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Results for “Developmental Disabilities”

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PubMed1985

Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist profiles with developmentally disabled children: construct validity.

The clinical utility and construct validity of seven new MCBC behavior profiles were evaluated and compared to the original four behavior profiles. The relationship between the seven new behavior profiles and the clinical findings and recommendations that stem from an interdisciplinary evaluation of children referred to a clinic for development disabilities was determined. The seven cluster solution classified equally as well as the four cluster solution, but with increased differentiation into more specific internalizing and externalizing behavior profile subgroups. Construct validity information was provided for several of the new profiles in terms of the association with clinical findings of behavior problems and recommendations for therapy.

Aggression↗

PubMed1997

Parvovirus B19-antibody serosurvey in 500 developmentally disabled subjects.

Sera of 500 residents were screened for parvovirus B19 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive IgM and equivocal IgG or IgM results were confirmed by immunofluorescent antibody and Western blot. IgM was detected in 13 sera (2.6%), and IgG was detected in 285 (57%). Records of IgM-positive residents contained no evidence of erythema infectiosum or polyarthropathy.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Dual diagnoses. Psychiatric disorders in developmental disabilities.

A high prevalence of psychiatric illness exists in persons with mental retardation. Among children with mild to moderate retardation, psychiatric illnesses resemble those seen in the general population. Major affective disorders, ADHD, and conduct disorder are common and respond to the same interventions used in children without mental retardation. Persons with severe to profound retardation are more likely to engage in stereotypies and self-injurious behaviors. In addition, certain specific syndromes associated with mental retardation present with particular neurocognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric profiles. Common examples are fetal alcohol syndrome, Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Specific challenges exist for pediatricians who diagnose and treat patients with mental retardation and psychiatric illness. The child's impaired ability to communicate his or her thoughts and feelings with words makes clinical history taking difficult. The clinician must frequently rely on the observation of family members and teachers. An understanding of developmental profiles and interpersonal, peer, and family dynamics is important. Specific behaviors must be targeted and realistic objectives set in treatment planning, which may include psychotherapy, medication, behavior management techniques, and rehabilitation therapy.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A preliminary comparison of guided compliance and high-probability instructional sequences as treatment for noncompliance in children with developmental disabilities.

The efficacy of guided compliance and high-probability instructional sequences was compared with two children referred to an outpatient clinic for treatment of noncompliance. Parents were taught to implement the procedures in their homes, and parent-training outcomes for the two interventions were compared in terms of treatment effectiveness, procedural integrity, and parent satisfaction. Levels of compliance were higher under guided compliance than under high-probability instructional sequences. Nevertheless, parents rapidly learned to implement both treatments with a high degree of accuracy and reported equal satisfaction with the procedures.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Significance of a bar/bat mitzvah ceremony for parents of Jewish children with developmental disabilities.

In the Jewish religion, a bar or bat mitzvah ceremony is the rite of passage from childhood towards adulthood. Twenty-one youngsters who attended two special education schools in Israel participated in group bar/bat mitzvah ceremonies. Parents were interviewed both before the learning process and after the ceremony. Findings showed that the bar/bat mitzvah experience was a positive multidimensional one. Dimensions identified were bar/bat mitzvah as a transition, a normative, and a religious experience; an event leading to a sense of connectedness; an opportunity for the enhancement of self-image; and a peak life experience.

Ceremonial Behavior↗

PubMed2006

Enhancing frequency recording by developmental disabilities treatment staff.

We evaluated a staff training and management package for increasing accuracy of recording frequency of problem behavior in a residential care facility. A multiple baseline design across the first and second work shifts showed that 2 of 8 participants increased their accuracy following in-service training, and all 8 improved during a condition with supervisor presence and feedback. Improvements were maintained when feedback was removed and generalized to activity periods when neither supervisor presence nor feedback was provided. Other staff behavior was not adversely affected by the intervention package.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Perceptions of services and resources as mediators of depression among parents of children with developmental disabilities.

