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PubMed2000

Analysis of intracranial relations in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate using cluster and factor analysis.

The present investigation was based on the cephalometric analysis of lateral teleroentgenographic pictures of 48 ten-year-old boys with complete unilateral clefts of the lip and palate. Using cluster and factor analysis, the author investigated the relationships among 75 craniofacial size, shape and position characteristics. Both multivariation methods proved useful in the search for associations between partial cranial structures. They supplemented each other well, and their combined use contributed to the definition of the following basic and specific principles of craniofacial relations and compensatory and adaptive mechanisms in patients with clefts. The maxilla consists of two mutually almost independent parts. The vertical parameters of the anterior upper face are interrelated with the slope of the palate plane; the dentoalveolar component of the upper jaw is formed independently. This fact can be aptly explained by the effect of orthodontic treatment, which contributes substantially to an improvement of the facial configuration. Rotation of the mandible has an impact on the vertical dimensions of the anterior lower, as well as the whole, face and is closely associated with the position of the mandibular body but not with the position of its branch nor with its length. The slope of the mandibular branch correlates with the mental angle, with the gonial angle and the slope of its dentoalveolar component, which is the result of adaptation to a shortening of the maxilla while preserving a positive overjet. Damage to the sagittal intermaxillary and interalveolar relations is primarily due to a reduction in the depth of the maxilla and is associated with the length of the mandibular body, while no relation with its rotation or length of the ramus was found. Solution of the given problem may help to find predictive models of facial development in patients with clefts.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1992

[Child psychotherapy in medical practice and the clinic--15 years of the "Brühl Model"].

Living in an industrial society places considerable stress on children and on adolescents, to which they react with behavioural disturbances and psychosomatic disorders. So far, physicians have been trained only insufficiently at universities with regard to psychotherapy, which means they cannot cope sufficiently with such problems if they are confronted with them in their clinical and practical work. Hence, a continuing education programme called the "Brühl Model" has been worked out which imparts knowledge on child psychology and child psychotherapy by means of three-year courses based on depth psychology. This corresponds to the "small-scale psychotherapy in medical practice" as conceived by J. H. Schultz and M. Balint. This educational programme has been largely adapted to the demands made at the Manheim Physicians' Congress in 1977 with regard to acquiring adequate proficiency in the subject of psychotherapy, and has been accepted by the German professional boards of physicians. 600 colleagues have since been undergoing this training during the past 15 years with success. The present seventh training course is now also open to the colleagues from the new German Laender of the former GDR.

Child↗

PubMed2005

[The Japanese translation and cultural adaptation of Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC)].

PURPOSE: To develop a Japanese version of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC): originally designed to measure the Quality of Life of localized prostate cancer patients, after careful assessments of cross-cultural equivalence, face validity and practically. METHODS: We translated the original version that consisted of 50 items into a preliminary Japanese version. This multi-stage procedure included a forward-translation, back-translation and discussion with the original developer. Additionally, we tested the preliminary Japanese version on 11 localized prostate cancer patients and identified problems with its cross-cultural equivalence, practicality. Based on the findings of this pretest, we revised the Japanese version. Consensus by discussion among all researchers was obtained through out this process. RESULTS: The original developer reviewed the back-translation of the preliminary Japanese version: some wording was revised. In the pretest, the average age of patients was 68.8 years old. Four of the sexual subscale showed over 10 percent missing data. In five items, all patients chose identical answers. We conducted an in-depth qualitative investigation of these items. The average response time was 11.7 minutes. We revised the Japanese to reflect patients' opinions as much as possible. Items which were showed problems in terms of cross-cultural adaptation included questions measuring 'bother' and two items of the sexual subscale. The wordings of these items were revised so that Japanese patients could easier understand them. We ensured that the original developer's intentions remained the same. The original developed approved all revisions. CONCLUSION: We translated and adapted the original EPIC to the Japanese culture. The Japanese version of EPIC was found to be functional in the pretest.

