary data demonstrates the non-inferiority of recombinant RV products, as concerns both safety and efficacy, and supports the suggestion that these vaccines may hold promise for future development as oral immunogens for important carnivore species, such as dogs.

Administration, Oral↗