Path analysis was used to test the effects of resource perceptions and respite use in a theoretical model of parental adaptation to children with disabilities The amount and quality of respite indirectly affected parental depression via parent's perceptions of the adequacy of baby sitting and the time the parent had for herself or himself. Both quality and respite use were related to the helpfulness of the parent's social network. The strongest predictor of depression was the parent's perception of time resources, which was influenced by the amount of care the child required, the adequacy of money, and baby sitting resources.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Global-local precedence in the perception of facial age and emotional expression by children with autism and other developmental disabilities.

Global information processing and perception of facial age and emotional expression was studied in children with autism, language disorders, mental retardation, and a clinical control group. Children were given a global-local task and asked to recognize age and emotion in human and canine faces. Children with autism made fewer global responses and more errors when recognizing human and canine emotions and canine age than children without autism. Significant relationships were found between global information processing and the recognition of human and canine emotions and canine age. Results are discussed with respect to the relationship between global information processing and face perception and neural structures underlying these abilities.

Affect↗

PubMed2004

Status of end of life care in organizations providing services for older people with a developmental disability.

Volunteers of America conducted a national survey of directors of 500 organizations providing services to older people with an intellectual disability in order to establish a baseline for assessing current status of end of life care. The questionnaire contained 56 questions. The return rate was 32% (N = 160). Data analysis provided an overview of organizational needs, resource allocations, end of life care services currently provided, obstacles to care, methods for monitoring such care, and existing and recommended strategies for improving this care. Results underscored the needs for practical guidelines and resources, increased staffing and training, and policy-level reduction of obstacles to promote improved end of life care.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Treatment efficacy research: a window into genetic and neurodevelopmental correlates of developmental disabilities.

This issue of MRDD research reviews is dedicated to treatment efficacy research. The treatment of MRDD conditions has long been a central question, but the clinical science of treatment efficacy has not yet been systematically applied to many MRDD typologies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of this special issue and to provide a rationale for including treatment efficacy research as a tool for studying selected neurological development and genetic correlates of MRDD. Existing treatment efficacy paradigms should be applied systematically to relevant populations (and theoretical questions) and new, objectively tested paradigms should be developed in order to integrate ongoing discovery in MRDD.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2005

The EPICure study: associations and antecedents of neurological and developmental disability at 30 months of age following extremely preterm birth.

AIMS: To describe perinatal factors associated with later morbidity among extremely preterm children at 30 months of age corrected for prematurity. POPULATION: Of 308 surviving children born at <or=25 weeks gestation in the United Kingdom and Ireland from March to December 1995, 283 (92%) were evaluated at 30 months of age corrected for prematurity. METHODS: Cerebral palsy, severe motor disability, and Bayley scores were used as dependent variables in sequential multiple regression analyses to identify factors associated with adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Adverse outcomes were consistently more common in boys. Factors related to perinatal illness, ultrasound evidence of brain injury, and treatment (particularly postnatal steroids) were associated with adverse motor outcomes (cerebral palsy, disability or Bayley psychomotor development index). Increasing duration of postnatal steroid treatment was associated with poor motor outcomes. A score was developed for severe motor disability with good negative predictive value. In contrast, mental development was associated with a broader range of factors: ethnic group, maternal educational level, the use of antenatal steroids, and prolonged rupture of membranes in addition to chronic lung disease. CONCLUSION: Male sex is a pervasive risk factor for poor outcome at extremely low gestations. Avoidable or effective treatment factors are identified, which may indicate the potential for improving outcome.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed1986

In-home versus clinic-based services for the developmentally disabled child: who is the primary client--parent or child?

This paper analyzes two different approaches to service delivery, in-home and clinic-based, in order to assist planners and clinicians in utilizing the merits of both systems most effectively. The two systems are compared and contrasted along the following variables: team process, identified client, pace of treatment, and degree of coverage. Using these variables as a guideline, this paper proposes that the degree to which the family's priorities are similar or dissimilar to the priorities of the organization determines the degree of effectiveness of home-based or clinic-based services. This proposal is discussed and case histories illustrating this premise are presented.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed1992

Listening preferences in regard to speech in four children with developmental disabilities.

