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PubMed2004

Use of the miniature anion exchange centrifugation technique to isolate Trypanosoma evansi from goats.

DEAE (anion exchanger diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose and mini Anion Exchange Centrifugation Technique (mAECT) allow salivarian trypanosomes to be separated from the blood of affected animals. The purpose of this study was to assess the mAECT in goats infected with T. evansi. Five adult Canary goats were inoculated intravenously with at least 1 x 10(5) T. evansi isolated from a dromedary camel in the Canary Islands. The goats were monitored for specific antibodies and parasite detection. The inoculated goats became infected and the parasitemia remained very low but was persistent. For mAECT columns, the DEAE gel was equilibrated with phosphate-buffered saline glucose. T. evansi was detected by its mobility with a microscope at low magnification (10 x 10). The mAECT proved to be more sensitive than blood smear and buffy coat but less sensitive than mouse inoculation. We conclude that in cases of very low parasitemia in goats, mAECT can be used when other parasite-detection tests have failed.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Increase of lactoferrin concentration in mastitic goat milk.

Lactoferrin concentration (LFC) in normal and mastitic milk of dairy goats were examined. LFC in bulk milk collected from 70 dairy goat farms and individual milk samples from 10 goats with mastitis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and their reaction time in methylene blue reduction test (MBRT) monitored. Bulk milk samples were categorized into three grades, such as high, normal and low, based on the reaction time in MBRT. The mean LFC in milk that was considered high quality (167 microg/ml) was significantly lower than that of those graded as normal (218 microg/ml) and low quality (304 microg/ml), while mean LFC in mastitic milk was 587 microg/m l. The correlation coefficient between milk LFC and MBRT time was found to be -0.7. Three goats were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus into one of their udder halves. The mean milk LFC was found to be significantly higher (1500 microg/ml) than the control (30 microg/ml). These findings suggest that milk LFC may be useful as an index for intramammary infection in goats.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Disseminated Rhodococcus equi infection in two goats.

Rhodococcus equi infection was diagnosed in two goats from the same herd. At necropsy, numerous caseating granulomas were disseminated throughout the liver, lungs, abdominal lymph nodes, medulla of right humerus, and the right fifth rib of goat No. 1, and the liver of goat No. 2. Histopathologic examination confirmed the presence of multiple caseating granulomas in these organs. Numerous gram-positive and Giemsa-positive coccobacilli were identified within the cytoplasm of macrophages. Aerobic bacterial cultures of the liver and lung from both goats yielded a pure growth of R. equi. R. equi antigens were immunohistochemically identified in caseating granulomas from both goats. However, the 15- to 17-kd virulence antigens of R. equi were not detected, suggesting possible infection by an avirulent strain of this organism.

Actinomycetales Infections↗

PubMed2000

Lysosomal storage disease caused by Sida carpinifolia poisoning in goats.

A neurologic disease characterized by ataxia, hypermetria, hyperesthesia, and muscle tremors of the head and neck was observed for 2 years in a flock of 28 Anglo-Nubian and Saanen goats on a farm with 5 ha of pasture. Six newborns died during the first week of life, and five abortions were recorded. The predominant plant in the pasture was Sida carpinifolia. The disease was reproduced experimentally in two goats by administration of this plant. Three goats with spontaneous disease and the two experimental animals were euthanatized and necropsied. No significant gross lesions were observed. Fragments of several organs, including the central nervous system, were processed for histopathology. Small fragments of the cerebellar cortex, liver, and pancreas of two spontaneously poisoned goats and two experimentally poisoned goats were processed for electron microscopy. Multiple cytoplasm vacuoles in hepatocytes, acinar pancreatic cells, and neurons, especially Purkinje cells, were the most striking microscopic lesions in the five animals. Ultrastructural changes included membrane-bound vacuoles in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, acinar pancreatic cells, Purkinje cells, and the small neurons of the granular cell layer of the cerebellum. Paraffin-embedded sections of the cerebellum and pancreas were submitted for lectin histochemical analysis. The vacuoles in different cerebellar and acinar pancreatic cells reacted strongly to the following lectins: Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris, and succinylated Triticum vulgaris. The pattern of staining, analyzed in Purkinje cells and acinar pancreatic cells coincides with results reported for both swainsonine toxicosis and inherited mannosidosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Antibody levels in goats fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts.

