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PubMed2004

The Eating Disorder Examination as a retrospective interview.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the Eating Disorder Examination 12.0D (EDE) when administered retrospectively. METHODS: Twenty-five female patients suffering from an eating disorder [(10 with anorexia nervosa (AN), 10 with bulimia nervosa (BN), 5 with eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)] were investigated using the EDE at the time of the first referral to our outpatient ward (T1). Afterwards (mean 1.4 +/- 0.6 years later) each patient was administered again the EDE by the same assessor (T2). At this time the interviewer asked the patients to answer the questions referring to the symptoms and behaviours at the time of the first interview. RESULTS: Test-retest correlation factors were 0.7 or greater for all subscales of the EDE (p < 0.0001) and 0.5 or greater for every single item of the EDE (p < 0.001), except for EDE 1.5 (snack after dinner) and EDE 9A.6 (maximum time free from objective bulimic episodes in the last two months). DISCUSSION: Our results provide evidence that the EDE 12.0D is a reliable interview even when administered retrospectively, suggesting the use of this instrument for the retrospective assessment of eating disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The influence of chronic administration of the serotonin agonist dexfenfluramine on responsiveness to corticotropin releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone in moderately obese people.

Evidence exists that the serotoninergic system influences the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and pituitary GH secretion. The effect was investigated of chronic (9 weeks) administration of the serotonin receptor agonist dexfenfluramine (DF) (15 mg twice daily) versus placebo on both systems in 24 moderately obese patients with an overconsumption of snacks. Before as well as after treatment, 100 micrograms GHRH and 100 micrograms CRH was administered iv. Weight loss after 9 weeks was 3.1 +/- 2.3 kg in the DF group and 0.1 +/- 1.2 in the placebo group (p < 0.001). No significant difference between the changes in the apparently normal ACTH and cortisol response in both groups was found. The apparently low GH response did not increase or normalize, but on the contrary decreased further after DF. No changes were shown in urinary free cortisol excretion and serum IGF-I levels. It can be concluded that in moderately obese patients the use of DF during a 9-week period induced a significant weight loss, did not influence the responsiveness of the pituitary gland to CRH nor the overall activity of the pituitary adrenal axis and finally, did not normalize the blunted GH response after GHRH.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Television viewing and food consumption in Flemish adolescents in Belgium.

OBJECTIVES: To examine associations of television viewing with overall food consumption METHODS: A computerised 24-hour dietary recall and a questionnaire were completed by 1031 adolescents (+/- 12-14 years of age). RESULTS: Those who generally watched more television were more likely to consume frequently advertised items such as soft drinks and snacks. Not all frequently advertised food items (e.g. cereals) were associated with television viewing. An inverse association was found with fruit, water and milk. A negative association was found with brown bread; a positive association was found with white bread. The results indicate that high television viewing and a less nutrient dense food pattern are part of a lifestyle influenced by common underlying factors. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition interventions aimed at improving adolescents' food habits should target high television-viewers. Our findings underline the importance of tackling socio-demographic differences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking.

RATIONALE: Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and d-amphetamine (Dexedrine), stimulants commonly prescribed for behavioral problems associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), produce a similar constellation of behavioral effects. The results of previous studies suggest that d-amphetamine increases rates of smoking and the reinforcing effects of smoking. The effects of methylphenidate on smoking have not been assessed although it is the most commonly prescribed pharmacotherapy for ADHD and individuals with ADHD are at increased risk for smoking. OBJECTIVE: In this experiment the acute effects of a range of doses of methylphenidate (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg) and placebo were assessed in ten cigarette smokers who were not attempting to quit and were without ADHD or other Axis I psychiatric disorders. METHODS: Each dose of methylphenidate was tested once, whereas placebo was tested twice. One hour after ingesting drug, participants were allowed to smoke ad libitum for 4 h. Measures of smoking included total cigarettes smoked, total puffs, latency to the first cigarette, and carbon monoxide levels. Snacks and decaffeinated drinks were available ad libitum, and caloric intake during the 4-h smoking session was calculated. RESULTS: Methylphenidate dose dependently increased the total number of cigarettes smoked, number of puffs, and carbon monoxide levels. As expected, methylphenidate dose dependently decreased the number of food items consumed and caloric intake. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this experiment suggest that methylphenidate, like d-amphetamine, increases rates of cigarette smoking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Alprazolam increases food intake in humans.