In a previous experimental study of children's listening responses in regard to speech sounds, autistic children showed preferential patterns which were in sharp contrast to a group of mentally-handicapped and normally-developing children. The present study reports the data obtained for four children whose clinical diagnosis (1) became available only some time after the study was carried out, and/or (2) differed from previously recorded clinical impressions. The results obtained support previous findings according to which a lack of attraction to speech sounds appears to be a feature of young autistic children's overall disregard to people. The present technique is discussed as a viable method to examine experimentally young autistic children's social unresponsiveness.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1999

Needs and supports reported by Latino families of young children with developmental disabilities.

We interviewed 200 Latino parents (50 Mexican couples, 50 Puerto Rican couples) living in the United States to determine needs and supports related to raising a child with a disability and to identify variables related to reported needs and supports. The pattern of needs expressed was similar to that found in previous studies, but the number was substantially higher. More support was reported from family and formal sources than from friends or informal sources. Using repeated measures of analysis of covariance involving six family variables and three child variables, we found that English language proficiency was the only variable to account for significant variance in needs and supports.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1991

The pediatrician and early intervention for the developmentally disabled or handicapped child.

New federal legislation involving infants at risk for handicaps and their families, in the form of Public Law 99-457, will rely on interaction between pediatricians and other professionals to maximize health and social benefits. Involvement in early identification and remediation of infants at risk is a role well suited to the primary care pediatrician. Early Intervention Programs offer remediation and enhancement of development for children at biologic or environmental risk. Pediatricians should be alert to screen, identify, and assess children who may be helped by Early Intervention Programs. The primary care pediatrician should work with children who have these problems, help coordinate care, and serve as an advocate for the child and family.

Child Advocacy↗

PubMed1997

Disaggregating parental depression and family stress in assessing families of children with developmental disabilities: a multisample analysis.

The psychometric properties of a 5-item subcomponent (DEP5) of Factor 1, Parent and Family Problems, of the Friedrich Questionnaire on Resources and Stress were examined to determine whether these items formed a depression subcomponent of the larger family stress factor. Data were pooled from two samples numbering more than 450 respondents. Internal analyses established that the DEP5 had adequate internal reliability and stability over 2 years. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the DEP5 measured depressive reactions as distinct from other parent and family problems. These results should be useful to researchers who want to reanalyze the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress data specifically for depressive reactions. Also, the technique for disaggregating global instruments can be applied to other variables.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

Effects of risperidone on destructive behavior of persons with developmental disabilities: III. Functional analysis.

Functional analyses were conducted during a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the atypical antipsychotic medication risperidone with 13 individuals. Risperidone was effective in reducing destructive behavior (compared to placebo) for 10 participants. For 7 of these responders, an undifferentiated pattern of responding occurred across their baseline functional analysis conditions (i.e., a similar rate of responding across conditions), and risperidone treatment produced nonspecific reductions of their destructive behavior across functional analysis conditions. For the remaining 3 responders, a differentiated pattern of responding occurred across their baseline functional analysis conditions (i.e., an elevated rate of responding occurred in a specific condition), and risperidone treatment produced function-specific reductions of their destructive behavior.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A review of "noncontingent" reinforcement as treatment for the aberrant behavior of individuals with developmental disabilities.

The term noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) refers to the delivery of an aberrant behavior's known reinforcer on a response-independent basis. The typical result is a decrease in responding from baseline (i.e., reinforcement) levels. NCR has become one of the most reported function-based treatments for aberrant behavior in the recent literature. The purpose of this review is to briefly discuss the history of the procedure and summarize the findings from the treatment research literature. The review is organized into the following sections: (a) basic research on NCR, (b) NCR as a control procedure, (c) NCR as a function-based treatment, (d) considerations in the programming of NCR schedules, (e) behavior-change mechanisms underlying NCR effects, and (t) directions for future research.

Child Behavior Disorders↗