Outbred goats were fed 10(5) Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and were monitored twice weekly for 8 wk for rectal temperature, clinical signs, parasitemia, and antibody levels by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), latex agglutination test (LAT), and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After 8 wk, all goats were killed, and samples of heart, skeletal muscle, brain, lymph nodes, kidneys, and liver were bioassayed in mice. Anorexia, fever, and lethargy were observed from day 3 to day 7 postinfection (PI). Parasitemia was detected by bioassay in 50% of infected goats from day 7 to day 14 PI. Viable T. gondii organisms were isolated from all infected goats. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in some animals on day 10 PI by IFAT and LAT and on day 14 PI by ELISA. The infected goats were seropositive on day 17 PI.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Floppy kid syndrome caused by D-lactic acidosis in goat kids.

BACKGROUND: Goat kids with floppy kid syndrome have metabolic acidosis, muscle weakness, and depression but no dehydration. HYPOTHESIS: D-Lactate is the major component of acidemia in goat kids with floppy kid syndrome. ANIMALS: Fifty-five goat kids with floppy kid syndrome (group F) and 35 clinically healthy goat kids (group C). METHODS: Clinical, biochemical, microbiologic, virologic, parasitologic, and pathologic examinations. RESULTS: The animals in group F had a blood pH of 7.13 +/- 0.11 and a base excess of -17.8 +/- 3.8 mM, which were both lower than the values in the control animals (pH, 7.32 +/- 0.31; base excess, -0.1 +/- 2.7 mM; P < .001). Floppy kids had a significantly larger anion gap than healthy kids (31.2 +/- 3.7 versus 21.5 +/- 8.5 mM; P < .001). The concentration of L-lactate was lower in floppy kids than in healthy kids (0.67 +/- 0.49 versus 1.60 +/- 1.02 mM), but the concentration of D-lactate was higher in floppy kids (7.43 +/- 2.71 versus 0.26 +/- 0.24 mM; P < .001). Intravenous and oral administration of sodium bicarbonate in floppy kids resulted in a significant increase in blood pH and base excess and a decrease in the anion gap (P < .001). In addition, the concentration of L-lactate increased (P = .039). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Metabolic acidosis in goat kids with floppy kid syndrome is caused by an increase in the plasma concentration of D-lactate.

Acidosis, Lactic↗

PubMed1992

Treatment of Brucella melitensis infection in sheep and goats with oxytetracycline combined with streptomycin.

Six treatment regimens using oxytetracycline (OTC) combined with streptomycin (ST) were evaluated for eliminating Brucella melitensis from 480 naturally-infected sheep and goats. Cessation of shedding Brucella from udder secretions and absence of Brucella in selected tissues at autopsy were considered criteria for successful treatment. Four regimens were equally effective in eliminating Brucella in the treated groups of sheep and goats regardless of the source of antibiotics used. These were regimen A (OTC 20 mg/kg intravenously daily for 6 weeks, combined with ST 20 mg/kg intramuscularly [i.m.] daily for 3 weeks), regimen B (long-acting [LA]-OTC 20 mg/kg i.m. every 3 days for 6 weeks, with ST 20 mg/kg i.m. every 3 days for 3 weeks), regimens D and E (LA-OTC 28 mg/kg i.m. every 3 days for 6 weeks, with ST 20 mg/kg i.m. every 3 days for 3 weeks). However, regimen C (LA-OTC 20 mg/kg i.m. every 3 days for 6 weeks, with ST 20 mg/kg i.m. every 3 days for 3 weeks) eliminated Brucella in only 75 of 80 (94%) sheep and goats. Regimen F (LA-OTC 25 mg/kg i.m. every 2 days for 4 weeks, combined with ST 20 mg/kg i.m. every 2 days for 2 weeks) was the most practical, effective and least expensive regimen for eliminating Brucella in the 80 treated sheep and goats. Brucella melitensis biovar 2 was repeatedly isolated from the mammary secretions of all sheep and goats before treatment. It was also isolated repeatedly from the udder secretions of all non-treated control animals and from selected tissue specimens collected from the controls at necropsy.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1998

