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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Nursing frequency and the energy intake from breast milk and supplementary food in a rural Thai population: a longitudinal study.

A group of 60 infants representative of a rural Thai population were studied longitudinally over the first year of life. Their breast milk intake, supplementary food intake and nursing patterns were measured for 2 consecutive days at about 15, 45, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days of age. For the sample as a whole, the estimated peak value for energy intake from breast milk was 529 kcal (2213 kJ) and occurred at 34 days post-partum. Thereafter milk intake declined, with 40% of infants fully weaned by the end of the first year. Supplements were introduced early, with 15% of infants supplemented by 2 weeks and 68% by 6 weeks. Higher levels of supplementation were associated with lower breast milk intake. In addition there was an independent positive effect of nursing patterns (number of breast feeds per day). Interaction terms show that both supplementary feeding and number of feeds have quantitatively different effects at different ages: breast milk intake varies more with level of supplementation in younger infants than in older infants, and varies more with number of feeds in older infants than in younger infants. Higher peak levels of breast milk intake were followed by a steeper decline, and infants who took more breast milk at 15 days were more likely to be fully weaned by their first birthday.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Effect of sucrose and sweeteners on appetite and energy intake.

The effect of sweetness on appetite control has become important for two reasons. First, the problem of unwanted overconsumption associated with the tendency to gain weight. Second, the desire to lose weight by dieting. Two questions arise: does sweetness (with or without energy) contribute to over-consumption?, and does the replacement of a high energy sweetener (such as sucrose) with an artificial sweetener (such as saccharine or aspartame) lead to weight loss? How do these issues relate to processes involved in weight maintenance?

Appetite↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutrients and energy intake assessment in the critically ill patient on enteral nutritional therapy].

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The critically ill patient is especially susceptible to malnutrition due to his/her hypermetabolic state that leads to an increase in the nutritional requirementes, which many times are not compensated with the administered enteral formulas. The assessment of nutritional intake is essential in this kind of patients to know to what level their energetic and nutritional requirements are fulfilled, improving and monitoring in the most individualized possible way to indicated clinical and nutritional therapu. METHODOLOGY: This is a retrospective study in which all patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Virgen de las Nieves Hospital were studied from January to December of 2003, aged more than 18 years, and on enteral nutrition. A total of 90 patients (52 men and 38 women) were studied, 81% of which were older than 50 years, and 57% had hospital stays longer than 8 days, with a 21% mortality rate. Intake was assessed from time of admission and throughout the whole hospitalization period. Energetic requirements were calculated according to the modified Long's formula and micronutrients intakes were compared to existing general recommendations for the Spanish, European and American populations, and to vitaminic requirements in critically ill patients. RESULTS: Percentages of mean energy and nutrients intakes in relation to theoretical calculated requirements for both genders are presented in figure 1. Mean energy intake was 1,326 cal in men and 917 cal in women. With regards to micronutrients intake, the values found for proteins, falts, and carbohydrates were lower than 50% of the requirements for both genders. The percentage of adequacy as referred to requirements for vitamins and minerals intake is shown in figure 2. Reference recommendations used correspond to sufficient intakes to cover the healthy individual requirements, therefore, the values obtained in our study show and adequacy greater than 75%, with the exception of particular elements such as vitamin A and magnesium. However, by taking a look at figure 3, which shows the adequacy of vitamins intake at recommended does for sick patients, the intake is lower than 25% of the requirements in all cases, and these deficiencies significantly interfere with wound healing, the immune, cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as with metabolism of the remaining macronutrients leading to an unbalanced situation of the antioxidant system, worsening the patient's clinical status. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms the need for monitoring individually the nutritional requirements in the critically ill patient and adapting recommendations to his/her metabolic changes, since currently these recommendations are not clearly defined for these situations. It is necessary to provide micronutrients doses closer to the patient's demands, so that the nutritional status and the balance of the antioxidant system may be preserved or improved, making the adopted clinical treatment more effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Influence of dietary energy intake on prepubertal development of Brahman bulls.

