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PubMed2006

[Current state of research on migration in Austria. A brief review].

Although Austria has been the aim of immigration for many years, research in the field of migration and integration is not yet established. Of the Austrian population, 9.6% have foreign citizenship and the proportion of the migrant population is highest in Vienna, where it is 18.0%. In 2002 a population register system was implemented in Austria which allows a more detailed description of migration processes and a differentiation of population by citizenship and country of birth. In social science and public health research as well as in official statistics and surveys the item of migration is not given sufficient consideration. On a political level, especially in Vienna, a comprehensive strategy of integration and diversity is being increasingly regarded as essential, and federal health policy has recently also focused on the health of migrants. In the future migration will hopefully be re-evaluated as the need for a humanitarian approach is recognized but also the benefits from migration in cultural, economic and demographic affairs are better appreciated and research is allowed to play an appropriate role in this process.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

Development of a System to Provide Full, Real-time Remote Control of a Scanning Electron Microscope across the Second Generation Internet: The Teaching SEM.

The development and makeup of a real-time full remote control system for the University of Michigan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Teaching SEM is described. The instrument was initially controlled via the campus local area Ethernet network and cable TV network. The latest implementation employs Fast Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks, and moving picture experts group (MPEG) video encoding to effect the remote control via the computer network alone. Remote control demonstrations from Washington, DC, Dearborn, MI, and Emerson School, Ann Arbor, MI are described.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Success, failures and costs of implementing standards in the USA--lessons for infection control.

In the US, extensive standards for performance and 'guidelines for practice' have been instituted by a number of governmental and non-governmental agencies. New governmental plans for health care depend heavily on practice guidelines, and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has been especially enthusiastic about continuous quality improvement. Monitoring the appropriateness of care and altering physician practice appeals to insurance carriers and health care management organizations. Some initial data exist to show that the quality of health care has been enhanced by these regulations. The total cost for health care administration in 1990 in the USA was 24.8% of each hospital's spending for health care. Much of this was associated with spending for new initiatives in practice guidelines, physician profiling, quality assurance, and the like. Few data exist to show that the quality of health care or hospital infection control has been enhanced by these expenditures. Regulations and guidelines also have proliferated in infection control. Guides from the JCAHO have been expanded, and recent mandates from the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) for protecting employees from blood-borne and respiratory pathogens promise to be especially costly for health care organizations to implement. Little data exist to show that the quality of infection control has been enhanced by these regulations. Standards are difficult to develop, because the science to back them up often is lacking, interpretation of validating data is imprecise, and inherent biological variation makes exceptions common. Seven lessons are important for those developing standards today. These include focusing on objective measures of the impact of the standard, clearly indicating the degree of scientific validity, making the development process inclusive, allowing for local variation, making sure that funding is provided for mandated standards, considering non-scientific implications of standards, and remaining involved in the process after the guideline is developed. Infection control workers should make sure that standards developed take the lessons above into account before they are promulgated.

Financial Support↗
PubMed1989

Changing times, changing paradigm (2): The Macarthur experience.

Part 2 delves more deeply into the program which the Macarthur Institute of Higher Education has implemented; a problem-based learning curriculum with the focus on self directed learning and the transfer of concepts and principles related to the various sciences associated with health care. Through exploration of specific patient problems students are able to integrate the components of the course using a process of enquiry. This new approach has implications for the student, the new graduate, the teacher/facilitator, the workforce and the recipients of nursing care. A broad overview of the impact of the new paradigm on nursing thus far is provided with a suggested model for formal evaluation of the program.

Australia↗
PubMed2002

Beyond collagen: injectable therapies for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence in the new millennium.

Previous experience with GAX-collagen has shown that the endoscopic correction of female SUI is both possible and effective. It is clear, however, that durability remains a primary concern when implementing this approach to treatment. The availability of recently developed and newly emerging materials, carefully designed using the tenets and techniques of biotechnology and materials science, may provide solutions to some of the difficulties beleaguering this treatment option. Results with currently available injectables are summarized in Table 1. Careful review and critical analysis of new bulking agents will soon reveal which materials approach the therapeutic ideal. It is likely that the ultimate choice of a particular substance, synthetic or biologic, may best be determined by the clinical circumstances involving the individual patient.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1997

Human postmortem retrieval of total hip arthroplasty.