Seasonal occurrence of coccidia in a mixed herd of sheep and goats at Nebo, northern province, South Africa.

The seasonal occurrence of coccidial oocysts was determined in a mixed herd of indigenous goats and cross-bred sheep at Nebo, Northern Province, South Africa. The herd of c. 30 sheep was housed with c. 70 goats in 1 camp. Over a period of 14 months, 114 faecal specimens were collected from sheep and 369 from goats and the number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) determined. The mean OPG value for the adult sheep (1187.9) was significantly (p = 0.035) lower than the mean OPG value for the adult goats (7042.9). The highest mean value was recorded in the adult sheep during March 1996 (3044.4) and in adult goats during June 1995 (51568.7).

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Seasonal occurrence and production effects of the biting louse Damalinia limbata on Angora goats and 2 treatment options.

Adult biting lice Damalinia limbata (Gervais 1844) were most numerous on Angora goats in southwestern Free State Province from November to May with the smallest numbers present during August. Nymphs were most numerous from January to March with the smallest numbers present during July. The largest proportion of adult lice was present on the ventral surface of goats during winter, when population numbers were lowest, and the largest proportion of nymphs during summer, when population numbers were highest. Infestation did not affect the body weight of goats, but adversely affected both the quantity and quality of mohair produced. A single treatment with deltamethrin, applied as a pour-on along the mid-line of the backs of the goats, effectively controlled infestation and resulted in a significant increase in mohair production compared with untreated goats. Deltamethrin sprayed along the sides of the animals was equally effective in controlling infestation.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Use of scanning electron microscopy to confirm the identity of lice infesting communally grazed goat herds.

Lice have been described on goats in commercial farming systems in South Africa but not from flocks on communal grazing. During a longitudinal survey on the causes of goat kid mortality, conducted in Jericho district, North West Province, lice were collected from communally grazed indigenous goats. These lice were prepared for and viewed by scanning electron microscopy, and micro-morphological taxonomic details are described. Three species of lice were found in the study area and identified as Bovicola caprae, Bovicola limbatus and Linognathus africanus. Sucking and biting lice were found in ten of the 12 herds of goats examined. Lice were found on both mature goats and kids. Bovicola caprae and L. africanus were the most common biting and sucking lice respectively in all herds examined. Scanning electron microscopy revealed additional features which aided in the identification of the louse species. Photomicrographs were more accurate aids to identification than the line drawings in the literature and facilitated identification using dissecting microscope.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of urea-molasses block supplementation on grazing weaner goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.

