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PubMed1992

Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation, and duodenal nitrogen flow in dairy cows.

Six lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen and T-type duodenal cannulas were used in a crossover design to examine effects of yeast culture supplement on production parameters, rumen fermentation, and flow of N to the duodenum. Treatments were control and control plus 10 g/d of yeast culture. Dry matter intake was greater, and milk production tended to be higher, for cows supplemented with yeast culture, but milk composition was not affected. Rumen pH was not affected by yeast culture, but peak lactic acid concentration decreased from 1.93 to 1.73 mM. Rumen fluid acetate:propionate ratio, dilution rate (percentage per hour), and ammonia N concentration (milligrams per deciliter) were 2.28, .12, and 10.7 and 2.04, .13, and 9.6 for control cows and for cows supplemented with yeast culture, respectively. Although numbers of fiber-digesting bacteria were not affected by yeast culture, DM disappearance of wheat straw tended to be higher at 12 and 24 h, and CP and ADF digestibilities were greater. Duodenal NAN flow tended to be higher in cows supplemented with yeast culture because of higher bacterial N flow. Duodenal AA profile and flow of Met were significantly affected by yeast culture supplementation. The results suggest that yeast culture may alter the AA profile of bacterial protein.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1966

Changes in dry weight, protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and reserve and structural carbohydrate during the aerobic growth cycle of yeast.

1. Changes in dry weight, DNA, RNA, protein and reserve and structural carbohydrate were measured during the aerobic growth of yeast on 0.9% glucose in an aerobic synthetic medium. 2. After glucose had been consumed and during the growth of yeast on ethanol and acetate, the rate of formation of DNA remained about the same but the rate of increase of dry weight was greatly diminished. 3. During the second stage of growth the ratios dry weight/DNA, protein/DNA, RNA/DNA and carbohydrate/DNA decreased to about 30% of the corresponding values during the first stage of growth. 4. A higher fraction of the dry weight of the yeast cells could be accounted for by the reserve carbohydrate content of the cells during the second stage of growth. 5. By the end of the first stage of growth an increase in the reserve carbohydrate content of the cells was observed. Part of this reserve carbohydrate was consumed by the cells in the beginning of the second stage of growth. The possibility of adaptation of cells at the expense of their reserves is discussed.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2001

The effect of yeast elicitor on the growth and secondary metabolism of hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834 produced a tiny amount of tanshinones and a constituent level of phenolic acids under normal growth conditions. Upon elicitation with yeast elicitor, the production of both phenolic acids and tanshinones was enhanced. For example, the contents of two phenolic acids, rosmarinic acid and lithospermic acid B were elevated from 1.24% and 2.59% to 2.89% and 2.98% of dry wt, respectively while the intracellular content of cryptotanshinone increased from 0.001% to as much as 0.096% of dry wt. Yeast elicitor also improved the growth of hairy roots (from 3.9 g/l to 7.3 g/l on a dry wt basis). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed for simultaneous detection and identification of phenolic acids and tanshinones in the extracts of S. miltiorrhiza. Rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and tanshinone IIB were identified by comparison with standards available. Dihydrotanshinone I and methylenetanshiquinone were tentatively identified by the molecular weights and the elution comparable with the literature. An unknown compound with a molecular weight of 280 was found in yeast-elicitor treated hairy root cultures, which was one of the major tanshinones induced.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Performance of mycological media in enumerating desiccated food spoilage yeasts: an interlaboratory study.

Dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) was originally formulated to enumerate nonfastidious xerophilic moulds in foods containing rapidly growing Eurotium species. Some laboratories are now using DG18 as a general purpose medium for enumerating yeasts and moulds, although its performance in recovering yeasts from dry foods has not been evaluated. An interlaboratory study compared DG18 with dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar (DRBC), plate count agar supplemented with chloramphenicol (PCAC), tryptone glucose yeast extract chloramphenicol agar (TGYC), acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA), and orange serum agar (OSA) for their suitability to enumerate 14 species of lyophilized yeasts. The coefficient of variation for among-laboratories repeatability within yeast was 1.39% and reproducibility of counts among laboratories was 7.1%. The order of performance of media for recovering yeasts was TGYC > PCAC = OSA > APDA > DRBC > DG 18. A second study was done to determine the combined effects of storage time and temperature on viability of yeasts and suitability of media for recovery. Higher viability was retained at -18 degrees C than at 5 degrees C or 25 degrees C for up to 42 weeks, although the difference in mean counts of yeasts stored at -18 degrees C and 25 degrees C was only 0.78 log10 cfu/ml of rehydrated suspension. TGYC was equal to PCAC and superior to the other four media in recovering yeasts stored at -18 degrees C, 5 degrees C, or 25 degrees C for up to 42 weeks. Results from both the interlaboratory study and the storage study support the use of TGYC for enumerating desiccated yeasts. DG18 is not recommended as a general purpose medium for recovering yeasts from a desiccated condition.

Agar↗
PubMed1978

A simplified assay for methotrexate in biological fluids using a crude yeast lysate.

Routine pharmacokinetic monitoring of methotrexate levels in biological fluids appears to be important for clinical applications involving large doses of methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. Recently several laboratories have independently described a competitive radiobinding assay that has the necessary sensitivity, precision and simplicity for this purpose. This study describes a modification of this assay method using a lysate of dry, active yeast as a source of binding activity. The assay is sensitive at blood concentrations of about 1 nM. No significant interference can be shown with naturally occurring folates. Specificity has also been shown by recovery experiments from serum and urine. Thus this modified assay matches the previously described radiobinding assays but with the advantage of using a methotrexate binding reagent that is readily available and quite inexpensive.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Microbial numbers, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen utilization of steers fed wet or dried brewers' grains.