Asian People↗

PubMed2000

Responses of neurons in the inferior colliculus to dynamic interaural phase cues: evidence for a mechanism of binaural adaptation.

Responses to sound stimuli that humans perceive as moving were obtained for 89 neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of urethan-anesthetized guinea pigs. Triangular and sinusoidal interaural phase modulation (IPM), which produced dynamically varying interaural phase disparities (IPDs), was used to present stimuli with different depths, directions, centers, and rates of apparent motion. Many neurons appeared sensitive to dynamic IPDs, with responses at any given IPD depending strongly on the IPDs the stimulus had just passed through. However, it was the temporal pattern of the response, rather than the motion cues in the IPM, that determined sensitivity to features such as motion depth, direction, and center locus. IPM restricted only to the center of the IPD responsive area, evoked lower discharge rates than when the stimulus either moved through the IPD responsive area from outside, or up and down its flanks. When the stimulus was moved through the response area first in one direction and then back in the other, and the same IPDs evoked different responses, the response to the motion away from the center of the IPD responsive area was always lower than the response to the motion toward the center. When the IPD was closer at which the direction of motion reversed was to the center, the response to the following motion was lower. In no case did we find any evidence for neurons that under all conditions preferred one direction of motion to the other. We conclude that responses of IC neurons to IPM stimuli depend not on the history of stimulation, per se, but on the history of their response to stimulation, irrespective of the specific motion cues that evoke those responses. These data are consistent with the involvement of an adaptation mechanism that resides at or above the level of binaural integration. We conclude that our data provide no evidence for specialized motion detection involving dynamic IPD cues in the auditory midbrain of the mammal.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1986

Personality traits that can affect adaptation after colectomy. A study of 10 patients treated for ulcerative colitis either with proctocolectomy and ileostomy or with colectomy, proctomucosectomy, ileal pouch and ileoanal anastomosis.

The purpose of the present study was to examine how specific personality traits and/or conflicts could serve to predict nonadaptability after surgical treatment for ulcerative colitis. In order to define the scope of the study and to establish more specific hypotheses, retrospective studies were conducted by in depth interviews with 10 patients. Five of the patients had undergone colectomy with proctomucosectomy and ileal pouch ad modum Parks, and 5 had had a proctocolectomy with ileostomy ad modum Brooke. The interviews were recorded on tape and analyzed by the interviewer as well as by an independent evaluator. In addition, the operating surgeon provided an independent evaluation of the patients' post-operative adaptation. There was good consensus between both sets of assessments based on interviews as well as between the interview diagnoses and the surgeon's evaluation. There was no observed correlation between prevailing psychiatric diagnostic categories and postoperative adaptation. Psychological factors, such as a discrepancy between body image and body ideal, alexithymic characteristics, abnormal aggression patterns, extensive physical exercise and muscular training, showed varying degrees of negative correlation with postoperative adaptation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Answers to unasked questions: writing in the margins.

This qualitative study is a secondary analysis of comments spontaneously provided by participants in a quantitative survey. Narrative comments were written by 25% (n = 205) of the adults with multiple sclerosis who responded to the survey. Forms of unsolicited written comments included responses to questions written in the margins of the questionnaires and narratives on blank booklet pages. The purpose of this study was to apprehend what participants were telling us, particularly in the responses that they had written in the margins. Qualitative methods were used to identify and explore major categories in the participants' comments. Those who wrote unsolicited comments perceived their economic resources as less adequate, were experiencing greater family and social demands related to their illness, and were more likely to live in a nonmetropolitan county than other respondents. Secondary analysis of this rich qualitative data enhances the depth of our understanding of the person's experience with chronic illness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2007

Biological robustness in complex host-pathogen systems.