The influence of feeding urea-molasses blocks (UMB) on growth and gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasitism of weaner goats grazing the same pasture was investigated on a farm in Nyandarua District, Kenya. Thirty female Small East African goat kids at an average age of 5 months were initially treated with albendazole orally (5 mg kg(-1) body mass) and randomly assigned into one of two groups: group I were fed UMB prepared using a cold process and group II kids (controls) received no block supplementation (NBS). The UMB were given in the evening when the animals returned from grazing and were consumed during the night at a rate of 95.0 g head(-1) day(-1). Supplementation was undertaken for 3 consecutive months from July to September 2001 and January to March 2002. Body mass of the kids and faecal egg counts were measured monthly and larval cultures were performed on positive faecal samples of kids of each group. Five goats from each group were randomly selected for slaughter and total counts and identification of worms at the end of June 2002. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in cumulative mass gains of kids in group I from September compared with those in group II. On termination of the study kids in group I had gained an average of (+/- SD) 20.4 +/- 1.4 kg while those in group II had gained 11.8 +/- 1.1 kg. From January 2002, faecal egg counts of the kids in the UMB group differed significantly (P < 0.05) from those of the NBS group and at slaughter, the mean (+/- SD) worm counts for the UMB group was 482 +/- 299 while that of the NBS group was 1 302 +/- 410. In all the goats, Haemonchus contortus was the predominant nematode recovered. These results indicate that UMB had significant effects in the control of GI nematode parasitism and enhanced growth of the young goats.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

[Calcinosis in goats].

Death, abortion, decreased milk yield and emaciation in dairy goats occurred due to calcinosis in a goat operation on 1100 meter sea level in Tyrol. This could be diagnosed by the clinical, sonographical and pathomorphological investigation. In the basic fodder yellow oat grass proportion was present with 40%. Clinically the apathic goats showed reduced appetite, emaciation, dyspnea, anaemic mucous membranes, heart noises and less activity to move. The blood-chemical examination of one goat revealed an increased activity of AP (199 U/l), calcium and phosphor-concentrations were in normal range. Sonographically liquidothorax and -perikard, calcified pulmonary and aortic valves and a thickened aortic orifice as well as calcification of kidneys, enlargment of liver and ascites could be diagnosed in this goat. The sonographical findings were confirmed by pathomorphological examination.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed2000

[Experience with simple ELISA test systems for Brucella serology in cattle, sheep and goats].

The objective of this work was to use the ELISA technique for the serological surveillance for freedom of brucellosis of cattle, sheep and goats. By comparing 28 cattle sera taken after a brucellosis outbreak, 15 bovine sera supplied by the Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine (BgVV) and 497 serum slow agglutination test (SSAT) and complement fixation test (CFT) negative bovine sera from herds officially declared free of brucellosis, the ELISA technique not only shows higher sensitivity as compared to SSAT and CFT but also distinguishes clearly between positive and negative reactions. The serological comparison by SSAT, CFT and ELISA of 615 cattle, 624 sheep and 630 goat sera from herds acknowledged as brucellosis free showed equivalent specificities for both CFT and ELISA. The specificity of the SSAT was much lower, 81.1% in cattle and 96.2% in goat sera. The examination of 5796 cattle, 1337 calf, 5031 sheep and 1796 goat sera demonstrates the advantage of the ELISA technique as routine method. The possible application of the ELISA technique as a screening method for serological brucellosis tests in sheep, goats and possibly also in pigs is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of avidin-biotin ELISA for the detection of antibodies to goat poxvirus using noninfectious diagnostic reagent.

A noninfectious soluble antigen fraction of goat poxvirus (GPV) fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation was tested for its suitability as coating antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Accordingly, an avidin-biotin ELISA for the detection of GPV antibodies was optimized and evaluated using different groups of serum samples from goats with known or unknown immune status. A cut-off value higher by 60% than A492 reading of control negative sera gave a 91.8% specificity and a 94.1% sensitivity for the assay. Out of 90 goat pox-suspect sera obtained from the field, only 2 (2.2%) were found positive in the counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test, which is so far the routinely used diagnostic test for goat pox, while 58 (64.4%) were positive in the avidin-biotin ELISA. The McNemar's analysis of these data showed that the avidin-biotin ELISA was significantly more efficient than the CIE test for the detection of GPV antibodies in goat sera.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Juvenile goiter in a goat herd in northwest Germany].