The present study investigated the effect of alprazolam on the pattern of food intake in seven male participants living in a residential laboratory for 17 days. A wide selection of meals, snacks and beverages was freely available. Capsule administration occurred at 1300 and 1730 hours. Food intake on days when alprazolam (0.75 mg) was administered (days 2, 11) was compared to days when no capsule (days 1, 9) or placebo (days 3, 10) was administered. Alprazolam increased total caloric intake by approximately 975 kcal from a baseline of 2800 kcal. Alprazolam increased the number of eating occasions occurring in the evening (1700-2330 hour), without altering the size of eating occasions (kcal), or the proportion of total calories derived from carbohydrate, fat and protein. These data demonstrate alprazolam's robust effects on food intake in humans.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Mealtime glucose regulation by nateglinide in type-2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: Pharmacodynamic effects of nateglinide, a novel antidiabetic agent, were investigated in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Ten patients participated in this single-center, double-blind, crossover study. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured over 24 h following five 7-day treatment periods with nateglinide (30, 60, or 120 mg) or placebo given three times daily before breakfast, lunch, and dinner. A fifth treatment consisted of 120 mg nateglinide four times daily, with the fourth dose given before an evening snack. RESULTS: Taken 10 min before meals, doses of 30-120 mg nateglinide caused dose-dependent increases in plasma insulin levels that were significantly greater than with placebo. Higher doses were more effective and had a longer duration of action than lower doses. Nateglinide was also significantly better than placebo in lowering plasma glucose levels; the 60-mg and 120-mg doses were similarly effective and superior to the 30-mg nateglinide treatment. Following the fourth 120-mg dose, the glucose-lowering effects of treatment were maintained through the night. No serious adverse events occurred during the study. There were no events of hypoglycemia and no clinically meaningful changes in safety parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Nateglinide produced rapid, short-lived, dose-related increases in plasma insulin that significantly lowered mealtime glucose excursions compared with placebo with no incidence of hypoglycemia. The decrease in mealtime glucose levels produced a significant improvement in overall 24-h glycemia.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed2002

Early therapy with the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir maximizes its efficacy in influenza treatment.

Influenza illness is an important cause of severe morbidity and mortality in the population. Oseltamivir, the first oral neuraminidase inhibitor, has proven efficacy. In children of 1 year and older (weight-dependent dosing: 30 mg, 45 mg, 60 mg or 75 mg BID for 5 days) and adults (75 mg BID for 5 days), oseltamivir reduces the duration and severity of acute influenza. Furthermore, it decreases the incidence of secondary complications such as otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia and sinusitis. Oseltamivir has been shown to prevent influenza when given for long-term prophylaxis or for post-exposure prophylaxis. Because oseltamivir blocks the neuraminidase, an enzyme crucial to influenza virion liberation from the host cell, it is only effective during the replication phase. Clinical benefits are only seen, when oseltamivir is applied within 48 h after onset of symptoms, and clinical efficacy in acute influenza is highly dependent on the beginning of treatment. Treatment within 12 h after onset of symptoms reduces the duration of illness by an additional 74.6 h, and treatment within 24 hours an additional 53.9 h compared to the benefit seen with an intervention at 48 h. In conclusion, clinical efficacy of oseltamivir can be maximized by early start of treatment. Resistance of influenza virus against oseltamivir has rarely been observed and seems to be of no clinical relevance due to reduced transmissibility and pathogenicity of mutants. Oseltamivir is generally well tolerated. About 10% of the patients complain of transient upper gastrointestinal events, which resolved within 1-2 days, and which could be reduced when the medication was taken with a light snack.

Acetamides↗

PubMed2004

Nixtamalized flour from quality protein maize (Zea mays L). optimization of alkaline processing.