Infectious diseases are still the number one killer of human beings. Even in developed countries, infectious diseases continue to be a major health threat. This article explores a conceptual framework for understanding infectious diseases in the context of the complex dynamics between microbe and host, and explores theoretical strategies for anti-infectives. The central pillar of this conceptual framework is that biological robustness is a fundamental property of systems that is closely interlinked with the evolution of symbiotic host-pathogen systems. There are specific architectural features of such robust yet evolvable systems and interpretable trade-offs between robustness, fragility, resource demands, and performance. This concept applies equally to both microbes and host. Pathogens have evolved to exploit the host using various strategies as well as effective escape mechanisms. Modular pathogenicity islands (PAI) derived from horizontal gene transfer, highly variable surface molecules, and a range of other countermeasures enhance the robustness of a pathogen against attacks from the host immune system. The host has likewise evolved complex defensive mechanisms to protect itself against pathogenic threats, but the host immune system includes several trade-offs that can be exploited by pathogens and induces undesirable inflammatory reactions. Due to the complexity of the dynamics emerging from the interactions of multiple microbes and a host, effective counter-measures require an in-depth understanding of system dynamics as well as detailed molecular mechanisms of the processes that are involved.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed2004

Through children's eyes: children's experience of living with a parent with an acquired brain injury.

While previous literature on brain injury reports high levels of stress and burden in primary caregivers, the impact on children has been overlooked. This paper reports on an in-depth, qualitative research project exploring the experiences of four children living with fathers with an acquired brain injury (ABI). The findings indicate that these children were negatively impacted and at risk of emotional and behavioural difficulties. The children reported a complexity of feelings associated with the trauma and multiple losses, including profound grief, social isolation and fear of family disintegration and violence. Despite the difficulties they faced, the children also demonstrated resilience and reported positive outcomes such as having greater independence. Although only a small pilot study, the current findings highlight the need for both clinicians and researchers to be more proactive in questioning their clients and families about the level of violence following ABI and that disclosure may be more likely to occur with on-going involvement and support. The study concludes that early intervention and systemic support is required to minimize the trauma for these children. Further research is recommended, not only to replicate these findings in a larger sample, but also to explore in-depth children's experience of living with a parent with a brain injury.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical skills: evidence-based nursing care of people with rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex inflammatory disease with an unknown cause, uncertain prognosis and no known cure. The physical symptoms of this chronic disease can impact on the patient's psychological state and also affect the family unit and social/economic viability. Nursing patients with such a multifaceted illness is a skilled and complex task and it is imperative that the care provided is optimal, timely and underpinned by patient education. Evidence-based nursing care founded on an in-depth knowledge of the disease and its treatments will help to achieve optimal patient outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Depth cue reliance in surgeons and medical students.

BACKGROUND: Depth perception is reduced in endoscopic surgery, although little is known about the effect this has on surgical performance. METHODS: To assess the role of depth cues, 45 subjects completed tests of depth cue reliance. Surgical skill was assessed using the Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer-Virtual Reality, a previously validated laparoscopic simulator. RESULTS: We could demonstrate no difference in cue reliance for three depth cues--namely stereo, texture, and outline--between surgeons and medical students. Greater dominance on stereo for medical students was a positive finding and a negative finding for the surgeons when correlated with surgical performance. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that surgeons learn to adapt to the nonstereo environment in MIS, and this is the first study to show evidence of this phenomenon. This difference in stereo reliance is a reflection of the experience that surgeons have with laparoscopy compared with medical students, who have none.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide variation analysis of two Salvia hispanica L. genotypes and implication for associations with metabolic and adaptive traits.