Postmortem retrieval of well-functioning prostheses from total hip arthroplasty is essential in determining the quality and success of the implant, implant fixation, and operative technique. This report describes the retrieval procedure, including details on informed consent, retrieval procedure, and types and benefits of specimen analysis. Bone densitometry, roentgenography, and microscopy studies permit a level of assessment of operative and prosthetic performance not obtainable from clinical and in vivo roentgenographic evaluation alone. Findings from these techniques yielding data on stress shielding, bone mineral density, extent of bone-prosthesis apposition and osseointegration, and histologic activity are ultimately of considerable clinical significance. The implementation of retrieval programs, along with establishing early family and patient cooperation and proper planning practices, will continue to contribute invaluably to advances in orthopaedic science.

Bone Density↗
PubMed1992

Caloric restriction in pregnant diabetic women: a review of maternal obesity, glucose and insulin relationships as investigated at the University of California, San Diego.

Caloric restriction during pregnancy is contraindicated for women with a normal body mass index (BMI) of 19.8-26 kg/m2. Reduction of caloric intake in obese pregnant normal and diabetic women has been a controversial topic for many years. This paper reviews several clinical studies initiated in 1978 at the University of California, San Diego. One focus of this review concerns modest caloric reduction in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Metabolic observations of diabetes during pregnancy in the past decade include extensive use of a 400 kcal isocaloric breakfast meal tolerance test to assess maternal glucose:insulin relationships and the degree of insulin resistance in obese pregnant subjects. We have previously reported that maternal hyperinsulinemia with or without maternal hyperglycemia is an important factor in fetal macrosomia. We suggest for obese pregnant diabetic women implementation of nutritional recommendations of the 1990 Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences that advise a lower caloric intake for obese normal pregnant women with BMIs greater than 26. In obese noninsulin-dependent diabetic women and those with GDM, we urge that a large prospective epidemiologic study be undertaken to assess the respective roles of modest maternal caloric restriction and maternal glucose:insulin relationships on neonatal and long-term longitudinal measurements of growth and development of children of diabetic mothers.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intrinsic viscosity and the electrical polarizability of arbitrarily shaped objects.

The problem of calculating the electric polarizability tensor alpha(e) of objects of arbitrary shape has been reformulated in terms of path integration and implemented computationally. The method simultaneously yields the electrostatic capacity C and the equilibrium charge density. These functionals of particle shape are important in many materials science applications, including the conductivity and viscosity of filled materials and suspensions. The method has been validated through comparison with exact results (for the sphere, the circular disk, touching spheres, and tori), it has been found that 10(6) trajectories yield an accuracy of about four and three significant figures for C and alpha(e), respectively. The method is fast: For simple objects, 10(6) trajectories require about 1 min on a PC. It is also versatile: Switching from one object to another is easy. Predictions have also been made for regular polygons, polyhedra, and right circular cylinders, since these shapes are important in applications and since numerical calculations of high stated accuracy are available. Finally, the path-integration method has been applied to estimate transport properties of both linear flexible polymers (random walk chains of spheres) and lattice model dendrimer molecules. This requires probing of an ensemble of objects. For linear chains, the distribution function of C and of the trace (alpha(e)), are found to be universal in a size coordinate reduced by the chain radius of gyration. For dendrimers, these distribution functions become increasingly sharp with generation number. It has been found that C and alpha(e) provide important information about the distribution of molecular size and shape and that they are important for estimating the Stokes friction and intrinsic viscosity of macromolecules.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

An academic-community cardiovascular service line affiliation: design, implementation, and performance.

Both affiliation with an academic medical center and implementation of service line management may be effective management strategies for community health care organizations. The authors describe the design, implementation, and performance of a unique combination of these two distinct strategies for cardiovascular program development in the affiliation of the University of Florida Health Science Center with Health First, a regional community-based integrated delivery system.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2004

An online tutorial for helping nonscience majors read primary research literature in biology.

