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PubMed1999

Attitudes and exercise adherence: test of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour.

Three studies of exercise adherence and attitudes are reported that tested the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. In a prospective study of adherence to a private fitness club, structural equation modelling path analysis showed that attitudinal and social normative components of the Theory of Reasoned Action accounted for 13.1% of the variance in adherence 4 months later, although only social norm significantly predicted intention. In a second study, the Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to predict both physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Path analyses showed that attitude and perceived control, but not social norm, predicted total physical activity. Physical activity was predicted from intentions and control over sedentary behaviour. Finally, an intervention study with previously sedentary adults showed that intentions to be active measured at the start and end of a 10-week intervention were associated with the planned behaviour variables. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed no significant multivariate effects for time on the planned behaviour variables measured before and after intervention. Qualitative data provided evidence that participants had a positive experience on the intervention programme and supported the role of social normative factors in the adherence process.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Leisure time physical activity in Australian women: relationship with well being and symptoms.

This paper explores the association between moderate levels of physical activity (PA) and health benefits in well being and symptoms such as tiredness, back pain, and constipation. Participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, 14,502 young women (ages 18-23 years), 13,609 middle-age women (45-50 years), and 11,421 older women (ages 70-75 years), answered questions about vigorous and less vigorous exercise (used to determine a physical activity score), well being (SF-36), symptoms, and medical conditions. There were significant associations between the PA score and SF-36 in each cohort. Odds ratios (OR) for a range of symptoms and conditions were lower for women who reported low to moderate activity than for sedentary women, for example, for young women or for constipation = 0.76 (CI, 0.65-0.89), for middle-age women or for tiredness = 0.70 (0.63-0.78). There was no threshold of PA at which health benefits increased significantly. Although cross-sectional, the findings suggest that low-to-moderate levels of exercise are associated with a range of health benefits for women of all ages. These preliminary findings will be followed up during the longitudinal study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Effects of socio-economic and behavioural characteristics in explaining central obesity--a study on adult Asian Indians in Calcutta, India.

The present cross-sectional study on adult Asian Indians in Calcutta, India was undertaken to look into the effects of socio-economic and behavioural characteristics in explaining waist-hip ratio (WHR). A total of 500 apparently healthy individuals (300 men and 200 women) were subjects in the study. A random sampling procedure using local voter's registration list was followed to select the subjects. Only one adult (> or = 30 years) from each household was considered as participant. A total of 24 items, 14 socio-economic and 10 behavioural characters were considered. For socio-economic characters, a number of items namely employment status, types of occupation, education status, nature of housing and marital status were taken into consideration. Smoking status, physical exercise by means of outdoor activity, drinking habits and diets on the other hand were considered as behavioural characters. Information on socio-economic and behavioural characteristics was collected using an open-ended schedule specifically designed in this regard. Anthropometric measures namely height, weight and circumference of waist and hip were obtained from participants using standard techniques. The median WHR for men and women was 0.94 and 0.90 respectively. Analysis of variance revealed significant sex difference for all anthropometric measures. It was observed that more women were leading sedentary (outdoor activity not housework was considered) life than men (85.4% vs. 75.4%). Furthermore, women were predominantly nonsmokers (98.8%) whereas 40.2% men were smokers as against 51.4% ex-smokers (those who have quitted smoking during past two years). Multiple regression analysis (adjusted for age and sex) of WHR by socio-economic and behavioural characters revealed that occupation, housing, marital status, smoking condition, physical exercise, drinking habits and diets pattern cumulatively explains 75% (R2=0.75) of total variation of WHR in the study population.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The importance of continued exercise participation in quality of life and psychological well-being in previously inactive postmenopausal women: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Exercise and physical activity provide a wide range of health benefits for postmenopausal women, although the impact of maintained exercise participation on psychological well-being is unclear. An exploration of continued exercise participation in psychological well-being after a moderate-intensity exercise program in previously inactive postmenopausal women was therefore undertaken. DESIGN: : Twenty-three healthy sedentary postmenopausal women (age 56 +/- 4 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. All participants completed the Short Form-36, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Health Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ) and then began a 6-week walking program at 50% heart rate reserve defined by (.-)V(O(2)) treadmill testing. Post-intervention, all participants underwent (.-)V(O(2)) treadmill testing and questionnaires. Group 1 was then instructed to continue exercising, whereas group 2 was instructed to desist for an additional 6-week period. On completion of the 6-week follow-up, participants completed a final set of questionnaires. RESULTS: Participants performed 97% of the prescribed 15-hour (900 minute) exercise program (875.1 +/- 177.4 minutes) in an average of 26 +/- 5 sessions. Total HAQ (P = 0.001), health worry (P = 0.001), fear of illness (P = 0.037), reassurance seeking behavior (P = 0.037), SF-36 well-being (P = 0.037), total HADS (P = 0.019), and HADS depression (P = 0.015) improved significantly following the exercise program. At follow-up, group 1 had lower HADS anxiety (P = 0.013), total HADS (P = 0.02), total HAQ (P = 0.03), and HAQ interference with life (P = 0.03) and significantly higher SF-36 energy (P = 0.01) than group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy postmenopausal women gain significant psychological benefit from moderate-intensity exercise. However, exercise participation must continue to maintain improvements in psychological well-being and quality of life.

Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed1997

Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among men and women in an Arab Gulf community.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among the adult population in Bahrain, an Arab Gulf country. A total sample of 516 subjects aged 30-79 years was selected proportionally from all geographical areas of Bahrain. Findings revealed that current smokers represented 32% of men and 20% of women (P < 0.001). However, a relatively high percentage of women were exposed to inhalation of other family member tobacco smoking compared to men (29% and 44% among men and women, respectively). Obesity, hypertension and diabetes were highly prevalent and significantly more reported among women than men. Of women, 79.6% were overweight or obese compared to 56% of men. Sedentary lifestyle patterns (Lack of physical exercise and daily watching of television) were also highly reported. About 12.1% of men and 15.7% of women did not consume fresh fruits. The corresponding percentages for fresh vegetables were 8.4% and 5.5%, respectively. The prevalence of well established risk factors for CVD such as smoking, obesity, inactivity, diabetes and hypertension were high and indicates the need for a national health policy to prevent and control the CVD.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Schizophrenia and obesity: impact of antipsychotic medications.

Obesity is an epidemic in this country and much of the rest of the developed world. It is a major contributor to a range of metabolic disorders responsible for much of the medical morbidity and mortality that burden our society. The combination of the costs to society of the chronic illness of schizophrenia with the costs of obesity and the chronic illnesses associated with it, e.g., metabolic disorders, diabetes, dyslipidemias, and cardiovascular disease, represents a major public health problem. Obesity in schizophrenia is accentuated even further largely through illness-related factors, like poor dietary conditions and more sedentary lifestyles, and particularly because many of the psychiatric medications (antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants) used to combat this devastating illness themselves result in weight gain that, if untreated, may result in the usual obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. This article is intended to review some of the physiology of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, the risks to schizophrenia patients engendered by obesity, the evidence for weight gain associated with the antipsychotic drugs, and the possible mechanisms involved in antipsychotic medication-associated weight gain.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed1979

[Epidemiology of carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)].

In order to explain why modes of sexual life influence the incidence of cervical carcinoma, several factors have been claimed to be involved. There is no solid basis for the hypothesis that sperm may be mutagenic. By contrast, epidemiological studies showed that partners whose life is not sedentary bring back home to their wives an increased risk of cervical carcinoma. The infectious factor does not seem to be associated with syphilis but may well be represented by herpes genitalis virus (Herpes Simplex type 2 virus). Women with cervical carcinoma show a variety of immunes reactions to this virus, and these reactions are statistically less frequent in control groups. In the laboratory, mouse and hamster cells have been transformed into cancerous cells by means of herpes simplex virus type 2.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Examination of print and telephone channels for physical activity promotion: Rationale, design, and baseline data from Project STRIDE.

BACKGROUND: Project STRIDE is a 4-year randomized controlled trial comparing two computer-based expert system guided intervention delivery channels (phone vs. print) for physical activity adoption and short-term maintenance among previously sedentary adults. METHODS: Sedentary adults (n=239) were randomized to one of the following (1) telephone-based, individualized motivationally-tailored feedback; (2) print-based, individualized motivationally-tailored feedback; (3) contact-control delayed treatment group (received intervention after 12 months as control). This paper: (1) outlines the study design, rationale, and participant sample; and (2) describes relationships between baseline variables to better understand their influence on the efficacy of the intervention. RESULTS: Participants averaged 19.8+/-25.0 min of physical activity/week that was at least of moderate intensity, with no group differences. The average estimated VO(2) at 85% of maximum heart rate was 25.6 ml/kg/min. Body fat was 34.1% for women and 23.2% for men and the BMI of the sample averaged 28.5 kg/m(2). CONCLUSIONS: Project STRIDE examines non face-to-face approaches for promoting physical activity behavior. It has unique features including a direct comparison of an expert system guided intervention delivered via phone or print. Future analyses will examine the cost-effectiveness of the interventions and this will likely yield important information for policy-makers.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Physical inactivity in a country in transition: a population-based survey in Tirana City, Albania.