Quality of maize proteins is poor, they are deficient in the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. Recently, in Mexico were successfully developed nutritionally improved 26 new hybrids and cultivars called quality protein maize (QPM) which contain greater amounts of lysine and tryptophan. Alkaline cooking of maize with lime (nixtamalization) is the first step for producing several maize products (masa, tortillas, flours, snacks). Processors adjust nixtamalization variables based on experience. The objective of this work was to determine the best combination of nixtamalization process variables for producing nixtamalized maize flour (NMF) from QPM V-537 variety. Nixtamalization conditions were selected from factorial combinations of process variables: nixtamalization time (NT, 20-85 min), lime concentration (LC, 3.3-6.7 g Ca(OH)2/l, in distilled water), and steep time (ST, 8-16 hours). Nixtamalization temperature and ratio of grain to cooking medium were 85 degrees C and 1:3 (w/v), respectively. At the end of each cooking treatment the steeping started for the required time. Steeping was finished by draining the cooking liquor (nejayote). Nixtamal (alkaline-cooked maize kernels) was washed with running tap water. Wet nixtamal was dried (24 hours, 55 degrees C) and milled to pass through 80-US mesh screen to obtain NMF. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied as optimization technique, over four response variables: In vitro protein digestibility (PD), total color difference (deltaE), water absorption index (WAI), and pH. Predictive models for response variables were developed as a function of process variables. Conventional graphical method was applied to obtain maximum PD, WAI and minimum deltaE, pH. Contour plots of each of the response variables were utilized applying superposition surface methodology, to obtain three contour plots for observation and selection of best combination of NT (31 min), LC (5.4 g Ca(OH)2/l), and ST (8.1 hours) for producing optimized NMF from QPM.

Calcium Compounds↗

PubMed2004

Trans, saturated, and unsaturated fat in foods in the united states prior to mandatory trans-fat labeling.

On July 11, 2003, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration published a final rule amending its food-labeling regulations to require that trans FA be declared in the nutrition label of conventional foods and dietary supplements. The effective date of this final rule is January 1, 2006. This places some urgency on increasing the number and types of currently available foods for which there are trans-fat data. Compositional databases on trans fat content of food are currently limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the trans-fat content of a wide range of foods prior to the effective date of the new regulation. AOAC Official Method of Analysis 996.01 was modified for the analysis of trans fat in noncereal products. Food products for analysis were selected on the basis of market share and data from the USDA's 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. Foods were purchased from local supermarkets, weighed, hydrolyzed, converted to FAME, and analyzed by GC. The results showed that trans fat (g/100 g fat) ranged from 0.0 to 48.8 in bread, cake, and related products; from 14.9 to 27.7 in margarines; from 7.7 to 35.3 in cookies and crackers; from 24.7 to 38.2 in frozen potatoes; from 0.0 to 17.1 in salty snacks; from 0.0 to 13.2 in vegetable oils and shortenings; from 0.0 to 2.2 in salad dressings and mayonnaises; and from 0.0 to 2.0 in dry breakfast cereals. Serving sizes for the foods included in this survey ranged from 12 to 161 g, and trans-fat levels ranged from 0.0 to 7.2 g/serving. The significant differences in trans-fat content in products within each food category are due to differences in the type of fats and oils used in the manufacturing processes.

Dietary Fats↗

PubMed1993

Nutrition management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in adults: review by the diabetes care and education dietetic practice group.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a chronic disease in which insulin production from the pancreas is diminished or absent. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is most often diagnosed in childhood, but it also occurs in adults. Treatment requires the use of exogenous insulin coordinated with food intake and physical activity. Management goals for IDDM are to attain metabolic control of glucose and lipid levels and to prevent or delay the onset of medical complications associated with diabetes. Because the type and amount of food consumed directly affect blood glucose levels, meal and snack planning, along with an appropriate insulin regimen and physical activity program, is necessary to achieve management goals. Nutrition assessment, initial education, implementation of a meal plan, and ongoing nutrition education and counseling are part of the process of nutrition management of diabetes. The registered dietitian who has a working knowledge of nutrition and diabetes management serves as an integral part of the diabetes health care team.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Nutrition therapy for hepatic glycogen storage diseases.