Twelve Brahman bulls (paired by sire, weight and age) were assigned randomly and limit fed to gain either .10 to .25 (moderate gain; MG) or .75 to 1.0 (high gain: HG) kg.hd-1.d-1 to examine the effect of dietary energy on onset of puberty. Hip height (HH), scrotal circumference (SC) and serum samples (20 min for 6 h) were obtained at four times (AGE): 0, 56 and 112 d on feed and after appearance of first motile spermatozoa (FS) in the ejaculate of HG bull of the pair. At FS both bulls of a pair were slaughtered, reproductive tissues were collected and in vitro GnRH release from the median eminence (ME) was measured. Increases in BW, HH and SC were greater (P less than .05) in HG bulls. Basal ME GnRH secretion was greater (P less than .05) in HG bulls. Serum LH concentrations were unchanged by energy level (P greater than .10) but increased (P less than .01) with increasing AGE. AGE and energy level increased (P less than .01) basal, mean and total serum testosterone (T) and these two factors acted synergistically (P less than .01). Height and amplitude of T pulses were increased by energy level (P less than .003) and AGE (P less than .002). Testicular T (P less than .08) and development (P less than .05) were increased in HG bulls. Growth hormone peak height and amplitude concentrations following feeding increased with AGE (P less than .06) but were not altered (P greater than .10) by energy level. Serum triglycerides (P less than .03) and BUN (P less than .003) increased with increasing AGE (P greater than .01). These data indicate that dietary energy level influences onset of puberty most directly at the testicular level.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of exogenous insulin on protein metabolism with differing nonprotein energy intakes in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if insulin treatment combined with a generous protein intake would normalize whole-body protein kinetics and nitrogen balance in obese subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared to obese nondiabetic subjects: 1) during weight-maintenance and 2) after a very low energy diet (VLED). DESIGN: Clinical intervention study of iso- followed by hypoenergetic feedings with or without exogenous insulin. SUBJECTS: Sixteen obese subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of 39+/-4 kg/m2, with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (three men, six women) or without (one man, six women). MEASUREMENTS: Nitrogen flux rate calculated from the urine 15N-urea enrichment by using the 60 h oral 15N-glycine method, rates of protein synthesis and breakdown calculated from nitrogen flux on days 6-8 (and 13-15 in the diabetic subjects) of isoenergetic feeding and days 24-26 of a 1.9 MJ diet. RESULTS: With insulin therapy: 1) during isoenergetic feeding, in the hyperglycaemic diabetic subjects, nitrogen balance was significantly less than in the obese controls (-0.6+/-0.6 compared with +1.8+/-0.9 g N/d, P = 0.037) but became positive (+2.6+/-0.6 g N/d, P < 0.05); nitrogen flux decreased and net protein synthesis increased from values different from those of the obese controls to values no longer different; 2) during the VLED, plasma glucose concentrations < 7 mmol/L were achieved and maintained in all diabetic subjects. Nitrogen equilibrium observed in five out of seven obese nondiabetic and four out of nine diabetic subjects was associated with no change in nitrogen flux from the euglycaemic isoenergetic studies, but with 17% and 23% lower rates of synthesis (P < 0.05) and 7% and 15% lower rates of breakdown (NS) in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sufficient exogenous insulin to near-normalize glycaemia improves the altered protein metabolism in hyperglycaemic diabetic subjects during isoenergetic feeding, and restores nitrogen equilibrium better than with VLED alone. Protein metabolism is more sensitive to the state of diabetes control than is generally appreciated 'clinically'.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Administration of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine induces a rapid increase in enterocyte lactase-phlorizin hydrolase activity of young pigs on a low energy intake.