BACKGROUND: Advances in next-generation sequencing have accelerated genome-wide exploration of genetic diversity in underutilized oilseed crops. Salvia hispanica L. (chia), a high-nutrient pseudocereal rich in omega-3 fatty acids, is increasingly valued for its health benefits and commercial potential, yet it remains poorly characterized at the genomic level. Understanding the scale and nature of genomic variation is essential for improving complex traits such as oil yield, stress tolerance, and seed quality. METHODS: Two contrasting chia genotypes, Black-chia (CACH-B) and White- chia (CACH-W), were resequenced using the Bio-Resequencing Toolkit (BRT) pipeline. High-coverage sequencing, with a mapping rate exceeding 99% and an average depth of approximately 28×, facilitated the detection and annotation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions and deletions (InDels), copy-number variations (CNVs), and structural variants (SVs). The functional classification of variant impacts enabled the identification of genes potentially linked to metabolic and adaptive traits. RESULTS: A total of 1.97 million SNPs, 401,493 InDels, 836 CNVs, and 15,288 SVs were identified across the chia genome. Notably, approximately 53% of exonic SNPs were non-synonymous (dN/dS ≈ 1.28), predominantly affecting lipid metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and stress response pathways, potentially altering key agronomic traits. In addition, CNV hotspots were concentrated in chromosomes 3 and 6, overlapping MYB, WRKY, and bZIP transcription factor loci, may potentially be involved in stress tolerance and yield. Furthermore, structural rearrangements, including inversions and duplications within the FAD2, FAD3, and CYP450 gene clusters, were potentially associated with seed pigmentation and omega-3 biosynthesis, pointing to their potential breeding relevance. Observed heterozygosity (Hₒ ≈ 0.71) and nucleotide diversity (π ≈ 7 × 10-3) indicated moderate to high allelic richness. In addition, the low FST value (0.038) indicates substantial genomic similarity between the two genotypes. CONCLUSION: This study presents the first comprehensive map integrating SNPs, CNVs, and SVs in S. hispanica L. The results reveal a structurally dynamic genome characterized by substantial sequence and structural variation, providing valuable insights into genomic diversity and potential adaptive mechanisms in chia. The coexistence of high SNP diversity and abundant structural variation underpins chia's nutritional specialization and environmental resilience. These results deliver a foundational genomic resource for marker-assisted breeding, genome-wide association studies, and the development of climate-resilient chia cultivars.

Copy-number variation, structural variation↗

PubMed1989

Isolation of a gene regulated by hydrostatic pressure in a deep-sea bacterium.

Barophilic bacteria inhabit the deep oceans, and the specific functional modifications and regulatory mechanisms which govern adaptation to hydrostatic pressure are beginning to be understood. For example, the rate of production of several proteins by some hydrothermal vent archaebacteria and the degree of saturation of membrane lipids in other deep-sea bacteria have been found to change as a result of cultivation at high pressure. We report here the cloning of gene, ompH, which encodes a major pressure-inducible protein of strain SS9, a gram-negative eubacterium isolated from a depth of 2.5 kilometres in the Sulu Sea. Messenger RNA encoded by ompH is expressed when cells are grown at 280 atm but not at 1 atm, indicating that transcription of the ompH gene is controlled by hydrostatic pressure. The function of the OmpH protein in adaptation to high pressure and the use of the ompH gene in studying how bacteria sense and respond to pressure is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), growth hormone (GH), and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on markers of gut adaptation after massive small bowel resection in rats.