Hepatic glycogen storage diseases (GSD) are a group of rare genetic disorders in which glycogen cannot be metabolized to glucose in the liver because of one of a number of possible enzyme deficiencies along the glycogenolytic pathway. Patients with GSD are usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood with hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, poor physical growth, and a deranged biochemical profile. Dietary therapies have been devised to use the available alternative metabolic pathways to compensate for disturbed glycogenolysis in GSD I (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency), GSD III (debrancher enzyme deficiency), GSD VI (phosphorylase deficiency, which is less common), GSD IX (phosphorylase kinase deficiency), and GSD IV (brancher enzyme deficiency). In GSD I, glucose-6-phosphate cannot be dephosphorylated to free glucose. Managing this condition entails overnight continuous gastric high-carbohydrate feedings; frequent daytime feedings with energy distributed as 65% carbohydrate, 10% to 15% protein, and 25% fat; and supplements of uncooked cornstarch. In GSD III, though glycogenolysis is impeded, gluconeogenesis is enhanced to help maintain endogenous glucose production. In contrast to treatment for GSD I, advocated treatment for GSD III comprises frequent high-protein feedings during the day and a high-protein snack at night; energy is distributed as 45% carbohydrate, 25% protein, and 30% fat. Patients with GSD IV, VI, and IX have benefited from high-protein diets similar to that recommended for patients with GSD III.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Associations of social and demographic variables with calcium intakes of high school students.

OBJECTIVE: To assess usual calcium intake of urban high school students and to assess the association of social and demographic variables with calcium intake. DESIGN: A self-administered survey instrument containing the following elements: a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed to estimate calcium intake; questions to elicit demographic information; and scales to reflect taste enjoyment of dairy products, social reinforcement for consumption of milk, perceptions of others' opinions about milk, and behavioral modeling of milk consumption (ie, the frequency of observing friends' and family members' use of milk). The FFQ was shown to include major sources of calcium in diets of a pretest sample (n = 130). SETTING: Urban high schools in a metropolitan setting. SUBJECTS/SAMPLES: Students in one class per grade level in six high schools (approximately 900 students) were asked to participate. Of the 856 questionnaires completed, 785 were usable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total calcium intake, as estimated using the FFQ. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Descriptive statistics, t tests, one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to assess relationships of independent variables with calcium intake. RESULTS: Mean estimated calcium intakes for male and female students were 1,146 +/- 41 mg/day (mean +/- standard error of the mean) and 815 +/- 26 mg/day (P < .001), respectively, 59% of which was obtained from milk. Median intakes were 1,016 mg/day for boys and 676 mg/day for girls, and more than half the students had intakes that were below current recommendations. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant predictors of total calcium intake: gender (boys > girls); taste enjoyment of dairy products; number of meals and snacks per day; age; ethnicity (whites > Asians); behavioral modeling of milk consumption; perceptions of others' opinions, recommendations, and use of milk; and soft drink consumption (total adjusted R2 = .304). With the exception of age, these variables were positively associated with calcium intake. Regression equations developed for boys and girls separately revealed that different variables entered the equations. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Most of the variability in adolescents calcium intakes remained unexplained by the variables included in this study. Nevertheless, the results suggest that education programs focusing on taste enjoyment of dairy products and building on the influence of peers and family members may have a positive impact on calcium intake.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Stages of change for reducing dietary fat to 30% of energy or less.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an algorithm that defines a person's stage of change for fat intake < or = 30% of energy. The Stages of Change Model describes when and how people change problem behaviors; change is defined as a dynamic variable with five discrete stages. DESIGN: A stage of change algorithm for determining dietary fat intake < or = 30% of energy was developed using one sample and was validated using a second sample. SUBJECTS: Sample 1 was a random sample of 614 adults who responded to mailed questionnaires. Sample 2 was a convenience sample of 130 faculty, staff, and graduate students. STATISTICS: Subjects in sample 1 were initially classified in a stage of change using an algorithm based on their behavior related to avoiding high-fat foods. Dietary markers were selected for a Behavioral algorithm using logistic regression analyses. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the Behavioral algorithm were determined, then compared between samples using the Z test. RESULTS: The following dietary markers predicted intake < or = 30% of fat (chi 2 = 131; P < .0001): low-fat cheese, breads without added fat, chicken without skin, low-calorie salad dressing, and vegetables for snacks. The specificity of the Behavioral algorithm was validated; the algorithm classified subjects consuming > 30% of energy from fat with 93% specificity in sample 1 and 87% in sample 2 (Z = 1.36; P > .05). Predictive value was also validated; 64% and 58% of subjects meeting the behavioral criteria had fat intakes < or = 30% of energy (Z = 1.1; P > .05). The algorithm was not sensitive, however; most subjects with fat intakes < or = 30% of energy from fat failed to meet the behavioral criteria. The sensitivity differed between samples 1 and 2 (44% and 27%, respectively; Z = 3.84; P < .0001). APPLICATIONS: The Behavioral algorithm determines stage of change for fat reduction to < or = 30% of energy in populations with high fat intakes. The algorithm could be used in dietary counseling to tailor interventions to a patient's stage of change.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

