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Results for “POTASSIUM CHLORIDE”

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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources

PubMed1969

Analysis of the effects of calcium or magnesium on voltage-clamp currents in perfused squid axons bathed in solutions of high potassium.

Isolated axons from the squid, Dosidicus gigas, were internally perfused with potassium fluoride solutions. Membrane currents were measured following step changes of membrane potential in a voltage-clamp arrangement with external isosmotic solution changes in the order: potassium-free artificial seawater; potassium chloride; potassium chloride containing 10, 25, 40 or 50, mM calcium or magnesium; and potassium-free artificial seawater. The following results suggest that the currents measured under voltage clamp with potassium outside and inside can be separated into two components and that one of them, the predominant one, is carried through the potassium system. (a) Outward currents in isosmotic potassium were strongly and reversibly reduced by tetraethylammonium chloride. (b) Without calcium or magnesium a progressive increase in the nontime-dependent component of the currents (leakage) occurred. (c) The restoration of calcium or magnesium within 15-30 min decreases this leakage. (d) With 50 mM divalent ions the steady-state current-voltage curve was nonlinear with negative resistance as observed in intact axons in isosmotic potassium. (e) The time-dependent components of the membrane currents were not clearly affected by calcium or magnesium. These results show a strong dependence of the leakage currents on external calcium or magnesium concentration but provide no support for the involvement of calcium or magnesium in the kinetics of the potassium system.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

High-dose-level effects in mutagenicity assays utilizing mammalian cells in culture.

We report here results obtained using sodium chloride and potassium chloride as model compounds to investigate the effects of high dose levels and osmolarity-mediated artefacts in mutagenicity assays using cultured mammalian cells. Three assay systems were used with different genetic end-points: (i) mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance in Chinese hamster V79 cells; (ii) induction of chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells; and (iii) induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in HeLa S3 cells. In V79 cells we observed sporadic increases in mutation frequency after treatment with sodium chloride. Potassium chloride increased the mutation frequency in a narrow interval of dose levels. Chromosome aberrations were induced by both compounds at the highest concentrations tested, confirming previously published data; the effects of potassium chloride were more marked. The chromosome aberrations observed included both deletions and exchange figures. Neither compound induced UDS in our experiments. We performed the Ames test as a check for mutagenic contaminants and both compounds gave entirely negative results. Although the osmolarities of sodium chloride and potassium chloride solutions were similar, the effects of potassium chloride were always greater at equivalent concentrations; the nature of the solute, and not only the observed osmolarity, appears to influence the results obtained. Similarly, we have observed that dimethylsulphoxide causes a marked increase in the osmolarity of the culture medium without any obvious induction of chromosome aberrations. Although the presence of S9 had little effect on the osmolarity of the medium, differences in response were observed after treatments with or without S9. For the two model compounds it appears that an osmotic mechanism alone does not provide a sufficient explanation of the findings.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Studies in human lactation: milk composition and daily secretion rates of macronutrients in the first year of lactation.

Time-dependent changes in milk composition and secretion from pregnancy through greater than or equal to 6 mo of exclusive breast-feeding were studied in 13 multiparous women. Concentrations and secretion rates of lipid, lactose, protein, sodium, chloride, potassium, total calcium, ionized calcium, magnesium, glucose, citrate, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, and urea and pH were analyzed longitudinally from day 6 until weaning commenced. The composition of the antepartum secretion was related to the permeability of the junctional complexes between mammary cells. Significant increases in lactose, glucose, pH, and ionized calcium and significant decreases in protein, sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium concentrations were observed between 1 and 6 mo. Significant differences among individuals, which persisted through lactation, were observed for the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and inorganic phosphate. The amount of lactose, ionized calcium, and magnesium transferred to the infant was also characteristic of each mother-infant pair. Our data imply that lactation performance is determined in the first month postpartum.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2003

[Penetrometry in evaluation of flow and structure of powdered substances].

Usability of modified penetrometry is examined and significant relationships with routinely used characteristics of flowability and structure of powdered substances are searched for in size fractions of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium citrate, and potassium citrate. A systematic study of interrelationships between properties made it possible to achieve sufficiently reproducible results without a necessity of consolidation. By means of factor analysis, a connection between penetrometry, bulk flow rate, and Kawakita-constant was demonstrated. For multidimensional linear regression for estimation of penetrometry, the significance of examined properties decreases in the order Kawakita-constant > loose bulk density > total porosity > bulk flow rate > mass flow rate. The most important item of knowledge gained in the study is the dependence of penetrometry on a combination of loose bulk density and Kawakita-constant.

