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PubMed1977

The renin-angiotensin system and thirst: a reevaluation. II. Drinking elicited in rats by caval ligation or isoproterenol.

Ligation of the inferior vena cava and administration of isoproterenol have been shown to stimulate renin secretion and to augment water intake in rats. However, the present experiments suggested that the plasma renin activities produced by these treatments do not account for more than 20% of the observed drinking behavior. Direct measurements of arterial blood pressure further indicated that nephrectomized rats go into hypotensive shock after caval ligation or isoproterenol treatment. Drinking was elicited in these hypotensive animals by systemic injection of hypertonic NaCl solution, renin, or Pitressin, or by intracranial injection of angiotensin, but in each case a rapid increase in blood pressure also was observed. Thus, it appears that nephrectomy reduces water intake in these animals by undermining their general capacity to behave rather than by removing a specific dipsogenic stimulus. These and other results suggested that drinking elicited in rats by caval ligation or isoproterenol is not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1990

Problem drinking and alcohol problems. Widening the circle of covariation.

This chapter reviews research pertaining to two basic premises regarding problem drinking: that a conceptual clarification is necessary, one which makes an explicit distinction between drinking behavior and alcohol-related problems or adverse consequences, and that an adequate theory of problem drinking must extend beyond the alcohol-specific theories to a broad matrix of biological, behavioral, psychological, and social variables. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of drinking in nonclinical populations show that levels of alcohol consumption are only moderately related to alcohol-related adverse consequences, and that a broad array of variables mediate the extent to which normal-population drinkers will be vulnerable to alcohol problems. Factors contributing to differential vulnerability to alcohol problems include the concurrent use of other drugs, engaging in other problem behaviors, personality characteristics such as impulsivity, prior depression, and a lack of social conformity or conventionality, the lack of a protective family environment, stress, and being female. A model of problem drinking consisting of overlapping, but distinct sets of predictors for drinking behavior and alcohol-related adverse consequences is proposed.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2001

Increased ethanol self-administration in delta-opioid receptor knockout mice.

BACKGROUND: The role of the delta-opioid receptor in ethanol drinking has remained unclear despite the use of traditional pharmacological and correlational approaches. The results of several studies suggest that pharmacological blockade of these receptors results in decreases in ethanol drinking behavior, but an approximately equal number of reports have failed to observe an effect of delta-receptor antagonism on ethanol drinking. It is clear that alternative approaches to understanding opioid-receptor involvement in ethanol drinking are needed. METHODS: In this study, ethanol drinking was examined in delta-opioid receptor knockout (KO) mice by using first a two-bottle-choice test, then an operant self-administration paradigm and a second two-bottle-choice test, in that order. In addition, because KO mice were previously shown to display enhanced anxiety-like behavior relative to wild-type (WT) mice, the effect of ethanol self-administration on anxiety-like responses was determined. RESULTS: delta KO mice initially showed no evidence of a preference for ethanol in the first two-bottle-choice drinking test; however, after an experience of operant self-administration of ethanol, a preference for ethanol developed in the second two-bottle-choice test. KO mice also showed a preference for ethanol over water and self-administered more ethanol than WT mice in the operant self-administration paradigm. The ethanol self-administered in this procedure was sufficient to reverse the innate anxiety-like response observed in this strain. CONCLUSIONS: delta KO mice showed a greater preference for ethanol and consumed more ethanol than their WT counterparts, suggesting that a decrease in delta-receptor activity is associated with increased ethanol-drinking behavior. It is hypothesized that delta receptors may influence ethanol self-administration at least partly through an effect of these receptors on anxiety-like behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Parabrachial nuclei damage in infant rats produces residual deficits in gustatory preferences/aversions and sodium appetite.