The rapid increase in plasma concentration of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) which occurs after feeding may invoke changes in lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) activity of the small intestine. This hypothesis has been tested in 6-week-old pigs living at thermal neutrality (26 degrees C) on a low level of energy intake. Littermate pairs were infused with either saline or T3 at 30 min intervals over a 6 h period, 18-24 h after the last meal. The activity of LPH in mucosal homogenates increased significantly in test compared with control animals (P < 0.05; T3 37% > saline). This was a specific effect on LPH since there was no effect of T3 on the activity of sucrase-isomaltase. Further, it could not be attributed to changes in intestinal morphology since there were no differences in crypt depth, villus height or villus area between the two groups. Enzyme-cytochemical analysis indicated that administration of T3 increases LPH activity at all points along the villus axis, whereas there is no effect on alpha-glucosidase (combined sucrase-isomaltase and maltase) activities. These results indicate that there is unlikely to be a simple causal relation between the immediate increase in plasma T3 after feeding and the initial decline in LPH activity observed previously in young pigs living in a cold environment. By contrast, the subsequent increase in LPH activity could be under the direct control of the food-induced increase in plasma T3 concentration, and the present results suggest a potential role for T3 as an important short-term homeostatic regulator of LPH in the small intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Psychiatric disorders and neural mechanisms underlying energy intake and expenditure: a review].

Anorexia is one of the common symptoms caused by various psychiatric disorders. Increasing evidence indicates that neuroleptics can induce weight gain, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanisms underlying these conditions have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we describe molecular neuroanatomic aspects of current biology of energy homeostasis that would help to address the psychiatric issues noted above, focusing on the central leptin/melanocortin system. An adipocyte-derived hormone, leptin acts on the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (Arc) to inhibit feeding behavior and simultaneously to promote energy expenditure. Leptin activates Arc neurons producing alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and inhibits those producing agouti-related protein (AgRP). alpha-MSH is an endogenous agonist for the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) that is expressed exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas AgRP acts as a MC4-R antagonist. It is also established that MC4-R blockade produces an over-eating/obesity syndrome in rodents and humans. Thus, MC4-R-expressing neurons are downstream targets of leptin. Of interest, MC4-R-positive neurons densely populate in CNS sites critical for energy homeostasis and associated with psychiatric disorders, including the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and central amygdaloid nucleus. In addition, Arc alpha-MSH neurons receive serotonergic inputs from raphe neurons. Finally, an AgRP gene polymorphism has been associated with anorexia nervosa. These findings suggest that the central melanocortin system is a target for psychiatry.

Agouti-Related Protein↗
PubMed1986

Simplified and rapid methods for the determination of protein, fat and lactose in human milk and the energy intake by the breast-fed infant.

Triacylglycerides constitute the bulk of fat in human milk. By centrifuging the milk a layer of fat is obtained, the cream, the fraction of which correlates very well with the total triacylglyceride concentration. It is determined in analogy to the haematocrit and is called galactocrit). Protein is determined with the biuret method in defatted milk. The interference due to lactose in this assay is on average 2 g/l. Lactose is determined with an enzyme kit. The amount of macronutrients in milk determines the energy value. A protocol is proposed, which makes it possible to measure the quantity of human milk drunk by the infant and to calculate the daily energy intake.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1993

The adjustment of energy expenditure and oxidation to energy intake: the role of carbohydrate and fat balance.

Evidence is accumulating that total body mass and its relative composition influence the rate of fat utilization in man. This effect can be explained by two factors operating in concert: (i) the effect of the size of the tissue mass and (ii) the nature of the fuel mix oxidized, i.e. the proportion of energy derived from fat vs. carbohydrate. In a cross-sectional study of 307 women with increasing degrees of obesity, we observed that the respiratory quotient (RQ) in post-absorptive conditions became progressively lower with increased body fatness, indicating a shift in substrate utilization. However, the RQ is known to be also influenced by the diet commonly ingested by the subjects. A short-term mixed diet overfeeding in lean and obese women has also demonstrated the high sensitivity of RQ to changes in energy balance. Following a one-day overfeeding (2500 kcal/day in excess of the previous 24 h energy expenditure), the magnitude of increase in RQ was identical in lean and obese subjects and the net efficiency of substrate utilization and storage was not influenced by the state of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Leptin response to carbohydrate or fat meal and association with subsequent satiety and energy intake.