AIMS: This paper describes the work and leisure-time physical activity levels of adults living in Tirana City (Albania). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Tirana City in mid-2001. It included 1120 adults aged 25 years and over (response rate=72.7%). RESULTS: Overall, 19.3% of male and 28.4% of female respondents reported a low level of physical activity at work. During leisure time, 49.5% of men and 57.6% of women (age-standardized prevalence [adjusted to the adult population of Tirana]: 43.4% and 51.9% for men and women respectively) said that they participated in only sedentary activities such as reading and watching television. The gender difference in the likelihood of low physical activity at work and during leisure time was significant even after adjusting for age (age adjusted odds ratios (OR)=1.86 99% confidence interval (CI) 1.12; 3.09 and OR=1.60 99% CI 1.17; 2.22 respectively). The likelihood of leisure-time sedentarity increased with age in both genders but it did not vary significantly with education level or income. Being sedentary during leisure time was also not significantly associated with other unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, including smoking, consumption of vegetables less than six days per week, and daily alcohol intake. CONCLUSIONS: In a country such as Albania that has undergone a rapid transition from a largely unmechanized society, characterized inevitably by high levels of exercise, the generalized high prevalence of low physical activity level during leisure time gives cause for concern regarding future health trends.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Healthy eating, activity and obesity prevention: a qualitative study of parent and child perceptions in Australia.

Preventative health strategies incorporating the views of target participants have improved the likelihood of success. This qualitative study aimed to elicit child and parent views regarding social and environmental barriers to healthy eating, physical activity and child obesity prevention programmes, acceptable foci, and appropriate modes of delivery. To obtain views across a range of social circumstances three demographically diverse primary schools in Victoria, Australia were selected. Children in Grades 2 (aged 7-8 years) and 5 (aged 10-11 years) participated in focus groups of three to six children. Groups were semi-structured using photo-based activities to initiate discussion. Focus groups with established parent groups were also conducted. Comments were recorded, collated, and themes extracted using grounded theory. 119 children and 17 parents participated. Nine themes emerged: information and awareness, contradiction between knowledge and behaviour, lifestyle balance, local environment, barriers to a healthy lifestyle, contradictory messages, myths, roles of the school and family, and timing and content of prevention strategies for childhood obesity. In conclusion, awareness of food 'healthiness' was high however perceptions of the 'healthiness' of some sedentary activities that are otherwise of benefit (e.g. reading) were uncertain. The contradictions in messages children receive were reported to be a barrier to a healthy lifestyle. Parent recommendations regarding the timing and content of childhood obesity prevention strategies were consistent with quantitative research. Contradictions in the explicit and implicit messages children receive around diet and physical activity need to be prevented. Consistent promotion of healthy food and activity choices across settings is core to population prevention programmes for childhood obesity.

Child↗

PubMed2001

Life be in it: lifestyle choices for active leisure.

For members of the community, participation in leisure, sports and recreation is an important lifestyle choice. Individuals with Down syndrome live in our community and they, too, are equally entitled to active lifestyle choices. Children, adolescents and adults with Down syndrome have a wide range of interests and, although reported trends indicate that their engagement in recreational activity is often sedentary and solitary in nature, other factors apart from the syndrome may account for this. Using a perception of difference perspective, this paper will examine certain aspects of their motor development, health and interactions with others which could be viewed as restrictive factors to their ability to participate in active leisure opportunities in the community. Program examples from Australia will be used to illustrate how a perception of difference which facilitates ability rather than disability across community based activities can enable a range of active leisure choices.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Exercise and weight control.

