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PubMed1995

Lexical-semantic deficits following right hemisphere damage: evidence from verbal fluency tasks.

The evidence of lexical-semantic deficits following right, non-language-dominant hemisphere injury was assessed using word (or verbal) fluency tests. Two groups of subjects (non-brain-damaged controls and right hemisphere-damaged patients) were indistinguishable in their performances on convergent lexical tasks. Subjects completed verbal fluency tasks by five semantic criteria. The brain-damaged subjects produced significantly fewer responses on two of the categories and demonstrated fewer lexical retrieval strategies. The results were interpreted as evidence that lexical-semantic knowledge is largely intact following right-hemisphere damage, and that apparent lexical deficits result from failure to use lexical knowledge flexibility, suggesting that right-hemisphere language disorders may stem from broader cognitive failures.

Aged↗

PubMed1968

Specific learning disorders. Natural history and current views.

Each professional, whether pediatrician, neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist or teacher, in evaluating behavioral, neuromuscular, and emotional factors with the tools of his discipline, can arrive independently at very similar views regarding etiology and diagnosis of learning and language disorders. Even though this is possible, it is essential to have the many disciplines work together. This manner of sharing information is not only supportive to the patient, but to the physician as well. The pediatrician's role does not stop, however, with the diagnosis, but continues with the working through of problems that the child and parents present to one another.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Long-term neuropsychological deficits after cerebellar infarctions in two young adult twins.

Two young adult dizygotic twins with high schooling suffered two strokes at the ages of 26 and 30 years. On the first occasion, Case 2 suffered a stroke only a few months after Case 1; on the second occasion, Case 1 suffered a second stroke a few months after Case 2. In Case 1, lesions were mainly localized to the left cerebellar hemisphere in both stroke episodes. Case 2 suffered lesions localized to the right cerebellar hemisphere in the first stroke episode, and multiple lesions in both cerebellar hemispheres and the vermis, right pons and left thalamus during the second stroke episode. Seven years after the second stroke, despite full recovery of motor functions, the patients still show mild, yet selective, linguistic deficits (syntactic comprehension deficits, mild agrammatism, reading and writing disorders) without speech disturbances. They also present with selective dysfunctions in visuospatial short-term memory. Language disorders are ascribed to a dysfunction of the cerebellum in Case 1, while in Case 2 a dysfunction of the cerebellum and the thalamus is considered as both structures are part of the so-called 'frontal lobe system', which supports language generation. Visuospatial short-term memory disorders are attributed to an impaired ability to appreciate the organizing structure of the visual task and to poor planning strategies, which are in turn ascribed to cerebellar lesions. The role of the cerebellum in cognitive and linguistic functions is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

A diagnostic model and a test to assess word-finding skills in children.

There has been a diagnostic gap in the assessment of word-finding disorders in children. Although research in this area has continued to document strong correlations between word-finding skills and low reading achievement, dyslexia, language disorders, learning disabilities, and stuttering there have been no formal standardised measures for the assessment of word-finding skills in children. The purpose of this paper is to present: (1) a diagnostic model for the assessment of word finding; (2) a literature review that supports this model; (3) a formalised measure, the Test of Word Finding (TWF), which executes this diagnostic model for children. The assessment model includes variation in stimulus context (multiple naming sections); incorporates indices traditionally used to define word-finding problems in adults and children (accuracy, response time, response analysis and secondary characteristics); and provides for a comprehension assessment of naming errors. Components of this model are discussed with respect to stimulus context, target word frequency, nature of the target word and facilitating cues.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Childhood-onset schizophrenia: the severity of premorbid course.