BACKGROUND: Administration of specific growth factors exert gut-trophic effects in animal models of massive small bowel resection (SBR); however, little comparative data are available. Our aim was to compare effects of a human glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog, recombinant growth hormone (GH) and recombinant keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on jejunal, ileal, and colonic growth and functional indices after 80% SBR in rats. METHODS: Thirty-seven male rats underwent small bowel transection (sham operation) with s.c. saline administration (control; Tx-S; n = 7) or 80% midjejuno-ileal resection (Rx) and treatment with either s.c. saline (Rx-S, n = 7), GLP-2 at 0.2 mg/kg/d (Rx-GLP-2; n = 8), GH at 3.0 mg/kg/d (Rx-GH; n = 8), or KGF at 3.0 mg/kg/d (Rx-KGF; n = 7) for 7 days. All groups were pair-fed to intake of Rx-S rats. Gut mucosal cell growth indices (wet weight, DNA and protein content, villus height, crypt depth, and total mucosal height) were measured. Expression of the cytoprotective trefoil peptide TFF3 was determined by Western blot. Gut mucosal concentrations of the tripeptide glutathione (L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and the glutathione/GSSG ratio calculated. RESULTS: SBR increased adaptive growth indices in jejunal, ileal, and colonic mucosa. GLP-2 treatment increased jejunal villus height and jejunal total mucosal height compared with effects of resection alone or resection with GH or KGF treatment. Both GH and KGF modestly increased colonic crypt depth after SBR. SBR did not affect small bowel or colonic goblet cell number or TFF3 expression; however, goblet cell number and TFF3 expression in both small bowel and colon were markedly up-regulated by KGF treatment and unaffected by GLP-2 and GH. SBR oxidized the ileal and colonic mucosal glutathione/GSSG redox pools. GLP-2 treatment after SBR increased the glutathione/GSSG ratio in jejunum, whereas KGF had an intermediate effect. In addition, GLP-2 (but not GH or KGF) prevented the SBR-induced oxidation of the glutathione/GSSG pools in both ileum and colon. CONCLUSIONS: GLP-2 exerts superior trophic effects on jejunal growth and also improves mucosal glutathione redox status throughout the bowel after massive SBR in rats. Both GH and KGF increase colonic mucosal growth in this model. KGF alone potently increases gut mucosal goblet cell number and expression of the cytoprotective trefoil peptide TFF3. The differential effects of GLP-2, GH and KGF administration in this model of short bowel syndrome suggest that individual therapy with these growth factors may not be an adequate strategy to maximally improve adaptive gut mucosal growth and cytoprotection after massive small intestinal resection. Future research should address the use of these agents in combination in short bowel syndrome.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Optical coherence tomography in malignant glaucoma following filtration surgery.

AIM: To assess the value of slit lamp adapted optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the management of malignant glaucoma following filtration surgery. METHODS: Two patients (three eyes) developed malignant glaucoma following filtration surgery for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). With slit lamp adapted OCT it was possible to image non-invasively the anterior chamber angle structures during the malignant glaucoma episode, and after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with anterior chamber reformation. RESULTS: OCT revealed in both patients a markedly decreased anterior chamber angle with extreme shallowing of the anterior chamber depth during the acute malignant glaucoma phase. This critical closure of the anterior chamber angle resolved after PPV and deepening of the anterior chamber with viscoelastic. After PPV the quantitative values of the anterior chamber angle (ACA) and the anterior chamber opening distance (AOD) increased from 0 to an ACA of 35 degrees (SD 14 degrees ) and an AOD of 426 (SD 162) micro m. CONCLUSIONS: Non-contact slit lamp adapted OCT was helpful to evaluate the anterior chamber structures in malignant glaucoma, and thus could improve management of this serious clinical disorder.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Diversification of brain and sense organ morphology in Antarctic dragonfishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei: Bathydraconidae).