Citrates↗

PubMed1998

The effects of salt on the TATA binding protein-DNA interaction from a hyperthermophilic archaeon.

This study investigates the thermodynamics of the interaction of the TATA box binding protein (TBP) from Pyrococcus woesei (Pw) with an oligonucleotide containing a specific binding site. Pw is a hyperthermophilic archeal organism which exists under conditions of high salt and high temperature. A measurable protein-DNA interaction only occurs at high salt concentrations. Isothermal titration calorimetric binding studies were performed under a range of salts (potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, potassium acetate and sodium acetate) at varying concentrations (0.8 to 1.6 M). At the high salt concentrations used the observed equilibrium binding constant increases with increasing salt concentration. This is very different to the effect reported for all other protein-DNA interactions which have been studied at lower salt concentrations. Thermodynamic data suggest that the protein-DNA interaction at high salt concentration is accompanied by the removal of large numbers of water molecules from the buried hydrophobic surface area. In addition, the involvement of ions appears to influence the binding which can be explained by binding of cations in the interface between the electrostatically negative lateral lobes on the protein and the negatively charged DNA.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry for the detection of analyte concentrations.

Optical techniques may potentially be used for noninvasive glucose sensing. We investigated the application of phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry (PS-OLCR) to the measurement of analyte concentrations. The dependence of the PS-OLCR signal on the concentration of various analytes, including aqueous solutions of glucose, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium bicarbonate, urea, bovine serum albumin, and bovine globulin, were determined in clear and turbid media. Obtained results demonstrated (1) a high degree of sensitivity and accuracy of the phase measurements of analyte concentrations with PS-OLCR; (2) a concentration-dependent change in the phase-shift for glucose that is significantly greater than that of other analytes sampled over the same physiological range; and (3) a high submillimolar sensitivity of PS-OLCR for the measurement of glucose concentration. Further exploration of the application of PS-OLCR to the noninvasive, sensitive, and specific monitoring of glucose concentration seems warranted.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed1995

High and low affinity transport of L-arginine in rat brain synaptosomes.

The uptake of L-arginine into purified rat brain synaptosomes was investigated with respect to time and various concentrations of L-[3H]arginine. Specific uptake was found to be linear with time for up to 5 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. Electrolytes, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride, inhibited uptake of 3 microM L-arginine, and the inhibitory effect increased with increased electrolyte concentration under constant osmolarity. It was found that L-arginine was transported into synaptosomes by two uptake components--a high affinity component (3.5 microM) and a low affinity component (100 microM). These two components were similar to the Ly+ system because of their extreme sensitivity to inhibition by L-lysine and L-ornithine but were distinguishable from each other by kinetic analysis of the uptake data and by their relative sensitivity to inhibition by several amino acids.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1977

Biochemical studies on Egyptian buffalo meat. Part 3. Determination of sodium, potassium and chloride.

Sodium, potassium and chloride contents fo buffalo meat were studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data obtained show significant difference at 0.01 level for sodium, potassium, and chloride in relation to season, and in female in relation to season. Sodium and potassium differs significantly at 0.01 level in male animals in relation to season, and chloride differs at this level due to green season in relation to sex. At 0.05 level sodium shows a significant difference in cut while chloride shows a variation at this level due to dry season in relation to sex.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Pharmacodynamic behaviour of isolated resistance vessels obtained from hypertensive-diabetic rats.

The influence of various vasodilator and constrictor drugs was studied in isolated mesenteric arteries obtained from obese and lean Zucker rats. The obese Zucker rats were moderately hypertensive and their isolated small arteries were not hypertrophied. All vasoconstrictor agents studied (noradrenaline, methoxamine, serotonin, calcium chloride, potassium chloride) caused the same effects in isolated arteries taken from obese and lean (control) Zucker rats; respectively. In vessels from obese Zucker rats, the vasodilator responses to sodium nitroprusside, methacholine, the K(+)-channel opener cromakalim and nifedipine were the same as in control preparations. In conclusion, isolated mesenteric arteries from obese Zucker rats do not show relevant structural changes, and the pharmacodynamic behaviour of such vessels appears to be the same as that of control preparations. Neither the diabetic hyperinsulinaemic state not the hyperlipoproteinaemia in the obese Zucker rats appear to cause serious vascular damage.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Protective effects of ketotifen on guinea pig trachea.