OBJECTIVE: To review the premorbid histories of 23 children meeting DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia with onset before age 12 years and to compare these with childhood data of later-onset schizophrenics. METHOD: Premorbid features up to 1 year before onset of first psychotic symptoms were rated from hospital and clinic records, clinical interviews, rating scales, and tests. RESULTS: In keeping with previous studies, specific developmental disabilities and transient early symptoms of autism, particularly motor stereotypies, were common. Comparison with the childhood of later-onset schizophrenics showed greater delay in language development, and more premorbid speech and language disorders, learning disorders, and disruptive behavior disorders. (Sixty percent had received or were estimated to meet criteria for one or more clinical diagnoses.) CONCLUSIONS: Childhood-onset schizophrenia may represent a more malignant form of the disorder, although selection and ascertainment bias cannot be ruled out. The presence of prepsychotic language difficulties focuses attention on the importance of early temporal and frontal lobe development; early transient motor stereotypies suggest developmental basal ganglia abnormalities and extend previous findings seen in the childhood of later-onset patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Incorporating language phenotypes strengthens evidence of linkage to autism.

We investigated the effect of incorporating information about proband and parental structural language phenotypes into linkage analyses in the two regions for which we found the highest signals in our first-stage affected sibling pair genome screen: chromosomes 13q and 7q. We were particularly interested in following up on our chromosome 7q finding in light of two prior reports of linkage of this region to developmental language disorder, since one of the diagnostic criteria for autism is absent or abnormal language development. We hypothesized that if the language phenotype were genetically relevant to linkage at the chromosome 7q locus, then incorporating parents phenotypes would increase the signal at that locus, and most of the signal would originate from the subset of families in which both probands had severe language delay. The results support these hypotheses. The linkage signals we obtained on chromosome 7q as well as at least one signal on chromosome 13q are mainly attributable to the subgroup of families in which both probands had language delay. This became apparent only when the parents' history of language-related difficulties was also incorporated into the analyses. Although based on our data, we were not able to distinguish between epistasis or heterogeneity models, we tentatively concluded that there may be more than one autism susceptibility locus related to language development.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2001

Speech disorder in schizophrenia: review of the literature and exploration of its relation to the uniquely human capacity for language.

The language capacity of modern humans is thought by some to be clearly distinct from that of nonhuman primates (Bickerton 1990). Crow (1997, 1998a) has proposed that a disturbance in the uniquely human aspects of language is central to the genetic etiology of schizophrenia. A review of the literature on language disorder in schizophrenia provides evidence for widespread deficits in comprehension, production, attention, and cerebral lateralization of language. We focused here on those anomalies that are uniquely human aspects of language. Bickerton's five distinctly human language devices were examined in patients with schizophrenia and their families by using a structured scoring format on oral soliloquies. The chronic patients showed reduced use of clausal embedding and used fewer words than first episode patients or well family members. The amount of sentence complexity was found to be familial and to cosegregate with schizophrenia within families. These data are consistent with previous literature and additionally show a familial component to these measures, thus suggesting that deficits in specifically human aspects of language may be related to the genetics of schizophrenia.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Use of hypnotherapy techniques within the scope of behavior therapy treatment of learning and behavior disorders in children--2 case reports].

Most of the children on our ward suffer from severe speech and language disorders, dyslexia, other learning disabilities and conduct disorders. We treated 10 selected children with cognitive behavior therapy combined with hypnotherapy. To demonstrate this treatment strategy we report on a 9-year-old girl and a 9-year-old boy from this group and give a short description of the hypnotic communication patterns used in conjunction with behavior therapy. The therapy combination proved to be a useful one. The children's social competence and learning motivation improved throughout the general therapeutic setting. The children's responses to relevant questionnaires confirmed these findings. Our results suggest that an increase in treatment efficacy can be achieved by using hypnotherapeutic patterns in conjunction with behavior therapy in the treatment of children with the disabilities mentioned.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1994

Effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication function.