Ten-day-old rats sustained bilateral electrolytic lesions of the parabrachial nuclei in the pons (PBN). Growth measures and tests of sensorimotor, feeding and drinking behaviors, sodium appetite, and gustatory capacities were made between ages 1 and 150 days. PBN rats displayed a transient period of attenuated suckling, as evidenced by body weight loss. When tested soon after weaning, PBN rats were hyperdipsic in response to cellular dehydration and during food deprivation. This effect, however, was temporary. When tested as adults, PBN rats were hypodipsic in response to extracellular fluid volume depletion, they displayed alterations in sodium appetite, showed "exaggerated" preferences and aversions to saccharin and NaCl solutions, and they displayed attenuated quinine aversions. These results are generally similar to the behaviors of rats sustaining more central gustatory pathway lesions as adults. The functional significance of the PBN in the developing rat for preference/aversion and sodium appetite behaviors are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Normative misperceptions and temporal precedence of perceived norms and drinking.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research has shown that students overestimate the drinking of their peers, and that perceived norms are strongly associated with drinking behavior. Explanations for these findings have been based largely on cross-sectional data, precluding the ability to evaluate the stability of normative misperceptions or to disentangle the direction of influence between perceived norms and drinking. The present research was designed to evaluate (1) the stability of normative misperceptions and (2) temporal precedence of perceived norms and drinking. METHOD: Participants were college students (N = 164; 94 women) who completed assessments of perceived norms and reported behavior for drinking frequency and weekly quantity. Most participants (68%) completed the same measures again two months later. RESULTS: Results indicated large and stable overestimations of peer drinking for frequency and weekly quantity. Results also showed that for weekly quantity, perceived norms predicted later drinking, but drinking also predicted later perceived norms. Results for frequency revealed perceived norms predicted later drinking, but drinking did not predict later perceived norms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the importance of longitudinal designs in evaluating normative influences on drinking. The present findings suggest that normative misperceptions are stable, at least over a relatively short time period. Findings support a mutual influence model of the relationship between perceived norms and drinking quantity but are more strongly associated with conformity explanations for the relationship between perceived norms and drinking frequency. Results are discussed in terms of implications for prevention interventions.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethanol self-administration in ALKO rats: I. Effects of selection and concentration.

The ALKO Alcohol Accepting (AA) rats and Alcohol Non-Accepting (ANA) rats were used to study the relationship between ethanol preference in a two-bottle choice paradigm and oral ethanol self-administration in an operant conditioning paradigm. Ethanol served as a positive reinforcer in the preferring AA line. Under a continuous reinforcement schedule (FR 1), ethanol deliveries were consistently greater than water (vehicle) deliveries and varied as an orderly inverted U-shaped function of ethanol concentration. Conversely, in nonpreferring ANA animals, ethanol did not serve as a reinforcer. Findings obtained with the AA rats were compared with those obtained with Sprague-Dawley rats. Sprague-Dawley rats maintained higher levels of responding and greater ethanol intake, relative to AA rats, at all concentrations of ethanol tested. The data are consistent with evidence that genotype is a critical factor in determining the extent to which ethanol serves as a reinforcer. The results also suggest that ethanol preference and the maintenance of ethanol reinforced behavior under operant conditions appear to have some common mechanisms. However, since the selection for ethanol preference in AA rats apparently did not maximize the maintenance of ethanol-reinforced behavior in an operant paradigm, ethanol drinking behavior in the preference paradigm may not be completely generalizable to that observed in the operant model.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The abstinence violation effect and circumstances surrounding relapse as predictors of outcome status in male alcoholic outpatients.