We have studied the effects of ketotifen (Ke), an effective antiallergic drug, on guinea pig trachea. Ke (10(-6)-5 X 10(-5) M) inhibits contractions induced in this preparation by acetylcholine, prostaglandin F2 alpha, barium chloride, potassium chloride and electrical stimulation. These results provide evidence for protective effects of Ke in airways. Furthermore, Ke exerts also a neural inhibitory effect on postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of guinea pig trachea. These findings resemble the effects reported previously for disodium cromoglycate by us and might be relevant for antiasthmatic and antiallergic properties of Ke.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1999

Asteroidal water within fluid inclusion-bearing halite in an H5 chondrite, Monahans (1998)

Crystals of halite and sylvite within the Monahans (1998) H5 chondrite contain aqueous fluid inclusions. The fluids are dominantly sodium chloride-potassium chloride brines, but they also contain divalent cations such as iron, magnesium, or calcium. Two possible origins for the brines are indigenous fluids flowing within the asteroid and exogenous fluids delivered into the asteroid surface from a salt-containing icy object.

Crystallization↗

PubMed1983

Effect of NaCl and KCl salts on the cytomorphology of pars distalis of the frog Rana cyanophlyctis (Schneider).

The effect of salts on the pars distalis of R. cyanophlyctis was studied by placing them in sodium chloride, potassium chloride (0.5%), distilled water and tapwater (control) for 15 days. In frogs kept in NaCl solution basophil type 3 cells (B3) showed marked hypertrophy and degranulation, whereas the B3 cells of frogs kept in KCl solution showed the hypertrophy and accumulation of secretory granules inside their cytoplasm. The B3 cells of frogs kept in distilled water or tapwater showed no changes. The other cell types of the pars distalis (A1 and A2 acidophils; B1 and B2 basophils) remained unaffected. It is concluded that the B3 cells are the probable source of adrenocorticotrophin and that the adenohypophyseal hormone(s) play a role in the maintenance of water and salt balance in R. cyanophlyctis.

Animals↗

PubMed1972

Further characterization of bovine keratohyalin.

Extraction of serial sections of cattle hoof epidermis with solutions of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, guanidine hydrochloride, ammonium sulfate, and potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at varying salt concentrations demonstrates that keratohyalin (KH) is extracted by these salts at certain molarities. Under given conditions of time and temperature, each salt has a specific extraction pattern, and similar salts have similar extraction patterns. Dialysis of the salt extracts of hoof epidermis against distilled water results in the macroaggregition of KH, as assayed by histochemical methods. Although the various macroaggregates appear identical at the histochemical level, they display different ultrastructural characteristics. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the sodium decyl sulfate-solubilized macroaggregates results in the fractionation of a 20 (or more) member homologous series of oligomers. Isolation of the various oligomeric species of bovine keratohyalin and re-electrophoresis indicate that the various KH species can undergo depolymerization. Amino acid analyses of the unfractionated bovine macroaggregates and the various molecular weight species of bovine KH are similar, further demonstrating homology of the oligomers. The molecular weight of the subunit (monomer) of bovine KH is 14,955, estimated from the amino acid analyses.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1979

A new phosphatase of human platelets.

Human platelets contain a phosphatase, which has a pH optimum at 7.0. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate and citrate at 0.01 mol/l concentration and Mg2+ at 0.002 mol/l concentration respectively bring about 7.7-, 3.6- and 2.1-fold increase in its activity. It is thermolabile. About 70% of its activity is lost when held at 50 degrees C for 10 min at pH 7.5. On electrophoresis through polyacrylamide gel at pH 8.3, about 87.8% of the total activity remained at the origin and the rest migrated toward the anode. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium phosphate, ouabain in the absence or presence of K+, potassium tartarte, phenylalanine, sodium fluoride have no effect on its activity. Urea at 1 mol/l and 0.5 mol/l concentrations respectively inhibited about 76% and 28% of its activity. It has the highest preference for p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Its Km and Vmax respectively are 5.7 x 10(-4) mol/l and 2.9 mumol . min-1. Its activity on beta-glycerophosphate is about 0.7% of that on p-nitrophenylphosphate. Its activity on ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides ranges from 0.4% to 3.0% of that on p-nitrophenylphosphate. Its maximum stimulation by EDTA, its non-dependence on K+ and its insensitivity to inorganic phosphate and ouabain, make human platelet neutral phosphatase herein described, distinct from the membrane bound neutral phosphtases so far reported.

Blood Platelets↗

PubMed1996

Acceptance of minerals and other compounds by calcium-deprived rats: 24-h tests.