Holstein steers were fed corn silage supplemented with either wet or dried brewers' grains to determine effects of heat drying commercial brewers' grains. Four rumen-fistulated steers were fed a 12.5% crude protein diet in a single reversal design experiment. Brewers' grains supplied 45% of the protein of the diet. Bacterial numbers, concentration of ciliated protozoa, and ammonia concentration in the rumen were higher, and rumen pH was lower, for steers fed wet brewers' grains. Concentrations of rumen volatile fatty acids were similar for both diets. Ruminal digestibility of dry matter decreased when wet versus dried brewers' grains were fed (56.9 versus 39.3%). The rate of dry matter passage from the rumen was faster with wet brewers' grains. In Experiment 2, 12 steers were in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Diets contained wet or dried brewers' grains supplemented at 22 or 40% of the diet dry matter (12.5 and 14.5% crude protein). Nitrogen retention was increased in steers fed the higher crude protein diet. Apparent digestible nitrogen, acid detergent fiber nitrogen, and nitrogen retention were higher with wet versus dried brewers' grains. Plasma essential and nonessential amino acids were also higher in steers fed wet brewers' grains. Alteration in microbial numbers, fermentation measurements, and nitrogen utilization were associated with more soluble nitrogen with wet (13.4%) versus dried (3.3%) brewers' grains.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Effect of freeze drying and protectants on viability of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake.

The effects of freezing method, freeze drying process, and the use of protective agents on the viability of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake were studied. Freezing at -20 degrees C was the best method to preserve the viability of C. sake cells after freeze drying using 10% skim milk as a protectant (28.9% survival). Liquid nitrogen freezing caused the highest level of damage to the cells with viability < 10%. Different concentrations of exogenous substances including sugars, polyols, polymers and nitrogen compounds were tested either alone or in combination with skim milk. There was little or no effect when additives were used at 1% concentration. Galactose, raffinose and sodium glutamate at 10% were the best protective agents tested alone but the viability of freeze-dried C. sake cells was always < 20%. Survival of yeast cells was increased from 0.2% to 30-40% by using appropriate protective media containing combinations of skim milk and other protectants such as 5% or 10% lactose or glucose, and 10% fructose or sucrose.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Brewing by-products: their use as animal feeds.

Brewers grains, a by-product of beer production, are often used as a livestock feed. Because brewers grains provide protein, fiber, and energy, they can be useful in a variety of diets. Protein in brewers grains can meet a significant portion of supplemental protein requirements; in addition, they provide fiber and needed bulk in the diets of ruminants and horses. Brewers grains and other brewers by-products have also been fed to pigs, sheep, and poultry. Currently, the primary market for wet brewers grains is as a dairy cattle feed; however, some may be fed to beef cattle in feedlots. Brewers grains have historically been marketed wet or dry, but wet brewers grains currently make up the majority of the marketed product. Brewers grains provide protein, energy, and fiber in livestock diets, but product variability can influence their utilization and necessitate a testing program to determine nutrient content.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Supplementation of waste tea fungal biomass as a dietary ingredient for broiler chicks.

The waste tea fungal biomass produced during black tea fermentation was investigated as a dietary ingredient in poultry feeds. A small portion of fungal mat was used as starter culture for the next cycle while the major portion is discarded as waste. Hence a trial study was carried out to utilize the waste fungal biomass as a supplementary diet for broiler chicks. The fungal biomass contained 179.38 g of crude protein, 120 g crude fibre, 4.82 g phosphorus, 6.56 g of calcium and 8.92 MJ metabolizable energy per kilogram of biomass. The dried tea fungus showed phytase activity of 23 IU/mg protein. The supplementation of tea fungal inclusion (TFI) at 150 g/kg concentration in poultry feed increased the feed consumption, body weight, performance efficiency factor (PEF) and the carcass characters of test broilers significantly (P=0.01) over the control. The histopathological examination of liver showed no abnormalities and the mortality rate was zero.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

[The effect of microbial protein, obtained on a hydrocarbon base (fermosin), with a defined fatty acid composition on fat metabolism and fat composition in slaughter animals. 1. The effect of fermosin on the composition of broiler depot fat].

A study has been undertaken to investigate the influence of fermosin on the depot-fat composition of broilers and the oxidative stability of these fats in parallel with test animals fed yeast conventional produced on carbohydrate base. The data obtained are discussed with reference to literature.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of microbial protein from a hydrocarbon base (fermosin) with a defined fatty acid composition on fat metabolism and fat composition in slaughter animals. 2. The effect of "fermosin" on the composition of back fat in hogs].

Two tests have been undertaken to investigate the influence of feeding microbial biomasses to pigs. No alterations of the fat parameters characterizing the fat stability were observed. All the values obtained are in a normal range. Increases in heptadecenic acid were detected dependent on the content of microbial biomasses in the feed and its fat content. The alterations are mainly in a normal range or slightly beyond it. In nature odd-numbered fatty acids are ubiquitous. Uptake and storage suggest that the organism reacts to an increased offer of C17-fatty acids with an accelerated decomposition of these fatty acids or/and with inhibition of their endogenous synthesis. The results are discussed in comparison with those of literature.

Adipose Tissue↗