The hypothesis that the cultural delusion among alcoholics--that "one drink makes a drunk"--is critical in determining how the individual copes with a "slip" was examined in a sample of 82 outpatient alcoholics taking part in an abstinence-based alcohol-recovery program. No evidence was found to suggest that the cultural delusion, as measured by the Schaeffer questionnaire, was a factor in predicting postslip drinking behavior. However, circumstances surrounding the first drink--mood state, time of day, place, company, and the number of drinks taken in that session--predicted future drinking status.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Alcohol use in motion pictures and its relation with early-onset teen drinking.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the impact of viewing depictions of alcohol in entertainment media on adolescent drinking behavior. Our aims were to assess drinking in a sample of popular contemporary movies and to examine the association of movie alcohol exposure with early-onset drinking in an adolescent sample. METHOD: We conducted a school-based cross-sectional survey (N=4655) with longitudinal follow-up of never-drinkers (N=2406) involving adolescents ages 10-14 years and recruited from 15 New Hampshire and Vermont schools. Screen depictions of alcohol use were timed for each of 601 popular contemporary movies. Each adolescent was asked if he/she had seen a unique list of 50 movie titles, randomly selected from the larger pool. Movie alcohol use was summed for movies the adolescent had seen, adjusted to reflect exposure to the larger pool and modeled as a continuous variable. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of the movies in the sample depicted drinking; median screen time for movie alcohol use was 2.5 minutes (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.9-5.0 minutes). Median exposure to movie alcohol use from the 601 movies was 8.6 hours (IQR: 4.6-13.5 hours). Overall 23.1% of the cross-sectional sample had tried alcohol, and 14.8% of initial nondrinkers had tried alcohol at the follow-up assessment. We found statistical evidence to support a curvilinear association between higher exposure to movie alcohol use and increased risk of prevalent and incident alcohol use, with a statistically significant linear and quadratic effect, and suggesting a higher dose-effect relationship at lower movie alcohol exposure levels compared to higher levels. The linear and the quadratic associations remained strong and significant in cross-sectional and prospective models after controlling for sociodemographics (grade in school, school, gender, parent education), personality characteristics of the adolescent (sensation seeking, rebelliousness, self-esteem), school performance, parenting style, and smoking experimentation, suggesting that exposure to movie alcohol use is an independent risk factor for early-onset alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence for an association between exposure to movie alcohol use and early-onset teen drinking. The association is moderate in effect size and independent of a number of potential confounders. Because exposure to movie alcohol use is common, it may have important population implications as a potentially modifiable risk factor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Judicial involvement and conduct problems of fathers of infants born to adolescent mothers.

Data were obtained from retrospective review of 191 patient records to determine the extent and types of conduct problems among fathers of infants born to adolescent mothers. Ninety-eight fathers (51%) reported having committed a legal offense prior to the pregnancy. This rate appears substantially greater than rates of arrests of adolescents in the general population. When paired data for couples were analyzed, there was great similarity for severity of offense. Fathers, however, had committed more severe crimes than their partners. Male offenders came from families of lower socioeconomic status backgrounds and more single-parent families and were less frequently employed or in school (or graduated) than nonoffenders. They also had been more involved with various other problem behaviors, such as a previous pregnancy, drinking behavior, and behavior problems at school. There was a clustering of problem behaviors among offenders suggesting psychosocial maladjustment prior to the pregnancy. Our results suggest an association between fatherhood and delinquency among partners of adolescent mothers. It appears that these fathers form a heterogeneous group. Although some young fathers may be well adjusted, others have significant psychologic problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Fathers' and mothers' participation in research.

This study investigated the participation rates of fathers, as compared to mothers, in research related to parent and older adolescent psychological symptoms, drinking behavior, and perceived competence. Fathers and mothers did not differ in their rates of participation in the research (59% and 65%, respectively). Additionally, few differences were found between participating and nonparticipating parents. Implications for fathers' and mothers' involvement in research on the family are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

[Internalized norms and social norms relating to negative health behaviors. The relationship of sociodemographic characteristics and reference groups].