Several important questions need to be answered to increase the likelihood that exercise will be accepted by the millions in the population who are obese. What is the minimum exercise "dose" (intensity, duration, frequency) and what is the optimal mode to bring about substantial fat weight loss, with minimal loss of lean mass? What is the best nutritional plan to optimize fat utilization during exercise, without impairing performance or loss of lean mass? Which diet and exercise programs maximally increase utilization of centrally deposited fat and how can hyperplastic obesity best be treated? Also of interest is the potential role of resistance exercise for weight loss, and the predictors of weight loss success. For instance, do individuals with gynoid obesity really differ from individuals with android obesity in their utilization and loss of body fat during exercise? The potential advantages of exercise include: stimulation of fat as opposed to carbohydrate oxidation; increased energy use during the exercise itself and in the postexercise period; protection of lean body mass; possible reversal of the diet-induced suppression of BMR; and other health benefits. Among other parameters, the effectiveness of exercise on weight loss may be influenced by the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise bouts and the duration of the training program, the nature of the excess fat stores, i.e., whether the person has obesity characterized by hyperplastic or hypertrophic adipose tissue or central (with large-intra-abdominal depot) or peripheral obesity, the composition and caloric content of the diet, and behavioral aspects that affect adherence to the program. With respect to this latter concern, even if a person has been very successful at weight loss in a metabolic ward or intensive program, he/she must eventually return to the outside world and figure out for himself/herself how to eat real food and/or maintain an activity level that promotes weight maintenance. Because diet and exercise habits are difficult to assess and to quantify in free-living populations, it continues to be difficult to evaluate the success of diet and/or exercise prescriptions for weight loss accurately and we continue to be plagued with questions regarding the effectiveness vs. efficacy of exercise as a means to control body weight. It would seem that the wide range of health benefits derived from regular exercise would justify emphasizing increased activity for inactive people, particularly for obese, sedentary individuals, whether or not ideal body weight or significant weight loss is achieved.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Effects of a life skills intervention for increasing physical activity in adolescent girls.

BACKGROUND: Although adolescence is a time when physical activity levels decline, few interventions have targeted high school-aged girls in the school setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a life skills-oriented physical activity intervention for increasing overall physical activity in high school-aged girls. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Baltimore magnet high school. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 221 ninth-grade girls, 83.0% of whom were African American. Intervention Participants were randomized to an 8-month physical intervention conducted in physical education class or to a standard physical education class (control). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported estimated daily energy expenditure (physical activity), self-reported sedentary activities (television viewing and computer or Internet use), cardiorespiratory fitness, and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors. RESULTS: Intervention classes spent 46.9% of physical education class time in moderate to vigorous activity compared with 30.5% of time for control classes (P<.001). There were no significant between-treatment group differences for mean daily energy expenditure (P = .93), moderate-intensity energy expenditure (P = .77), or hard to very hard energy expenditure (P = .69). The proportion of participants who spent 3 or more hours viewing television during school days declined from 22.3% to 17.0% in the intervention group, but remained at 26.7% for the control group (P = .03). Both groups improved their cardiorespiratory fitness (P<.001). CONCLUSION: A life skills-oriented physical education curriculum may need to be combined with other approaches to increase the magnitude of effects on physical activity behavior in predominantly African American high school-aged girls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Cost-effectiveness of healthcare-based interventions aimed at improving physical activity.

AIM: This article aims to review current knowledge concerning the cost-effectiveness of healthcare-based interventions aimed at improving physical activity. METHOD: A search was performed for economic evaluations containing the terms "physical activity", "exercise", or "fitness". Cost-effectiveness for the articles found was described based on a model for evaluating interventions intended to promote physical activity. RESULTS: A total of 26 articles were found in the search. Nine of them concern a general population, 7 evaluated older people, and 10 studied disease-specific populations. A preventive perspective is most common, but some have a treatment perspective. Around 20 of the interventions studied were cost-effective according to their authors, but all analyses had some shortcomings in their evaluation methods. CONCLUSION: This review found many examples of cost-effective interventions. There is a lack of evidence for the cost-effectiveness of interventions aimed at those whose only risk factor for illness is a sedentary lifestyle. There is more evidence, although it is limited, for the cost-effectiveness of interventions aimed at high-risk groups or those who manifest poor health related to physical inactivity. Most of the evidence for cost-effectiveness is for older people and those with heart failure. Promotion of physical activity can be cost-effective with different methods and in different settings, but there remains a lack of evidence for specific methods in specific populations.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Failure of neonatal clomipramine treatment to alter forced swim immobility: chronic treadmill or activity-wheel running and imipramine.

We examined whether chronic running on a treadmill or activity wheel would attenuate the increased swim immobility that has been reported after neonatal clomipramine (CLI) treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley pups (N = 60) were injected with the monoamine reuptake inhibitor clomipramine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg per day i.p.) from 8 to 21 days of age. Another group (N = 12) received saline vehicle. At age 4 weeks, the CLI pups were randomly assigned to experimental conditions: (1) sedentary; (2) 24-h access to an activity wheel; (3) sedentary that received the antidepressant drug imipramine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg twice daily) during the last 10 days of the experiment; (4) activity wheel + imipramine; (5) treadmill running (30 m/min for 1 h at 0 degrees incline, 6 days/week). At age 16 weeks, rats underwent the Porsolt swim test 48 h after the last imipramine injection and/or the last exercise session. The increase in swim immobility among CLI-treated rats was small (one quarter of SD) and not statistically significant (p>0.10). The results are not consistent with our previous finding of antidepressant-like effects of activity-wheel running based on brain noradrenergic adaptations and enhanced male copulatory performance after neonatal CLI treatment. The lack of change in swim performance after clomipramine questions the generalizability of the CLI model of depression and the validity of the forced swim test as a behavioral measure of depression when it is used after neonatal CLI injection or chronic activity-wheel running.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗

PubMed2005

Pinealectomy impairs adipose tissue adaptability to exercise in rats.