We measured 24-h spontaneous intake of four to eight concentrations of 31 different solutions by groups of rats fed control or low-calcium diets. Relative to controls, those fed low-calcium diet had increased acceptance of one or more concentrations of sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium bicarbonate, but not sodium gluconate. Differences in palatability between these sodium salts were unimportant because the rats fed low-calcium diet consumed more sodium chloride even if this was made less acceptable by adulteration with citric acid. The possibility that calcium-deprived rats have an enhanced general cation or mineral appetite was supported by findings of increased acceptance of one or more concentrations of nine of ten chloride minerals tested (aluminum chloride, ammonium chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, strontium chloride, zinc chloride). However, there were no differences in acceptance of any concentration of cesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, or lead acetate. Moreover, calcium-deprived rats drank more hydrochloric acid and malic acid than did controls. Thus the effect of calcium deficiency on intake was not confined to minerals. Acidity or bitterness did not appear important because there was no difference between the groups in intake of sulfuric acid, citric acid, or quinine hydrochloride. Consistent with the exacerbating effects of phosphates on calcium deprivation, deprived rats had decreased intakes of phosphates (sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate). However, they also had decreased intakes of sucrose and saccharin. It is clear that calcium deprivation does not induce a general increase in acceptance of all taste solutions, but there appears to be no simple explanation for what these animals consume.

Acids↗

PubMed1994

Whole-cell recording of the Ca(2+)-dependent slow afterhyperpolarization in hippocampal neurones: effects of internally applied anions.

Using the whole-cell recording technique, we have examined the slow Ca(2+)-activated afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and its underlying current (IAHP) in hippocampal CA1 neurones of brain slices obtained from mature rats. Specifically we have studied the effects of the anion component of various K+ salts commonly used to make the pipette filling solution that dialyses neurones during whole-cell recordings. Among the K+ salts examined which included potassium methylsulfate, potassium methanesulfonate, potassium gluconate, potassium chloride, potassium citrate and potassium glutamate, stable AHPs/IAHP and strong spike firing adaptation could only be observed in neurones recorded with the patch pipette solution containing potassium methylsulfate. These AHPs and firing patterns closely mimicked those recorded with sharp electrodes. Similarly, the sustained component of voltage-activated Ca2+ currents was more stable in neurones dialysed with cesium methanesulfonate than in those dialysed with cesium gluconate or cesium chloride. Although the mechanisms underlying the interaction(s) between internally applied anions and ionic channels need further investigation, the present experiments illustrate that in mammalian brain neurones at 33 degrees C, the Ca(2+)-activated IAHP is dramatically altered by internal anions. We suggest that among anions commonly used in electrode filling solutions for whole-cell recordings, methylsulfate is the least disruptive to intracellular structures or Ca2+ homeostasis and permits stable whole-cell recording of the IAHP and Ca2+ currents in mammalian CNS neurones.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of lithium hydroxybutyrate on several heart function indices].

DL50 of intraperitoneal lithium oxybutyrate administered to cats was found to amount to 724 mg/kg, while in doses of 13.5--360 mg/kg it increases the coronary blood flow volume in cats by 20.3--122.2 per cent, directly proportional to the dose. Lithium oxybutyrate prevents the chlorocalcium arrhythmia in rats and eliminates strophanthine-induced anemia in cats, surpassing an analogous effect of lithium chloride, potassium chloride, quinidine, novocainamide and isoptin. It raises the activity of the succinate dehydrogenase in the myocardium and weakens the ability of calcium chloride to reduce the glycogen content in the conduction system of the heart in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Protein-protein and protein-salt interactions in aqueous protein solutions containing concentrated electrolytes.

Protein-protein and protein-salt interactions have been obtained for ovalbumin in solutions of ammonium sulfate and for lysozyme in solutions of ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium isothiocyanate, and potassium chloride. The two-body interactions between ovalbumin molecules in concentrated ammonium-sulfate solutions can be described by the DLVO potentials plus a potential that accounts for the decrease in free volume available to the protein due to the presence of the salt ions. The interaction between ovalbumin and ammonium sulfate is unfavorable, reflecting the kosmotropic nature of sulfate anions. Lysozyme-lysozyme interactions cannot be described by the above potentials because anion binding to lysozyme alters these interactions. Lysozyme-isothiocyanate complexes are strongly attractive due to electrostatic interactions resulting from bridging by the isothiocyanate ion. Lysozyme-lysozyme interactions in sulfate solutions are more repulsive than expected, possibly resulting from a larger excluded volume of a lysozyme-sulfate bound complex or perhaps, hydration forces between the lysozyme-sulfate complexes.

Animals↗