Environmental monitoring and disposal of radioactive wastes from U.S. Naval nuclear-powered ships and their support facilities, 1971.
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Cobalt Isotopes↗
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Results for “Refuse Disposal”
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[Refuse incinerators in industrial areas (pro and contra)].
Update refuse incineration plant is meanwhile available as complete residue utilisation and recycling plant at reasonable waste disposal cost. Residual refuse of unknown composition is transformed into defined raw materials. The resulting "products" of such high-temperature treatment plant are energy, glass slake, gypsum, hydrochloric acid and metal fractions that can be re-introduced, i.e. recycled, into the cyclic process applicable to raw and engineering materials.
Equipment Reuse↗
The scientific base for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel.
The main objectives of the Swedish expert seminar on spent nuclear fuel disposal were to identify those safety questions for which there is, or will be, a definitive answer, and to establish the degree of uncertainty surrounding those questions which still cannot be satisfactorily answered. The opinion was that the geological environment of the repository can be defined and its behavior predicted with much confidence, assuming the existing environment remains stable. Thus in the short term (a few hundred to thousands of years), the situation is favorable for safe disposal of spent fuel. In the longer term perspective, it was considered necessary to further investigate the evidence of the geologically recent past to predict future changes.
Nuclear Energy↗
Integrated geophysical surveys on waste dumps: evaluation of physical parameters to characterize an urban waste dump (four case studies in Italy).
Geophysical surveys were carried out on different waste dumps to evaluate key geometric and physical parameters. Depending on the dump dimensions and physical characteristics different geophysical techniques were used. Vertical electrical sounding, electrical resistivity tomography, induced polarization and seismic refraction techniques were integrated to eliminate the non-uniqueness of solutions and for a better understanding of the results. Physical parameters inside and outside the dumps were compared. The change of physical parameters such as resistivity, chargeability, and P-wave velocity allowed evaluation of waste dump geometry, leachate saturation levels, and thickness of waste. Furthermore, in illegal dumps, the size and waste type disposed could be evaluated. Calculated results were compared with plans and book-keeping from the dumps investigated.
Data Collection↗
Biomedical waste disposal--Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Final rule.
The NRC is amending its regulations to permit licensees greater leeway in disposing of liquid scintillation media and animal carcasses containing tracer levels of hydrogen-3 (tritium) or carbon-14. These rule changes will primarily affect NRC licensed hospitals and medical research institutions. Most licensees presently dispose of these items by sending them to a radioactive waste burial ground or by obtaining special authorization from NRC for incineration or onsite burial. Under the new regulations, the licensee may dispose of specified concentrations of these materials without regard to their radioactivity. The NRC is also amending its regulations to raise the annual limits for disposal of hydrogen-3 and carbon-14 by release to the sanitary sewerage systems. The rule changes will conserve waste burial capacity that is already in short supply.
Government Agencies↗
Improper office disposal of needles and other sharps: an occupational hazard outside of health care institutions.
An employee of a private disposal company suffered a finger needlestick injury while collecting waste at curbside from a building containing medical offices. Subsequent inspection of the contents of the garbage bags revealed the presence of used syringes and unsheathed needles. The Ministry of the Environment has developed a regulation and guidelines for the handling and disposal of biomedical waste including needles and other sharps. These specify that approved carriers and receivers are required for disposal; properly decontaminated waste is considered non-hazardous solid waste and can go to landfills. However, responsibility for curbside pickup of waste lies with municipalities; some municipalities have enacted by-laws which prohibit collection of this waste at the curbside. This incident illustrates that improper disposal of biomedical waste (including that from private practitioners' offices) may occur despite efforts to control its handling, and that needlestick injuries can occur outside of health care facilities among personnel who are not health care workers. Efforts are needed to increase the level of awareness among health professionals regarding their responsibility to ensure proper biomedical waste disposal from private offices. In addition, efforts should be made to bridge the gap between all levels of government regarding the disposal of biomedical waste.
Accidents, Occupational↗
A bottle crusher, built to facilitate the disposal of liquid scintillation waste.
A crusher for liquid scintillation bottles, designed to dispose of 2500 bottles per week, employs a revolving drum and sump for collection of spent fluid. Air extraction maintains safe levels by removing flammable vapours.
Glass↗
Assessment of the environmental impact of landfill sites with open combustion located in arid regions by combined chemical and ecotoxicological studies.