Using primary literature is an effective tool for promoting active learning and critical thinking in science classes. However, it can be challenging to use primary literature in large classes and in classes for nonscience majors. We describe the development and implementation of an online tutorial for helping nonscience majors learn to read primary literature in biology. The tutorial includes content about the scientific process and the structure of scientific papers and provides opportunities for students to practice reading primary literature. We describe the use of the tutorial in Biology of Exercise, a course for nonscience majors. Students used the tutorial outside of class to learn the basic principles involved in reading scientific papers, enabling class sessions to focus on active-learning activities and substantive class discussions.

Biology↗
PubMed2003

Task demands, task interest, and task performance: implications for human subjects research and practicing what we preach.

Through the continuous investigation of humans in organizations, we have learned much about motivation, attitudes, and performance. For example, Yukl and others have helped increase our understanding of influence tactics and the effect they have on the performance of subordinates, supervisors, and peers. Some tactics (and combinations of tactics) lead to resistance, some lead to compliance, and some lead to commitment. In this study, we raise the question of whether or not we incorporate our knowledge of these research findings into the design, implementation, and interpretation of our own research studies that require the participation of human subjects. In a survey of 134 subjects from a previous social science study, we found that performance varied across the sample, consistent with the concepts of resistance, compliance, and commitment. In addition, the variance in performance could be explained, in part, by task interest and perceived task demands. Implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Theory of quantitative phase-contrast computed tomography.

Phase-contrast x-ray computed tomography (CT) is an emerging imaging technique that can be implemented at third-generation synchrotron radiation sources or by using a microfocus x-ray source. Promising results have recently been obtained in materials science and medicine. At the same time, the lack of a mathematical theory comparable with that of conventional CT limits the progress in this field. Such a theory is now suggested, establishing a fundamental relation between the three-dimensional Radon transform of the object function and the two-dimensional Radon transform of the phase-contrast projection. A reconstruction algorithm is derived in the form of a filtered backprojection. The filter function is given in the space and spatial-frequency domains. The theory suggested enables one to quantitatively determine the refractive index of a weakly absorbing medium from x-ray intensity data measured in the near-field region. The results of computer simulations are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A century after Flexner: the need for reform in medical education from college and medical school through residency training.

The last major change in medical education occurred almost 100 years ago following an independent investigation conducted by Dr. Abraham Flexner in 1910. Although individual institutions have implemented drastic changes in their own curriculum and the accrediting agencies have mandated other initiatives intended to maintain medical education at the cutting edge of science and technology, many facets of medical education, from the premedical requirements through medical school and residency training, have not changed in nearly half a century. There are areas that are completely lacking in the process of training physicians, and perhaps the assumption was that physicians were intelligent enough to figure this out on their own. While that may have been true in the past when things were less complicated, this approach offers too many opportunities for misadventure, ultimately to the detriment of physicians and patients. Perhaps what is needed is a more rigorous, didactic training program and more thought put into areas where judgment, morality and ethics converge to create potential hazards that can defeat the finest training, equipment and intent. Although American residency programs produce physicians fully capable of independent practice after their prescribed periods of training, there are elements of these training programs that are outdated, costly and perhaps not the best way to get to the desired endpoint. Perhaps these can be revised to more accurately reflect the changing times. This manuscript addresses some of these issues at all levels of training with recommendations for corrective action.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1989

Review of the phase I and phase II teaching programmes in the School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia.

The Phase I and Phase II undergraduate teaching programmes of the School of Medical Sciences were reviewed at the end of the 1985/86 academic year. It was found that deviations from the School's philosophy had crept into the implementation process. Modifications were therefore made in Phase I and Phase II programmes with a view to:--(i) reducing content, (ii) promoting integration, (iii) improving clinical examination skills of students, and (iv) providing more opportunities to students for self learning, reinforcement and application of knowledge. The number of assessment items in Phase I and the frequency of assessment in Phase II were also found to be inappropriate and so modifications in assessment were made to rectify this situation.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1988

Integrated Academic Information Management Systems (IAIMS). Part III. Implementation of integrated information services. Medical informatics education.

Medical informatics is still in its early stages of evolution and definition. If informatics is to obtain the status of a specialized field of study within the health science curriculum, its ambiguity must be eliminated. This article discusses the term "medical informatics" and the impact of the new field of study on curriculum, education, and training of health care professionals, and health care information systems research and development.

Academic Medical Centers↗