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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Prolonged response to calling songs by the L3 auditory interneuron in female crickets (Acheta domesticus): possible roles in regulating phonotactic threshold and selectiveness for call carrier frequency.

L3, an auditory interneuron in the prothoracic ganglion of female crickets (Acheta domesticus) exhibited two kinds of responses to models of the male's calling song (CS): a previously described, phasically encoded immediate response; a more tonically encoded prolonged response. The onset of the prolonged response required 3-8 sec of stimulation to reach its maximum spiking rate and 6-20 sec to decay once the calling song ceased. It did not encode the syllables of the chirp. The prolonged response was sharply selective for the 4-5 kHz carrier frequency of the male's calling songs and its threshold tuning matched the threshold tuning of phonotaxis, while the immediate response of the same neuron was broadly tuned to a wide range of carrier frequencies. The thresholds for the prolonged response covaried with the changing phonotactic thresholds of 2- and 5-day-old females. Treatment of females with juvenile hormone reduced the thresholds for both phonotaxis and the prolonged response by equivalent amounts. Of the 3 types of responses to CSs provided by the ascending L1 and L3 auditory interneurons, the threshold for L3's prolonged response, on average, best matched the same females phonotactic threshold. The prolonged response was stimulated by inputs from both ears while L3's immediate response was driven only from its axon-ipsilateral ear. The prolonged response was not selective for either the CS's syllable period or chirp rate.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Planar cell polarity and a potential role for a Wnt morphogen gradient in stereociliary bundle orientation in the mammalian inner ear.

The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, a noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway, is crucial for embryonic development in all animals as it is responsible for the regulation of coordinated orientation of structures within the plane of the various epithelia. In the mammalian cochlea, one of the best examples of planar polarity in vertebrates, stereociliary bundles located on mechanosensory hair cells within the sensory epithelium are all uniformly polarized. Generation of this polarity is important for hair cell mechanotransduction and auditory perception as stereociliary bundles are only sensitive to vibrations in their single plane of polarization. We describe the two step developmental process that results in the generation of planar polarity in the mammalian inner ear. Furthermore, we review evidence for the role of Wnt signaling, and the possible generation of a Wnt gradient, in planar polarity.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Auditory filter widths in children and adults.

Filter widths for six groups of subjects, adults and children ages 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, were estimated using two different psychophysical approaches. Subjects participated in an experiment with a fixed signal level (psychophysical tuning curve procedure) and in an experiment having a fixed masker level (notched noise procedure). The psychophysical tuning curves were determined with 200-Hz-wide noise bands centered at 2.3, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, and 3.6 kHz. The 200-ms, 3-kHz signal was fixed in level at 30 dB SPL. Notched noise thresholds were determined with notch widths of (delta f/f) 0.0, 0.2, and 0.4. The delta f was the distance, in hertz, from the center frequency, f, to the edge of symmetrically placed bands of noise. The bands of noise were fixed at 35-dB pressure spectrum level. Results revealed no significant differences between the children and the adults on measures of Q10, ERB, and K. The conclusion of the present study was that auditory filter widths from the ages of 6 to adult were not significantly different.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1984

Ganglioside treatment of genetic and alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy.

Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. Using the mutant diabetic mouse C57BL/ks (db/db) and alloxan-treated rats, 30 days after intoxication, we investigated development and treatment with gangliosides of such a disease. The db/db mouse develops a neuropathy characterized by a loss in conduction velocity shown as early as 80-90 days after birth and maintained throughout life. At later stages (5-6 months of age) there is a drop in slow transport and myelin particle density. These changes are correlated by a lack of response to insulin treatment, which, prior to this stage, is capable of improving nerve conduction velocity (NCV). On the other hand gangliosides became effective, improving NCV, myelin particle density and sensory perception (auditory deficit) at 5 months of age in the db/db mouse. We presume that this differential neuronal response to insulin and gangliosides indicates a change of the neuropathy from a metabolic stage to neuronal. Alloxan induced diabetic neuropathy is treatable with gangliosides even 30 days after intoxication.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of the effect of cochlear perfusion with ouabain on summating potentials and distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the guinea pig.