Two different waste disposal sites in Jordan were investigated in order to determine the environmental situation in context with waste disposal techniques. One landfill, located at Marka/Amman, had been closed about 25 years ago and covered with soil. Here, the waste had been actively open combusted and openings in the cover, still emitting smoke, indicated that waste was still smoldering inside the landfill's body. The second disposal site close to Ekeeder/Irbid is still operated. On this ground, the solid waste is not intentionally burned, although spontaneous fires frequently come up. Samples of waste, soil, and entrained dust were collected and analyzed. From the solid samples, respectively, their eluates, sum parameters, ecotoxicological effects as well as contents of elements/heavy metals and organic pollutants (PAH, PCDD/F) were determined. In general, the Ekeeder-samples were low-contaminated. The investigation of the Marka-samples showed higher contamination of the site's center, clearly being influenced by combustion processes. A significant contamination of the landfill's vicinity by its emissions could not be derived from the analytical data. Ecotoxicological investigations, applying a bio-test battery, revealed correlations with the sum parameters but not with the trace pollutants. Thus, the Marka-samples with the highest measured values of sum parameters caused adverse effects on three different test species, whereas other samples from Marka and Ekeeder had small or no effects. The results of these investigations depict the influence of different disposal techniques on the contamination situation of a landfill and they shall contribute to assess the conditions of other disposal sites in (semi)arid regions.
Benzofurans↗
Report on waste dump sites around Bangalore.
The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Bangalore urban and rural districts of Karnataka state, India. Bangalore has a population of 6 million and has more than 2000 industries working at various industrial estates and other locations around the city. It was reported that about 1500 tons of municipal waste per day is being generated from Bangalore city. Studies reveal that there is no scientific treatment and disposal facility for scientific management of the waste generated. The waste from industries and community areas is disposed in an unscientific manner at several open dump sites across the city. There are more than 60 dump sites consisting of both municipal and industrial waste existing in and around Bangalore city; the locations are totally unhygienic. Based on the experience gained from field visits, physical observation of the waste disposed, quantity and nature of the waste disposed, each site was given with a grading based on polluting potential of the site. For selected sites, ground water samples were collected from nearby surface or bore wells and analysed for possible contamination. From the study, it was found that the site needed immediate attention and comes under severe impact category of 27 numbers and that of medium and low impact are 18 and 6 numbers, respectively. The disposal sites have got tremendous potential of spreading the epidemics/diseases to the people living in their immediate vicinity and at nearby places.
Cities↗
Use of stone wool by-products in the construction of sanitary landfills and tailing dams.
The delay of the introduction of a used item or residual material in the "waste circuit" is a key factor of an effective and environmentally sound waste management policy. This principle has been fully adopted by the European legislation and consequently, in most of the member countries. In the same time, re-use of low cost materials or, even better, by-products in environment protection works (sanitary landfills, mineral processing residues dams, etc.) could make easier the effective implementation of an environmentally sound waste management policy, especially in developing countries. However, the assessment of the recovery options has to be performed on the basis of proper technical specifications concerning the kind of reuse proposed and of an accurate investigation on the technical and environmental properties of the residue. The present article reports the results of a research programme aiming at evaluating the feasibility of use of stone wool by-products, usually directly disposed in landfills, as construction materials for sanitary landfills and tailing dams.
Conservation of Natural Resources↗
Report on hazardous household waste generation in Japan.
Surveys of over 2000 households in Japan were conducted to investigate the characteristics of hazardous household waste (HHW) generation. In Japan, about 2.5 to 4.3 kg of HHW are produced per tonne of the residential waste stream. The percentage of used batteries in HHW was over 50%. Every household using spray (aerosol) cans had more than seven cans on average. The generation of HHW, in terms of both quantities and type of waste produced, appeared to vary with dwelling type. Detached dwelling residents tended to store HHW such as used batteries, whereas apartment residents tended not to store waste. The amounts of discarded HHW were larger at the end of the year in comparison with other months. The data accumulated were used to estimate the quantities of HHW disposed off annually, and the quantities and type of waste that might be received by a typical depot collection programme in Japan.
Environmental Monitoring↗
Environmental biotechnology: biotechnology solutions for a global environmental problem, hazardous chemical wastes.
Biotechnology has a growing place in the remediation of hazardous waste sites throughout the world, and especially in Asia where population density is high and land and fresh water are scarce. In-situ bioremediation has been demonstrated already to be highly effective for petroleum hydrocarbons (alkanes, aromatics, polychlorophenols) and organophosphate pesticides in soils and for gasoline by-products (benzene, toluene, xylene) and chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene) in groundwater. Heavy metals and PCBs are not suitable for bioremediation. Environmental biotechnology includes solid-phase and slurry-phase bioremediation for contaminated soils and site-specific bioreactors for contaminated groundwater. Specific examples are presented. From a policy point of view, accumulated wastes must be detoxified, preferably at sites where they already exist. We cannot continue to rely on their removal and disposal "elsewhere". For current waste streams, we must minimize the volumes and toxicity. Environmental biotechnology will play a key role.