So-called "negative health behaviors" (e.g. smoking, excessive eating/drinking), which are related to morbidity and mortality, are generally well known to the public. However there are many who undertake negative health behaviors despite knowing of their negative health effects. Using a mail survey of subjects aged 25 to 54, we examined reasons and justifications for engaging in negative health behaviors and their related factors from the lay person's perspective. Concerning the reasons for negative health behaviors, we hypothesized seven concepts (work priority, group harmony priority, the contribution to relaxation, tools for communication, prior orientation focused on the present, individualistic priority, and appearance), and devised multiple questions for each concept. The results are as follows. 1. Compared to females, males tended to support of the five concepts about the internalized norms concerned with negative health behaviors (e.g. the tendency of each individual to approve or disapprove of the reasons for negative health behaviors). In females, the younger generation and those that were married expressed more support than the older and the unmarried. There were differences in males according to occupation. 2. Concerning which reference groups had the largest influence on the social norms concerned with negative health behaviors (e.g. the perceptions as to what degree a group regards the reasons about negative health behaviors as desirable), most perceived that the "office" and "friends" groups would be more supportive of reasons for negative health behaviors than the "family" groups. 3. The health behaviors, which correlated with the internalized norms or the social norms concerned with negative health behaviors, were eating breakfast, smoking, and drinking (frequency and amount). In particular, drinking behavior was influenced most by the internalized norms and the social norms.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Social norms marketing: a prevention strategy to decrease high-risk drinking among college students.

We describe a social-norms marketing approach to moderating college student drinking behaviors and correcting student misperceptions about campus drinking. The intervention has the potential to be applied to other health behaviors where misperceptions abound, such as those related to cigarette smoking, eating disorders, sexual health, and sexual assault. Even though nurses are actively working on alcohol and other drug (AOD) prevention efforts on college campuses, little data based research have been published. Collaborative efforts between faculty from different disciplines, including nursing and nurse health educators, can be an effective combination for preventing alcohol abuse and for initiating sound research-based campus prevention programs.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2002

The relations of anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and alexithymic coping to young adults' motivations for drinking.

The authors examined whether motivations for drinking alcohol are associated with the anxiety-related dispositional tendencies of anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and alexithymic coping. The authors administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Experiential Avoidance Scale, 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Revised Drinking Motives Questionnaire, and a demographics questionnaire to 182 university drinkers. In multiple regressions, the dispositional factors significantly predicted the risky drinking motives of coping, enhancement, and conformity. Coping and enhancement motives were significantly predicted by experiential avoidance. Conformity motives were significantly and independently predicted by anxiety sensitivity and alexithymia. The process of experiential avoidance mediated the bivariate correlation between anxiety sensitivity and coping-motivated drinking to a greater extent than did the process of alexithymic coping. The authors discuss the observed relations in regard to the psychological functions of drinking behavior that may portend the development of heavy drinking and alcohol problems in dispositionally vulnerable individuals. They also review implications for refinements of behavior therapy for problem drinkers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Do alcohol expectancies become intoxicated outcomes? A test of social-learning theory in a naturalistic bar setting.

According to social-learning theory, alcohol outcome expectancies (AOEs) are important motivators of drinking behavior that are reinforced, in part, as a result of one's direct experience with alcohol's intoxicating effects. To date, limited research has been conducted in naturalistic bar settings to examine the congruency between AOEs held prior to drinking and individuals' subjective perceptions of post-drinking outcomes. The present study was designed to fill this void. Fifty regular bar patrons (30 males and 20 females) participated. Prior to the initiation of the drinking episode, expected alcohol effects and associated valences were assessed using the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol (CEOA) questionnaire [Fromme, Stroot, and Kaplan, (1993) 19]. At the conclusion of the drinking episode, all individuals completed the CEOA that was modified in order to assess their subjective alcohol-related outcomes. Overall, while individuals' intoxicated outcomes generally mirrored their pre-drinking AOEs, a lack of congruency was observed with respect to alcohol-related risk and aggression, such that participants reported feeling less aggressive and more disinclined to engage in risky behavior than they had expected as a result of consuming alcohol. As well, two presumably negative (i.e., behavioral impairment and self-perception) and one positive (i.e., liquid courage) alcohol-related outcomes were rated more favorably at the end of the drinking episode. Finally, a main effect for gender was found for specific AOEs. The implications of these findings for social-learning explanations of drinking behavior are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Intra-VTA injections of the mu-opioid antagonist CTOP enhance locomotor activity.