To assess the impact of the macronutrient content of a meal on the postprandial leptin response and its relationship with postprandial satiety, 22 young healthy subjects (11 men and 11 women) were given, in a randomized order, an isoenergetic meal [carbohydrate (81%) or fat (79%)] or remained fasting. Blood sampling and hunger and satiety scores were collected hourly during 9 h after the meal. Spontaneous intake was measured at a buffet meal at 9 h postprandially. In both genders, leptin response was higher after the carbohydrate meal than after the fat meal and while fasting. In women, leptin levels were higher after the fat meal than while fasting. Leptin response was significantly correlated to insulin response (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001). Hunger and satiety ratings and subsequent energy intake were not different after carbohydrate or fat intake. In conclusion, a carbohydrate meal induces higher postprandial leptin levels than an isoenergetic fat meal. Short-term regulation of postprandial satiety and food intake is not influenced by circulating leptin.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Nutritional status, dietary energy intake and the risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Loss of body weight, as a result of imbalance between increased energy demand and/or reduced dietary intake, is a common problem in patients with COPD. The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between nutritional intake, change in body weight and the risk of exacerbation in patients with COPD. The study comprised 41 patients who were hospitalised because of an exacerbation of COPD. The follow-up period was 12 months. Weight, height and lung function were measured at baseline. At the 12-month follow-up, weight change and current weight were assessed by an interview and nutritional intake was recorded in a food diary for 7 days. An acute exacerbation was defined as having been admitted to hospital and/or making an emergency visit to hospital, due to COPD during the follow-up period. At baseline, 24% of the patients were underweight (body mass index (BMI)<20 kg/m2), 46% were of normal weight (BMI 20-25 kg/m2) and 29% were overweight (BMI>25 kg/m2). Energy intake was lower than the calculated energy demand for all groups. During the follow-up period, 24 of the 41 patients had an exacerbation. A low BMI at inclusion and weight loss during the follow-up period were independent risk factors for having an exacerbation (P=0.003 and 0.006, respectively). We conclude that, in patients who are hospitalised because of COPD, underweight and weight loss during the follow-up period are related to a higher risk of having new exacerbations.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Factors influencing the effects of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners on energy intake and body weight in rats.

During the past 10 years, a variety of roles have been proposed for carbohydrates in the control of food intake and body weight. Carbohydrate consumption has been associated with (1) elevations in body weight and (2) alterations in macronutrient selection. However, work reviewed in this paper demonstrates that a number of factors including carbohydrate composition and other nutrients in the diet can moderate the effects of carbohydrates on energy intake, nutrient selection and body weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Macronutrient type independently of energy intake modulates hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in Long-Evans rats.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) induces a robust feeding response when it is injected in the hypothalamus. It stimulates both carbohydrate and fat intakes. Diets rich in either macronutrient are known to induce obesity and to modify feeding behavior. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of long-term ingestion of these diets on hypothalamic NPY in relation with food intake and body weight gain and composition. For this purpose, three groups of weanling Long-Evans rats were fed either a well-balanced diet, a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet (high starch plus 25% sucrose solution), or a high-fat (HF) diet during 14 weeks. Body weight and food intake were recorded during this period. At the end of the experiment, NPY was measured in several microdissected brain areas, and some adipose tissues (AT) depots were sampled. HF rats weighed significantly more than the two other groups (p < 0.02). They were also fattier (+ 30-50% in AT weights; p < 0.01). Energy intake (EI) of the HC rats was significantly greater than that of the control (+ 15%; p < 0.02) and HF rats (+ 34%; p < 0.01) during the week preceding killing. EI of HF rats over the whole experiment was lower than that of the two groups (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