This study investigated the effects of pinealectomy and exercise training on rat adipose tissue metabolism. Pinealectomized (PINX) and sham-operated (CONTROL) adult male Wistar rats were subdivided into four subgroups, including PINX untrained, PINX trained, CONTROL untrained and CONTROL trained. At the end of the training period (8 wk), the rats were killed and peri-epididymal adipocytes were isolated for in vitro insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, conversion of D-[U-14C]-glucose, l-[U-14C]-lactate, [2-14C]-acetate and [1-14C]-palmitate into 14CO2, and insulin binding. Pinealectomy resulted in a significantly decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes without affecting insulin-binding capacity. However, in intact control animals only, training promoted a higher baseline glucose uptake in adipocytes. Training influenced the adipocyte ability to oxidize the different substrates: the rates of glucose and palmitate oxidation increased while the rates of lactate and acetate diminished. Nevertheless, these effects of exercise training were not seen in pinealectomized rats. Additionally, an increase in palmitate oxidation was observed in sedentary pinealectomized animals. In conclusion, these data show that the pineal gland alters the patterns of substrate utilization by the adipocyte, in such a way that its absence disrupts the ability to adapt to the metabolic demands evoked by exercise training in rats.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A nutrition survey of a group of athletes with particular reference to magnesium, zinc and copper intake, and to the relative intra- and extra-cellular levels].

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dietary habits in a group of athletes (footballers) compared with sedentary subjects matched for sex, age and body mass index. All subjects kept a record of food eaten for seven consecutive days using various models for portion sizes. Daily nutrient intake was then computed and was expressed as either total intake, or percent of the recommended daily dietary allowances (LARN). For each subject, a 20-ml blood sample and a 24h urine sample was collected for analysis of magnesium, zinc and copper. The three elements were measured both in plasma and in erythrocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. The athletes eat significantly more sheets than controls (22.5% of total kcal vs 15.2%, p less than 0.01) and significantly less cereals (22.5% vs 31.7%, p less than 0.01). Concerning the nutrient composition, in both groups the lipid intake was higher than that recommended and this trend was more pronounced in the athletes (+ 43.2% vs + 16.1% in the controls). In addition, the diet was particularly rich in animal fats with a mean intake of 21.0% of total kcal in the athletes and 20.9% in the sedentary group (recommended value was 12.5% and 14%, respectively). A parallel reduction in vegetal protein intake was observed in the trained group, and the difference was significant (4.3% of kcal in the athletes and 5.2% in the controls, p less than 0.01). Furthermore, in the athletes the soluble carbohydrate intake was higher than the recommended levels (+ 110%) and significantly higher than that eaten by the controls (21.0% vs 16.4% of kcal, p less than 0.01), with parallel decrease of polysaccharides intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1988

[Nutritional pathology in Latin America and the Caribbean].

The Latin American and Caribbean Region has different general characteristics as compared to other regions of the world. These peculiarities have determined certain food and nutritional problems which require specific programs and policies. Even though the universal coverage of basic needs is desirable, this is not the situation in the Region, and it is possible to identify integral vulnerable groups in every population. The study of problems related to food and nutrition requires a global and multidisciplinary approach considering ecological, economical, social and cultural factors affecting communities, especially marginal urban and rural populations. Nutritional diseases represent the last stages of the natural development of malnutrition, and although they are used as indicators of the nutritional situation, their magnitude always underestimate their real impact. It is in the large cities of Latin America that we can really understand the concept of malnutrition, which includes diseases related with both deficient and excessive food consumption. In fact, the development of sub-urban poor communities in large cities, short lactation period, low wages, low maternal schooling, soon lead to the development of under-nutrition in young urban populations. On the other hand, the interaction of urbanization, sedentary jobs, deficient food knowledge and excessive consumption of cheap foods, sometimes produces on the "survivors of under-nutrition" over-nutrition diseases, a problem which is acquiring more prevalence, especially in adults (obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis). The real nutritional diseases in Latin America do not depend on the deficit or excess of a specific nutrient. The true causes are to be properly identified in order to state recommendations which benefit population groups, and not only reach academic purposes.

Adolescent↗