In this paper we report on the effects of microinjections of the mu-opioid antagonist CTOP (D-Pen-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on activity and ingestive behavior in the rat. Intra-VTA CTOP (0.015, 0.15, and 1.5 nmol per side) dose-dependently increased activity, whereas it had no effect on feeding and drinking behavior. These results are consistent with previous reports that intra-VTA injections of CTOP enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, we propose a model of VTA mu-opioid mechanisms that might account for these surprising effects of intra-VTA CTOP.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1998

A methodological improvement and system validation to obtain precise behavioral parameters for schedule-induced polydipsia.

A Schedule-Induced Polydipsia (SIP) animal behaviors monitor system was devised. The system included a software package to acquire data and to format the data storage of the animal behavior in the experiment was designed. Data analysis software will also extract the necessary information from recorded data. The SIP experimental apparatus consists of a number of subsystems. They are operant chambers, event counters, signal acquisition and storage system. The operant chamber is equipped with hopper, pellet and lick sensor and locomotion detector. The data acquisition and storage subsystem are custom designed that run on IBM-PC. The discrete time markers for pellet drop, bar pressing and licking water were recorded at 200 Hz. The image of rat locomotion was recorded at 10 Hz. A test of four different stages of animal to verify the accuracy of the system was reported in this article. The food-deprived rats that were exposed to the intermittent food schedule (1 per minute) exhibit an excess drinking behavior. The animal behaviors that were monitored during the scheduled events are adjunctive, facultative and terminal behavior. The volume of water intake was also recorded for reference. The real time data is stored chronologically into two types of data file. Therefore, a special data analysis procedure is designed to extract the results for off-line statistic analysis. The extracted parameters for animal behaviors analyzing including drinking efficiency, inter-lick intervals, number of drinking bursts, size of burst, temporal distribution of licking, temporal distribution of bar pressing and locomotion. The system can be employed in many different SIP studies such as investigating the effect of acute and chronic influence of amphetamine.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Subfornical organ: forebrain site of pressor and dipsogenic action of angiotensin II.

Intracranial injection of angiotensin II (AII) at three brain sites elicited near simultaneous dipsogenic and pressor effects in rats. Both effects were maximal, occurred with the shortest latencies, and at the lowest doses of AII when the cannula terminated precisely within the parenchyma of the subfornical organ (SFO). Pressor effects were produced by SFO injection of a dose of AII (0.1 pg) which approximates plasma AII concentrations at the high end of the physiological range. Both the drinking and pressor effects were blocked by saralasin. Injections of AII at sites immediately adjacent to SFO produced smaller effects with longer latencies. These results ruled out the possibility that SFO injections were effective via leakage to alternative sites. The pressor effect of AII at the SFO remained in animals under chloralose anesthesia, demonstrating that it is not an artifact of drinking behavior. These results indicate that the SFO is a site of AII pressor action, and confirm previous demonstrations that the structure is a site of AII drinking action.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed2002

Effects of a social norm feedback campaign on the drinking norms and behavior of Division I student-athletes.

Social norm feedback is a promising strategy for reducing alcohol misuse on college campuses. However, little is known about the impact of these interventions on at-risk populations, such as student-athletes. This study examined the effects of a campus-wide media campaign on Division I student-athletes at three universities. A discriminant function analysis revealed that a composite measure of perceived campus drinking norms distinguished between two campaign exposure groups. With the exception of one perceived norm measure (closest friends), the campaign-exposed group reported more conservative estimates of alcohol use in peers. However, there was no evidence that the campaign had reduced alcohol use. The inability of the campaign to reduce perceptions of alcohol use among one's closest friends may have accounted for the lack of change in drinking behavior. Discussion is directed to the potential limitations of using social norm feedback campaigns to reduce alcohol misuse in high-risk groups, such as student-athletes.

Adult↗