High sodium-low potassium environment and hypertension.

The high sodium-low potassium environment of civilized people, operating on a genetic substrate of susceptibility, is the cardinal factor in the genesis and perpetuation of "essential" hypertension. The noxious effects begin in childhood, when habits of excess salt consumption are acquired at the family table, and are perpetuated by continuing habit and by increasing use of convenience and snack foods with artificially high concentrations of sodium and low levels of potassium. Present methods of food preparation leach out the protective potassium. Extradietary sodium chloride is a condiment not a requirement. Some primitive populations clearly preferred potassium chloride to sodium chloride. Chronic expansion of extracellular fluid volume induced by excess salt consumption causes the central and peripheral circulatory regulatory mechanisms to work at cross purposes, resulting in increased arterial pressure. The protective effect of potassium is dramatic and easily demonstrable in animals and man but its mechanism is not known. It cannot be entirely a direct effect on blood pressure because rats protected with extra potassium against a moderately high salt intake live much longer than control rats but have the same elevated blood pressures. In hypertension with a demonstrable "cause," the high sodium-low potassium environment makes a bad matter worse. In nature, feral man and his forebears were not confronted with excessive sodium and deficient potassium; indeed, the reverse was the case. Evolution has provided powerful mechanisms for conserving sodium and eliminating potassium, but no efficient physiologic mechanisms for conserving potassium and eliminating excess sodium. Most laboratory animal "control" diets contain an amount of sodium that fully suppresses aldosterone secretion, and the same is true of the "average" diet of the American people. Inadequate attention to dietary sodium and potassium makes many studies in both animals and man of uncertain validity. Internally, essential hypertension is an exceedingly complex mosaic of physiologic interactions. Viewed from outside, it is a disorder for which genetic material sets the stage; excessive sodium precipitates it and perpetuates it. Extra salt makes all forms more rapidly progressive and accelerates the onset of terminal events; extra potassium is everywhere protective. When an entire population eats excessively of salt, hypertension will develop among those genetically susceptible, but epidemiologic studies of salt versus blood pressure will not show a relation of salt to hypertension. This is the saturation effect. Low sodium diets are therapeutically effective but generally regarded as an impossible or an unnecessary nuisance. Effective prevention programs must be instituted at as early an age as possible. The efficacy of a prophylactic/therapeutic low sodium-high potassium diet should be weighed against the uncertain hazards of a lifetime of pill taking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Effect of nutrient intake on premenstrual depression.