In order to investigate whether or not the summating potential (SP) and the 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) are due to related cochlear non-linearities, their behavior was studied in the guinea pig after intracochlear perfusion with ouabain and subsequent rinsing. The SP was evoked with either 4 or 8 kHz tone bursts, and the 2f1-f2 DPOAE was evoked with simultaneous presentations of 6.6 and 8 kHz continuous tones. After ouabain perfusion, DPOAE was dramatically reduced while the SP underwent only a small reduction. After rinsing out the ouabain with artificial perilymph, the DPOAE showed partial recovery while the SP displayed a large and long-lasting increase when compared to its a initial value. These results suggest that the non-linear processes giving rise to the SP and DPOAE are not identical.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

Click- and tone-burst-evoked otoacoustic emissions in normally hearing ears and in ears with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss.

Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) evoked by clicks and tone bursts (TBs) were measured using a minor modification of the 1987 Bray and Kemp system in normal and hearing-impaired ears with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Sixty ears of 60 subjects were tested. The average behavioral hearing threshold of 20 normally hearing ears was measured for the different "nonlinear" stimulus groups and defined as 0 dBnHL. Emissions were recorded in another 20 normally hearing ears and in 20 ears with steep high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss above 2kHz. An unfiltered click of 80 microseconds duration and TBs at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 kHz served as stimuli. The ears with high-frequency hearing loss were clearly distinguished from the normal ears in that emission energy decreased with higher frequency stimuli above 2 kHz. The mean slopes of the response-growth functions were significantly higher at lower audiometric thresholds. The normal ears showed a slope of 0.21-0.35 dB/dBnHL above 2 kHz while the slope of the pathological ears was 0.04-0.13 dB/dBnHL. These differences in TBOAEs could possibly be used clinically to carry out hearing tests that are more frequency-specific than those measuring solely click-evoked OAEs. Pathological ears had emissions in the lower frequency range, where they had a normal audiometric threshold. However, these emissions had significantly far lower amplitudes at frequencies around 0.5 and 1 kHz when compared to normal ears. This reduced emission energy may indicate a cochlear impairment of the pathological ears in frequency ranges where they still had normal audiometric thresholds.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of compound action potential audiograms with distortion product otoacoustic emissions in experimentally induced hydrops.

Endolymphatic hydrops was induced in a series of adult pigmented guinea pigs. Distortion product oto-acoustic emissions in general reflected the typical form of the hydropic compound action potential (CAP) audiogram, either with predominant low-frequency losses or a relatively flat audiogram. However, at certain two-tone combinations in some control ears the emissions could be smaller than expected from respective CAP audiograms, while in some hydropic ears the emissions could be larger than expected. The data presented here suggest that whilst the diagnostic value of distortion product emissions in the clinical situation might, at this time, be limited, the data from these emissions can give some insight into tonotopic hair cell function.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Influence of static middle ear pressure on transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions and distortion products.

Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) are influenced in their amplitude and frequency spectra by the middle ear. The effects of changes in the middle ear transmission mechanisms on transiently evoked OAE (TEOAE) and distortion product emissions (DPOAE) were investigated as a function of static ear canal pressure in 25 normal-hearing test persons aged 18-35 years. The ear canal pressure was varied stepwise between positive and negative values of 200 daPa. TEOAE and DPOAE amplitudes were attenuated significantly with changes of the static ear canal pressure, with greatest changes at low frequencies (< 2 kHz). The alterations of OAE amplitude were slightly dependent on the polarity of the pressure, with positive pressure producing a greater attenuation (0.6 dB). The results demonstrate that changes in middle ear impedance can cause a misinterpretation of OAE. To avoid this problem, tympanometry should always precede OAE measurements. Alternatively, both methods can be combined using one acoustic probe, so that the emissions can be evoked at the peak of middle ear compliance.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1996

Hearing in the FM-bat Phyllostomus discolor: a behavioral audiogram.