Dementia has a significant impact on communication abilities. The profile of communication skills in dementia differ from the profiles of developmental aging and focal organic disorders. Normal elders may have some episodic memory losses and slower reaction times as aging progresses. Focal language disorders (aphasia and right hemisphere disorders) will affect specific language functions without affecting intellect and memory. Communication in the presence of dementia progresses through three stages. The first stage deficits are primarily in the content area of lexical access and subtle conversational skills. The second stage reveals increased difficulty in content areas including concept formation, lexical access diminished graphic abilities, reliance on syntactic abilities and reduced memory function. The third stage of dementia may involve all of the above to a more severe degree, with severe memory and intellectual deficits. Assessment batteries have been developed to evaluate the deficit areas frequently associated with communication in dementia. Clinical evaluation and standardized assessment can differentiate the language profile of dementia from other neurological disorders. Therapeutic intervention in communication focuses on maintaining the patient's communication and providing educational information for caregivers for more effective communication strategies.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2001

The N400 component in parents of children with specific language impairment.

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) often have a family history of language disorder. In this study, ERPs in response to a visual semantic priming task were recorded in parents of children with SLI. Despite equal performance, the ERPs displayed differences in language processing: larger N400 amplitudes indicated that the parents, especially the fathers, were less primed by the preceding context. Difference waveforms showed that the fathers of SLI children, contrary to controls, had less differentiated responses to congruent versus incongruent sentences. We propose that the N400 observations may be residual markers of past language deficiencies in the fathers. No differences in the N400 effect were found in the mothers of SLI children.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

An analysis of the communication of adult residents of a long-term care hospital as perceived by their caregivers.

Different groups of caregivers (nurses, orderlies, professionals, student orderlies and volunteers) who were in frequent interaction with residents from a long-term care hospital were interviewed with a nominal group process. They were asked to identify concrete situations of communication in which residents with no trouble communicating, residents with aphasia and residents with dementia need to express and/or comprehend a message. A total of 196 statements were recorded and coded using a qualitative approach into different categories of communication acts specific to daily life situations and several categories of generic communication acts, which are unrelated to the daily routine of care and treatment. The results show that communication in daily life situations varies little in relation to the different residents. However, residents with language disorders are perceived to be less involved in generic communication acts than residents with no communication disorder. They also demonstrate that the perceptions of communication of the different caregivers vary. The results are discussed in relationship to the conception of an evaluation instrument for language-impaired long-term care residents, which will help in determining intervention as well as the objective evaluation of its effects.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2001

Genetic factors contributing to learning and language delays and disabilities.

Reading disability shows substantial genetic influence, and it is in this area of early-onset cognitive delays that genetic research has made the most progress. Reading disability also provides the first success story for identifying replicable quantitative trait locus linkage for behavioral disorders. Language and communication disorders also show substantial genetic influence, as does general cognitive ability (intelligence), which plays a role in most cognitive disabilities. The genetics of reading disability, communication disorders, and mental retardation are reviewed. Early-onset cognitive disabilities are prime targets for molecular genetic studies that will eventually identify specific genes that can predict risk, assist diagnosis and treatment, and provide discrete windows through which we can investigate the development of brain mechanisms that lie between genes and behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[State of bilateral opercular disorder and pseudobulbar paralysis of late onset in unilateral perisylvian dysplasia].

INTRODUCTION AND CLINICAL CASE: We come up the case of a six and a half year old girl suffering from right unilateral perisylvian cortical dysplasia who present left spastic hemiparesia, mirror movements and language disorder. She made her epileptic debut at the age of four and a half with myoclonic absences which responded to valproate treatment. At the age of five she began with biopercular status epilepticus shown as pseudobulbar palsy as diffusion of discharges from the dysplasia localization to the contralateral one. These episodes look places with variable duration from one hour to one month and finished after medical treatment or spontaneously. At the present a pseudobulbar palsy persistence and a bilateralization in the symptoms is observed.

Anticonvulsants↗

PubMed2006

Language and memory disorder in the case of Jonathan Swift: considerations on retrospective diagnosis.