A continuous increase in the circumference of the thyroid gland was observed in four goat kids (44.4%) of the breed of White German Goat between the third and fourth month in a herd comprising White German Goats and Coloured German Goats. Clinical, laboratory diagnostic and chemically analytical results have been obtained, illustrated and compared with the equivalent parameters from healthy control herds without pathological findings. The thyroidal secretion rate and the milk iodine content were highly significant reduced in the affected flock in comparison with the control group. The feed which was given to the affected group did not cover the nutritional requirement of pregnant, lactating and growing goats. At 40-50 mg/l, the nitrate content of the water was close to the tolerance of 50 mg/l. It can be deduced from the findings available that the case described above is a synergetic combination of a primary iodine deficiency, based on an inefficient iodine supply and of a secondary iodine deficiency resulting from a super elevated nitrate content of the drinking water.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Goat warble fly infestation by Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera: Oestridae): immunoepidemiologic survey in the Basilicata region (southern Italy).

The demonstration of serological cross-reactivity between the Hypoderma lineatum antigen and anti-Przhevalskiana silenus antibodies led us to prepare an immunological test (ELISA) for an early diagnosis of goat warble fly infestation. Using the Hypodermosis ELISA-Kit (Vétoquinol Diagnostic, France) produced for the immunodiagnosis of bovine hypodermosis, an epidemiological assay was carried out in Basilicata region where goat breeding is very common and no data are reported with regards to the distribution of goat warble fly infestation. Out of a total of 1,100 flocks and 41,200 goats, 105 randomly extracted flocks proved to be infected and 262 sera out of 1,316 were positive; goat warble fly infestation proved to be present in Basilicata with values similar to those recorded in the surrounding regions (Apulia and Calabria). Statistical evaluation showed highly significant differences between the number of infected flocks in the mountainous areas and hills and those of the mountainous areas and the plain, but no differences between hills and plains. The higher number of positive sera and antibody titres in November-December confirmed that these months are the optimal period for sampling sera in order to perform an early diagnosis. The ELISA test was confirmed to be an easy and economic tool especially when sera sampled within a brucellosis eradication program are used.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in naturally infected goats.

A survey was carried out to verify if an immunohistochemical method associated with agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) will establish a firm diagnosis of caprine paratuberculosis. One hundred and thirty-six goats were tested by AGID for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at two different times: the first time 22 (19.1%) were positive and the second time 25 (18%). One seronegative goat with severe diarrhea and 5 seropositive goats, two of which showing similar clinical signs, were sacrificed and necropsied. Samples were taken from small intestine, liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes for bacteriological, histological and immunohistochemical examinations. M.a. paratuberculosis was isolated from intestine samples of 4 seropositive goats and from mesenteric lymph nodes of one seropositive goat; the microorganism was not isolated from samples of one seropositive and the seronegative animals. Ziehl Neelsen staining showed acid-fast bacilli in macrophages of the 5 seropositive animals and the immunohistochemical method for M. a. paratuberculosis detected bacterial antigen in the same samples.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effect of fever on pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of intramuscularly administered amikacin in goats.

A comparative pharmacokinetic study of amikacin (10 mg/kg intramuscular) by microbiological assay method in normal and experimentally induced febrile goats revealed that the plasma drug concentrations were significantly higher in febrile condition at most of the time intervals. Various pharmacokinetic parameters like t(1/2), AUC, AUMC, MRT and Vd(area) were significantly higher whereas total body clearance (Cl(B)) was significantly lower in febrile goats as compared to normal goats. Absorption half-life (t(1/2) ka) value differed non-significantly. For maintaining mean therapeutic level of 2 mg/ml, a priming dose (D*) of 14.73+/-2.28 mg/kg, followed by maintenance dose (D(o)) of 13.95+/-2.28 mg/kg at shorter dosage interval (t) of 8 hr may be useful in case of normal goats whereas lower doses (D* of 13.58+/-1.61 mg/kg followed by D(o) of 12.65+/-1.60 mg/kg) at longer tau of 12 hr may be advised in case of febrile goats.

Amikacin↗