Absolute auditory thresholds of six adult lesser spear-nosed bats Phyllostomus discolor (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) were determined in a two-alternative forced-choice procedure. Behavioral response to pure tone stimuli could be elicited throughout the tested frequency range of 5-142 kHz. The shape of the average audiogram is characterized by two sensitivity peaks and a pronounced increase of thresholds around 55 kHz, and towards the limits of the tested frequency range. The spectral extent of both sensitivity peaks shows a close relation to the bandwidth of two types of species-specific vocalizations. The first low threshold area (> 10 and < 55 kHz) of the audiogram seems perfectly adapted to the directive call used for intraspecifc communication, whereas the second sensitivity peak, centered around 85 kHz, covers most of the bandwidth of the species' echolocation calls.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

Responses of single neurones in cat auditory cortex to time-varying stimuli: frequency-modulated tones of narrow excursion.

In the primary auditory cortex of cats anaesthetized with nitrous oxide, single neurones were examined with respect to their responses to tone bursts and linear modulations of the frequency of an on-going continuous tone. Using FM ramps of 2.0 kHz excursion and varying centre frequency, each of 39 neurones was examined for its preference for the direction of frequency change of a ramp whose centre frequency was varied in and around the neurone's response area. Direction preference was strictly associated with the slopes of the cell's spike count-versus-frequency function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. Preferences for upward- and downward-directed ramps were associated with the low- and high-frequency slopes of the spike count function, respectively. The strength of the cell's direction preference was associated with the relative steepness of the spike count function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. The timing of discharges elicited by the frequency modulations was found to be the sum of the cell's latent period for tone bursts plus the time after ramp onset that the stimulus frequency fell within the neurone's response area. The implications of these data for the processing of narrow and broad frequency-modulated ramps are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Variant and invariant characteristics of speech movements.

Upper lip, lower lip, and jaw kinematics during select speech behaviors were studied in an attempt to identify potential invariant characteristics associated with this highly skilled motor behavior. Data indicated that speech motor actions are executed and planned presumably in terms of relatively invariant combined multimovement gestures. In contrast, the individual upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements and their moment-to-moment coordination were executed in a variable manner, demonstrating substantial motor equivalence. Based on the trial-to-trial variability in the movement amplitudes, absolute positions, and velocities of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw, it appears that speech motor planning is not formulated in terms of spatial coordinates. Seemingly, object-level planning for speech may be encoded in relation to the acoustic consequences of the movements and ultimately with regard to listener's auditory perceptions. In addition, certain temporal parameters among the three movements (relative times of movement onsets and velocity peaks) were related stereotypically, reflecting invariances characteristic of more automatic motor behaviors such as chewing and locomotion. These data thus appear to provide some additional insights into the hierarchy of multimovement control. At the top of the motor control hierarchy, the overall plan appears to be generated with explicit specification of certain temporal parameters. Subsequently, based upon the plan and within that stereotypic temporal framework, covariable adjustments among the individual movements are implemented. Given the results of previous perturbation studies, it is hypothesized that these covariable velocity and amplitude adjustments reflect the action of sensorimotor mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The effect of smoking on perception of muscle tension.

It has been suggested that smoking may reduce affect in high-arousal situations by blocking peripheral physiological cues. The effects of smoking on perception of one type of physiological response, muscle activity, was evaluated in two studies. In study 1 male and female smokers were exposed to four conditions: high and low arousal crossed with smoking or deprivation. Results showed that smokers produce less muscle activity during high- than low-arousal situations, and that smoking reduced sensitivity to muscle activity in females, but enhanced it in males. These perception differences were not related to arousal as assessed by heart rate, which was elevated in all high-arousal situations. When compared to nonsmokers, smokers in a deprived state generate more muscle activity during the perception task, but showed no differences in sensitivity. These results represent the initial demonstration that smoking can alter the perception of physiological processes. Study 2 was designed to determine whether the effects of smoking were specific to muscle tension or indicative of a more generalized perceptual change. Perception of muscle tension and decibel levels were compared in smoking or deprived female smokers who were in the high-arousal situation. Results for muscle-tension perception in high-arousal situations were similar to those in study 1, but smoking did not alter perception of auditory stimuli.

Adolescent↗