The cause of behavioural changes described by Alzheimer for his original case, Auguste D., has been recently reconfirmed by histological examination. However, there has been active speculation regarding the cause of behavioural changes exhibited by the political satirist Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) during the final three years of his life for over 250 years. Swift's symptoms of cognitive changes, memory impairment, personality alterations, language disorder and facial paralysis have all been apportioned differing levels of significance in various attempts at retrospective diagnosis. The various medical arguments put forward from the 18th through 20th centuries will be critically examined. The diagnoses considered refer to evolving theories of insanity, phrenology, localization of cortical function, hydrocephalus, psychoanalysis, aphasia, dementia and depression in ageing. Re-consideration of the attempts to re-diagnose Swift's final mental state by the leading neurological thinkers of the day, including Wilde (The Closing Years of Dean Swift's Life. Dublin: Hodges and Smith, 1849), Bucknill (1882), Osler [Osler's textbook Principles and Practice of Medicine (1892); published in St Thomas's Hospital Gazette (London) 1902; 12: 59-60), Brain (Irish Med J 1952: 320-1 and 337-346) and Boller and Forbes (J Neurol Sci 1998; 158: 125-133) reveal the changing attitudes regarding the significance of behavioural symptoms to neurological diagnosis from the 18th century to the present day.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Aspects of mother-child interaction as related to the remediation process.

Selected aspects of mother-child interaction are discussed with initial consideration given to the evidence regarding the emergence of conversational exchanges between normally developing language-learning children and their mothers. The results of a preliminary investigation in the area of mother-child interaction involving the clinical population of language-disordered children are presented. The research results are discussed in terms of the remediation process.

Child Language↗

PubMed2004

[Neuropsychiatric abnormalities and continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep syndrome: a case report].

UNLABELLED: Continuous spikes and waves during slow wave sleep syndrome (CSWS) is a seldom form of epilepsy which may manifest by neurocognitive and/or psychiatric abnormalities, with or without clinical seizures. CASE REPORT: A 5-year-old child was presented with a language disorder and behaviour abnormalities. A standard electroencephalograph (EEG) showed left tempororolandic spikes waves without any electrical discharges. Cerebral imaging excluded an underlying expansive disease. A continuous EEG recording revealed a CSWS syndrome by showing continuous and diffuse spike waves during slow wave sleep. Thanks to antiepileptic medications and orthophonic therapy, evolution was positive. CONCLUSION: In complex cases of language and behavioural disorders, it is necessary to perform an EEG even in the absence of convulsive seizures, to diagnose a CSWS syndrome. Given the etiological and treatment difficulties concerning the CSWS, a treatment with antiepileptic seems necessary. EEG normalisation under antiepileptic medications usually leads to significant, although partial, neuropsychological improvement. Furthermore, orthophonic therapy seems useful as a complement to pharmacological treatment.

Anticonvulsants↗

PubMed1975

Research in infantile autism: a strategy and its results.

Three major causation theories of infantile autism were tested during 12 years of research: (i) "nurture," (ii) "nature," and (iii) "nature-nurture" interaction. Data from major studies are presented showing strong support for the nature causation theory. Aut parents, in comparison to two control groups (normal and nonpsychotic abnormal), were appropriately stimulating and warmly relating to their Aut infants. Aut parents had no greater amounts of psychopathology than control parents. Aut children had: (i) more signs of neurobiological pathology than normal children; (ii) a high preponderance (94%) of IQ's in mentally retarded ranges; (iii) central language disorders which precluded development of normal verbal abstraction ability and creative speech; (iv) visual-motor disorders akin to a dyspraxis interfering with normal acquisition of "body language". With a greatly reduced capacity for acquiring both verbal and nonverbal communication skills, the ability of Aut Children to use other humans as helpful interpreters of the environment was also seriously curtailed. Not finding other humans useful in such interpretation, the phenomenon of social withdrawal was the logical end product in Aut Child.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2005

Hippocampal dysgenesis associated with temporal lobe hypoplasia and arachnoid cyst of the middle cranial fossa.

We describe two children with left hippocampal dysgenesis in association with temporal lobe hypoplasia and arachnoid cyst of the middle cranial fossa. The hippocampus showed an abnormal globular shape and blurred internal structure in both patients. One of the patients had juvenile myoclonic epilepsy without evidence of seizure onset in the abnormal temporal region. The other patient did not have epilepsy; however, he showed developmental language disorder with a probable relationship to the left temporal abnormalities.

Arachnoid Cysts↗