We examined the occurrence and coincidence of depressed mood and excessive carbohydrate intake in 19 patients who claimed to suffer from severe premenstrual syndrome and in nine control subjects, all as inpatients, during the early follicular and late luteal phases of their menstrual cycles. Mood was assessed with the Hamilton Depression Scale and an addendum that evaluated fatigue, sociability, appetite, and carbohydrate craving. Calorie and nutrient intakes were measured directly. The subjects with premenstrual syndrome significantly increased calorie intake during the late luteal phase (from 1892 +/- 104 to 2395 +/- 93 kcal, mean +/- SEM); carbohydrate intake increased by 24% from meals and by 43% from snacks. Protein intake failed to change, whereas intake of fat, a fixed constituent of all of the test foods, rose in proportion to calorie intake. The Hamilton Depression Scale and addendum scores rose from 2.0 +/- 0.5 to 21.2 +/- 0.8 (Hamilton Scale) and from 0.5 +/- 0.5 to 10.2 +/- 0.6 (addendum) among subjects with premenstrual syndrome during the luteal phase but failed to change among the controls (2.1 +/- 0.8 to 2.4 +/- 0.8, and 0.4 +/- 0.3 to 0.6 +/- 0.3). Consumption of a carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor evening test meal during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle improved depression, tension, anger, confusion, sadness, fatigue, alertness, and calmness scores (p less than 0.01) among patients with premenstrual syndrome. No effect of the meal was observed during the follicular phase or among the control subjects during either phase. Because synthesis of brain serotonin, which is known to be involved in mood and appetite, increases after carbohydrate intake, premenstrual syndrome subjects may overconsume carbohydrates in an attempt to improve their dysphoric mood state.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Esophageal replacement: gastric tube or whole stomach?

BACKGROUND: The stomach can be used either in its entirely or as a greater curvature tube for esophageal replacement. METHODS: The study compares the gastric tube (group A; n = 112) to the whole stomach whose lesser curvature is denuded (group B; n = 100) in terms of technical complication and alimentary comfort. The clinical results are substantiated by assessment of the eating performance of patients and control subjects at a test meal, measurement of the gastric dimensions before and after both tailoring procedures, and intraarterial staining of the gastric wall. RESULTS: Major differences between the two groups are cervical anastomosis stenoses (22.3% versus 6% [A versus B]; p = 0.008), fistulas (7.9% versus 1%; p = 0.0209), number of meals and snacks per day (4.6 versus 4; p = 0.0275), sensation of early fullness at meals (52.4% versus 17.8%; p < 0.0001), ratings given to the long-term alimentary comfort (presymptomatic condition = 10 points) (7.6 versus 8.8 out of 10 on average; p < 0.0001), and calories consumed in 1 minute at a test meal (59% [p < 0.05] versus 77% of those consumed by control subjects). The volume of the stomach is reduced by a range of 21.4% to 47.2% after tubulization (group A) whereas it increases by a range of 4.9% to 17.4% after denudation of the lesser curve (group B). Intraarterial staining of the gastric wall reveals the poor vascularity of the upper-most segment of the greater curve. CONCLUSION: Slight increase of the gastric capacity and maintenance of the submucosal vascular network account for the better results achieved with the whole stomach.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Relationship between dietary habits and caries increment assessed over two years in 405 English adolescent school children.

The study was conducted in seven schools on children initially aged 11.5 years. They recorded their diet on five occasions, each of three days, and received an annual dental examination, including radiography. Caries increments were low, mostly (58 per cent) in fissure surfaces. Correlations between caries increment and dietary factors were low due to the low caries increments observed and the large error associated with dietary data where analyses attempt to discriminate between individuals. The highest correlation was between caries increment and weight of daily intake of sugars (+0.143, p less than 0.01). Multivariate analyses revealed that this relationship could not be explained by differences in sex, social class, tooth-brushing habits or level of plaque as measured by gingival inflammation. Weight of sugar intake appeared to be more strongly correlated to caries than frequency of intake; concentration of sugars in foods was positively related, and sugars in snacks were more strongly related to caries than total dietary sugars. The 31 children who consumed most sugar (greater than 163 g/day) developed 5.0 DMFS during the 2 years, 0.9 DMFS per year more than the 31 children (3.2 DMFS during 2 years) who had the lowest sugar intake (less than 78 g/day).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

A technique for assessment of the cariogenic potential of foods by plaque pH changes on enamel surfaces of rat molars.

Plaque pH changes on rat molars subjected to cariogenic challenge were measured with an antimony microelectrode. Measurements were made after feeding one of seven different reference or snack foods. Resting plaque pH was measured after fasting and minimum plaque pH after feeding the various foods. This reproducible technique may be of use in determining the cariogenic potential of foods.

Animals↗