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PubMed2005

Mammalian sleep.

This review examines the biological background to the development of ideas on rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), so-called paradoxical sleep (PS), and its relation to dreaming. Aspects of the phenomenon which are discussed include physiological changes and their anatomical location, the effects of total and selective sleep deprivation in the human and animal, and REM sleep behavior disorder, the latter with its clinical manifestations in the human. Although dreaming also occurs in other sleep phases (non-REM or NREM sleep), in the human, there is a contingent relation between REM sleep and dreaming. Thus, REM is taken as a marker for dreaming and as REM is distributed ubiquitously throughout the mammalian class, it is suggested that other mammals also dream. It is suggested that the overall function of REM sleep/dreaming is more important than the content of the individual dream; its function is to place the dreamer protagonist/observer on the topographical world. This has importance for the developing infant who needs to develop a sense of self and separateness from the world which it requires to navigate and from which it is separated for long periods in sleep. Dreaming may also serve to maintain a sense of 'I'ness or "self" in the adult, in whom a fragility of this faculty is revealed in neurological disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pulmonary arterial development in infants with large perimembranous ventricular septal defects associated with overriding of the aortic valve.

Intracardiac anatomy and pulmonary vascular structure were studied in 13 cases having large perimembranous ventricular septal defects associated with overriding of the aortic valve, 12 of whom died aged 2 days-9 months. In all cases the ventricular septal defect and aorta were of the same size, but the diameter of the pulmonary orifice was usually greater. Quantitative morphometric techniques were used to study the lungs. Structural adaptation to extra-uterine life was shown to have occurred normally in the 4 patients who died as neonates. In the cases aged 2 months-4 years, there was an increase in arterial medial thickness and extension of muscle, while the intra-acinar arteries were larger than normal in size and normal in number. Intimal proliferation was seen in 1 case at 4.5 months, but such proliferation caused significant obstruction only in one child aged 4 years. These findings emphasize the rapidity with which structural adaptation to extra-uterine life can occur in the patient with a large unrestrictive ventricular septal defect. A rapid increase in muscularity can be seen by 2 months of age. Should banding of the pulmonary artery be required in patients with more complicated intracardiac abnormalities in whom it is desirable to achieve a normal pulmonary vascular bed, our findings encourage its early performance, particularly in those destined for a Fontan repair.

Aorta, Thoracic↗
PubMed2002

Responding to joint attention and language development: a comparison of target locations.

This study examined the importance of target location (within vs. outside the visual field) on the relation between responding to joint attention and subsequent language development in 47 normally developing infants. The results supported a developmental progression in the infants' ability to locate targets from within to outside the visual field. In addition, individual differences in 15-month-old infants' ability to correctly locate targets outside the visual field was a unique predictor of expressive language at 24 months. Infants' ability to locate targets outside the visual field may demonstrate increasing capacities for attention regulation, representational thinking, and social cognition that may facilitate language learning. The implications of this study are discussed with regard to the usefulness of measures of responding to joint attention for identifying early language and developmental delays.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

The articulatory basis of babbling.

This article evaluates the "Frames, then Content" hypothesis for speech acquisition, which states that much of the patterning of babbling is a direct result of production of syllabic "Frames" by means of rhythmic mandibular oscillation, with relatively little of the intrasyllabic and intersyllabic "Content" of the syllable-like cycles under mandible-independent control. Analysis was based on a phonetically transcribed corpus of 6,659 utterances of 6 normally developing infants obtained from one-hour weekly audio-recordings over a 4-6 month period. Intrasyllabic predictions were that front vowels would preferentially co-occur with front (alveolar) consonants, back vowels with back (velar) consonants, and central vowels with labial consonants, with the latter effect presumably resulting from mandibular oscillation alone. Intersyllabic predictions were for more variegation in tongue height for vowels than in front-back tongue movement, and for consonant manner changes to predominate over place changes (related primarily to mandibular oscillation). All 30 individual predictions from both hypotheses were confirmed, leading to a conception of the articulatory basis of babbling as "Frame Dominance."

Child Language↗
PubMed1988

Intervention challenges with adolescent mothers and their infants.

Adolescent pregnancy is a major social issue resulting in significant risk for both the infants and young mothers. In this paper, we will describe the effects of an intervention program for adolescent mothers and their infants, including the complexities of evaluating the effects of intervention for risk groups. More than half of the teenagers in the United States are sexually active, and more than 1.1 million become pregnant each year. It has been estimated that in 1981 approximately 22% of sexually active teens 15-19 experienced a pregnancy (Hofferth 1984). Among teen pregnancies, 70-80% are unintended and unwanted (PPFA 1984). Adolescent mothers and their infants appear to be at higher risk than older mothers for a variety of medical complications that may affect subsequent infant health and may impact on infant development and parent-infant interaction. While a number of studies have indicated that the biomedical risk for teenage mothers, especially those ages 15 and older, can be decreased considerably with adequate nutrition and proper prenatal care (Carey et al. 1983; Osofsky 1968; Osofsky and Osofsky 1970), for a variety of reasons, most teens do not receive the type of prenatal care that would most likely minimize risk and optimize outcome. Adolescent mothers are more likely than their nonpregnant peers to have lower education attainment, lesser job and economic success, and less frequent marital stability (Furstenberg 1976; Simkins 1984).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Influence of human immunodeficiency virus-infected maternal environment on development of infant interleukin-12 production.

Monocyte-derived cytokine production by cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) from infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and -negative women was measured to determine whether monocyte dysfunction could contribute to the accelerated HIV disease of pediatric patients. Production of interleukin (IL)-12, but not that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10, was reduced, compared with adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This deficiency was more pronounced in infants of HIV-positive women, whose IL-12 production was also deficient. CBMC IL-12 levels were increased by interferon-gamma and CD40 ligand but remained deficient, compared with PBMC. IL-12 production was undetectable in 7 of 8 HIV-positive infants, in contrast to 21 of 26 uninfected infants. Uninfected infants of infected women exhibited an intermediate profile. These findings suggest that the maternal environment and/or exposure in utero to HIV products influence the newborn's immune response and that the differences between infants born to HIV-positive and -negative women may persist.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Immunotherapy of graft versus host disease with specific alloantiserum: restoration of cerebellar development in infant rats.

Fischer (FI) rats were stimulated to produce high-titre alloantiserum against DA antigens for alleviation of the symptoms of graft versus host disease (g.v.h.d.) in FI neonates. G.v.h.d. was procured by intravenous injection of DA lymph node cells on the day of birth. Daily injections of alloantiserum on postnatal days 11-13 not only prevented the progress of the disease in the whole animal but reversed the altered neuronal histogenesis that was present in diseased animals at day 11. Specifically, by 3 days after onset of alloantiserum treatment, the severely depressed DNA synthesis had returned to near normal levels. The decreased numbers of newly formed cells in the cerebellar cortex matrix area seen at day 11 was also reversed. For example, there was a significant increase in the number of newly formed basket and stellate cells in 14 day old alloantiserum-treated animals. G.v.h.d. did not result in a lymphocytic infiltration or an inflammatory response in the cerebellum. Therefore, we postulate that the deleterious effects of g.v.h.d. and the restoration effects of alloantiserum treatment are not directly cell-mediated. Rather, some soluble factor(s) interfering with the cerebellar cell cycle may be released during the interaction of donor lymphocytes and host cells at sites distant from the cerebellum. In support of this, in vitro analysis of DNA synthesis revealed that removal of cerebellar cells from the internal milieu of g.v.h.d. permitted DNA synthesis to proceed at a rate similar to that in control tissue.

Animals↗