Biotechnology↗
State of the art and future perspectives of thermophilic anaerobic digestion.
The state of the art of thermophilic digestion is discussed. Thermophilic digestion is a well established technology in Europe for treatment of mixtures of waste in common large scale biogas plants or for treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Due to a large number of failures over time with thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge this process has lost its appeal in the USA. New demands on sanitation of biosolids before land use will, however, bring the attention back to the use of elevated temperatures during sludge stabilization. In the paper we show how the use of a start-up strategy based on the actual activity of key microbes can be used to ensure proper and fast transfer of mesophilic digesters into thermophilic operation. Extreme thermophilic temperatures of 65 degrees C or more may be necessary in the future to meet the demands for full sanitation of the waste material before final disposal. We show data of anaerobic digestion at extreme thermophilic temperatures.
Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
Occupational needlestick injuries: educational program and mechanical opening needle disposal boxes.
1. Needle recapping injuries, which individual employees have considerable ability to prevent, declined significantly following inservice education. 2. The problem of needles protruding into the opening of mechanical lids in needle disposal boxes persisted even after the inservice sessions. When clearlid, nonmechanical opening boxes were used, disposal injuries related to protruding needles declined significantly. 3. An educational program coupled with the appropriate placement of disposal boxes had a beneficial impact on some categories of needlestick injuries, although the total number of needlestick injuries did not decline.
Humans↗
Environmentally safe design of tailing dams for the management of iron ore tailings in Indian context.
The need for the disposal of iron ore tailings in an enviornmentally firiendly manner is of great concern. This paper investigates the soil engineering properties for the construction of iron ore tailing dam, its foundation, construction materials and design data used for the construction analysis of the tailing dam. Geophysical investigations were carried out to establish the bedrock below the spillway. A computer programme taking into account the Swedish Slip Circle Method of analysis was used in the stability analysis of dam. It also focuses on the charactierstics of the tailings reponsible for the determination of optimum size of tailing pond for the containment of the tailings. The studies on the settling characteristics of tailings indicate much less area in comparison to the area provided in the existing tailing ponds in India. In the proposed scheme, it is suggested to provide an additional unit of sedimentation tank before the disposal of tailings to the tailing pond.
Computer-Aided Design↗
Responses of benthic macroinvertebrates to thin-layer disposal of dredged material in Mississippi Sound, USA.
Benthic community responses to thin-layer disposal of dredged material were assessed at three sites in Mississippi Sound, USA. Community composition differed between disposal and reference sites (ANOSIM) for each disposal event. Oweniid sand worms, Amphinomid fire worms, and brittle stars (Ophiuriodea) contributed the most to community distinctions between disposal and reference sites (SIMPER), with higher abundances at the disposal sites. Total infaunal abundance was similar to pre-disposal and reference conditions within 3-10 months of thin-layer disposal. Distinctions in community composition between disposal and reference sites (nMDS) persisted throughout the 16-month study period, but were less pronounced at the site where sediment composition was unchanged by disposal. Size distributions of some taxa (e.g., gastropod and hemichordate) suggest adults recolonized the newly deposited sediments either through vertical migration or lateral immigration from adjacent areas. Thin-layer disposal offers a viable alternative to conventional open-water disposal practices and warrants further exploration for other areas with deeper bathymetries and different hydrodynamic regimes.
Animals↗
Optimal loading rates and economic analyses for anaerobic digestion of poultry waste.
Four combinations of litter and carcasses from broiler chickens were examined utilizing a thermophilic, stirred-tank digester of demonstration size of approximately 10,000 gal. Under computed optimal loading rates, litter with paper bedding had the highest daily production of methane over an 8-day retention period. The greatest methane production per lb of volatile solids was achieved over 10 days with litter and paper bedding combined with carcasses. This research found that sufficient poultry litter is generated within 20 mi (32 km) of Moorefield, WV, to support a commercial-sized digester operation. However, anaerobic digestion of poultry waste cannot be financially supported by methane production alone. To be financially viable, anaerobic digestion requires a disposal fee for poultry waste and/or the sale of the digested solid effluent as an organic fertilizer to retail markets.
Agriculture↗
Bedding disposal cabinet for containment of aerosols generated by animal cage cleaning procedures.
Laboratory tests with aerosolized spores and animal room tests with uranine dye indicate the effectiveness of a prototype bedding disposal cabinet in reducing airborne contamination generated by cage cleaning procedures.
Aerosols↗