In the subzero shelf waters of Antarctica, fishes of the perciform suborder Notothenioidei dominate the fish fauna and constitute an adaptive radiation and a species flock. The 16 species of dragonfishes of the family Bathydraconidae live from surface waters to nearly 3,000 m and have the greatest overall depth range among notothenioid families. We examined the anatomy and histology of the brain, retina, and cephalic lateral line system of nine bathydraconid species representing 8 of the 11 known genera. We evaluate these data against a cladogram identifying three clades in the family. We provide a detailed drawing of the brain and cranial nerves of Gymnodraco acuticeps and Akarotaxis nudiceps. Bathydraconid brain morphology falls into two categories. Brains of most species are similar to those of generalized perciforms and some basal notothenioids (Class I). However, brains of deep-living bathydraconids (members of the tribe Bathydraconini minus Prionodraco) have a reduced telencephalon and tectum that renders the neural axis visible - the stalked brain morphology (Class II). All bathydraconids have duplex (rod and cone) retinae but there is considerable interspecific variation in the ratio of cones:rods and in the number of cells in the internal nuclear layer. Retinal histology reflects habitat depth but is not tightly coupled to phylogeny. Although the deep-living species of Bathydraconini have rod-dominated retinae, the retinae of some sister species are photopic. An expanded cephalic lateral line system is also characteristic of all members of the Bathydraconini as exemplified by Akarotaxis. This morphology includes large lateral line pores, wide membranous canals, hypertrophied canal neuromasts, and large anterodorsal lateral line nerves, eminentia granulares, and crista cerebellares. The saccular otoliths are also enlarged in members of this tribe. Neural diversification among bathydraconids on the Antarctic shelf has not involved the evolution of sensory specialists. Brain and sense organ morphologies do not approach the specialized condition seen in primary deep-sea fishes or even that of some secondary deep-sea fishes including sympatric non-notothenioids such as liparids (snailfishes) and muraenolepidids (eel cods). The brains and sense organs of bathydraconids, including the deep-living species, reflect their heritage as perciform shorefishes.

Anatomy, Comparative↗

PubMed2002

Development of fixed bed adsorber for abatement of endosulfan in aqueous media.

In this paper an attempt was made to develop and evaluate the performance of a fixed bed adsorber (FBR) column to remove endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide from the water environment using wood charcoal as an adsorbent. The FBR column design parameters were evaluated using the column breakthrough data at different bed depths. The Bohert and Adams model was used with bed depth-service time (BDST) approach for the design of the adsorber. Similarity in service time values estimated from BDST approach and experimental curves revealed that BDST approach could be adapted for the design of this system. Desorption of the exhausted column with 10% methanol solution took lhr with maximum desorption occurring at 0.5 hrs with a maximum endosulfan concentration of 47 mg 1(-1). A laboratory column study for 3 successive cycles of operation (adsorption-desorption) revealed that the column could treat 47.27 bed volumes of endosulfan contaminated water up to breakthrough and 158.45 bed volumes up to exhaustion. It showed a promising performance with more than 89% of its original efficiency even after the 3rd cycle of operation. It dearly demonstrates adaptability of the present study in developing adsorber columns for rural areas.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2000

Specificity of learning: why infants fall over a veritable cliff.

Nine-month-old infants were tested at the precipice of safe and risky gaps in the surface of support. Their reaching and avoidance responses were compared in two postures, an experienced sitting posture and a less familiar crawling posture. The babies avoided reaching over risky gaps in the sitting posture but fell into risky gaps while attempting to reach in the crawling posture. This dissociation between developmental changes in posture suggests that (a) each postural milestone represents a different, modularly organized control system and (b) infants' adaptive avoidance responses are based on information about their postural stability relative to the gap size. Moreover, the results belie previous accounts suggesting that avoidance of a disparity in depth of the ground surface depends on general knowledge such as fear of heights, associations between depth information and falling, or knowledge that the body cannot be supported in empty space.

Avoidance Learning↗

PubMed1995

Automated retinal robotic laser system.

Researchers at the University of Texas and the USAF Academy have worked toward the development of a retinal robotic laser system. The overall goal of this ongoing project is to precisely place and control the depth of laser lesions for the treatment of various retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal tears. Separate low speed prototype subsystems have been developed to control lesion depth using lesion reflectance feedback parameters and lesion placement using retinal vessels as tracking landmarks. Both subsystems have been successfully demonstrated in vivo on pigmented rabbits using an argon continuous wave laser. Recent efforts have concentrated on combining the two subsystems into a single prototype capable of simultaneously controlling both lesion depth and placement. We have designated this combined system CALOSOS for Computer Aided Laser Optics System for Ophthalmic Surgery. Following the dual-use concept, this system is being adapted for clinical use as a retinal treatment system as well as a research tool for military laser-tissue interaction studies.

Animals↗