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PubMed1990

Selected acoustic characteristics of speech production in very old males.

An understanding of the effects of advancing age on speech characteristics is crucial for those who study and serve the older population. The purpose of this study was to obtain a normative data base for the speech production characteristics of a group of very old men. Fourteen veterans 87 to 93 years old served as subjects, producing a total of 40 sentences at a conversational rate. Wide-band (300 Hz) spectrograms were created from high-quality tape recordings. Specified acoustic measures were made (consonant, vowel, and voice-onset time durations; and vowel formant frequencies and trajectory slopes) via digitizer and microcomputer Sonogram Analyzer program. Descriptive analysis of the selected measurements was performed to obtain a profile of speech production behavior for these subjects. Data were also compared to those of the young adult, Parkinson's disease patients, and younger elderly subjects studied by Weismer (1984a) and Weismer, Kimelman, and Gorman (1985). Performance of the older subjects was similar to that of the younger elderly in many cases, but in certain cases bore notable similarities to Parkinsonian speech. Theoretical implications of aging and disease are addressed.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Kinematic features of passive forelimb movements and rat cuneate neuron discharges.

We examined the role of main and external cuneate nuclei neurons in processing sensory information during forelimb passive movement. We recorded activity of neurons using circular and figure-eight trajectories, at different speeds, in anaesthetized rats. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to correlate neural discharge to movement direction and speed, the two components of the velocity vector. We found that the activity of the majority of cuneate neurons related to passive movement velocity and that the directional component of the velocity vector accounted for a larger fraction of the variability in the firing rate than the scalar component (speed). These results indicate that cuneate cells can process whole limb afferent information to elaborate a representation of the movement velocity vector.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2000

The recording of monophasic action potentials with fractal-coated iridium electrodes in humans.

The present study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of the recording of monophasic action potentials (MAP) with fractal-coated iridium electrodes in a clinical setting. In 18 patients who underwent an electrophysiological study for various arrhythmias, we performed MAP recordings with both 1.3-mm2 and 6-mm2 tip surface area fractal-coated iridium and standard silver--silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes in the high right atrium and two ventricular positions. Amplitude and MAP duration at 90%, 50%, and 25% of repolarization were calculated during steady-state pacing at 600, 500, and 400 ms cycle lengths with extrastimuli application. Morphology comparisons of MAP signals recorded with both types of electrodes were performed by regression analysis using 5% of the repolarization segments of the MAP trajectory. Differences between MAP duration at 90%, 50%, and 25% of repolarization recorded with fractal-coated and Ag/AgCl electrodes were statistically insignificant. Amplitude values recorded with 6-mm2 tip electrodes were significantly smaller than those recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes for all comparisons. During steady-state pacing, the correlation coefficients between Ag/AgCl and fractal-coated 1.3-mm2 and 6-mm2 tip electrodes were within the range of 0.93-0.999 and 0.87-0.999, respectively. The correlation of MAP amplitude and duration at 90%, 50%, and 25% of repolarization following the extrastimulus S2, recorded with both types of electrodes, was significantly weaker for right atrial recordings (r value range 0.78-0.92) as compared to ventricular recordings (r value range 0.92-0.99). The MAP sensing features of fractal-coated iridium and Ag/AgCl electrodes are comparable. The best results for recording of MAPs with fractal-coated electrodes can be achieved with small surface area tip electrodes.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2025

Genomic analyses of three Acanthus L. species provide insight into polyploidization-driven speciation and evolution.

Allopolyploidy fundamentally influences plant evolution, yet the genomic dynamics of allotetraploidization remain incompletely understood. We investigated Acanthus tetraploideus (2n = 4x = 96), an ecologically significant allotetraploid true mangrove from Indo-West Pacific intertidal zones. Our prior integrative investigations indicate that A. tetraploideus originated through hybridization of the diploid species A. ilicifolius and A. ebracteatus with subsequent chromosome doubling. Here, we present complete chromosome-scale genome assemblies for all three species, representing the first genomic resources for true mangrove polyploid research. Our analysis reveals that the three species have experienced at least four rounds of polyploidization events, with the most recent, approximately 53 mya, possibly an Acanthus-specific event. The allotetraploid A. tetraploideus, which emerged between 1.5 and 2.2 mya, has A. ebracteatus as its maternal progenitor and A. ilicifolius as its paternal one. Through a comprehensive genomic comparison and analysis of homoeologous gene expression, we propose a gradual evolutionary trajectory for allotetraploidy in A. tetraploideus. Despite the allotetraploidization event dating back to around 2 mya, A. tetraploideus retains a high degree of colinearity with its ancestral genomes, with the majority (76.2%) of duplicated genes retained and no significant sub-genome bias in gene expression. Furthermore, we have identified positive selection in specific genes that may facilitate the adaptation of Acanthus mangrove species to their intertidal habitats. These findings establish A. tetraploideus as a model for studying allopolyploid evolution while providing new insights into mangrove speciation processes.

Genome, Plant↗

PubMed2006

Contribution of microtubule growth polarity and flux to spindle assembly and functioning in plant cells.

The spindle occupies a central position in cell division as it builds up the chromosome-separating machine. Here we analysed the dynamics of spindle formation in acentrosomal plant cells by visualizing microtubules labelled with GFP-EB1, GFP-MAP4 and GFP-alpha-tubulin and chromosomes marked by the vital dye SYTO82. During prophase, few microtubules penetrate the nuclear area, followed by nuclear envelope disintegration. During prometaphase, microtubules invading the nuclear space develop a spindle axis from few bipolar microtubule bundles, which is followed by spindle assembly. Using a novel quantitative kymograph analysis based on Fourier transformation, we measured the microtubule growth trajectories of the entire dynamic metaphase spindle. Microtubules initiating from spindle poles either pass through the metaphase plate to form interpolar microtubule bundles or grow until they reach chromosomes. We also noticed a minor fraction of microtubules growing away from the chromosomes. Microtubules grow at 10 microm/minute both at the spindle equator and at the spindle poles. Photobleached marks created on metaphase and anaphase spindles revealed a poleward tubulin flux. During anaphase, the velocity of tubulin flux (2 microm/minute) equals the speed of chromatid-separation. With these findings we identified spatially coordinated microtubule growth dynamics and microtubule flux-based chromosome-separation as important facets of plant spindle operation.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗

PubMed2001

Prey-capture behavior in gymnotid electric fish: motion analysis and effects of water conductivity.

Animals can actively influence the content and quality of sensory information they acquire from the environment through the positioning of peripheral sensory surfaces. This study investigated receptor surface positioning during prey-capture behavior in weakly electric gymnotiform fish of the genus Apteronotus. Infrared video techniques and three-dimensional model-based tracking methods were used to provide quantitative information on body position and conformation as black ghost (A. albifrons) and brown ghost (A. leptorhynchus) knifefish hunted for prey (Daphnia magna) in the dark. We found that detection distance depends on the electrical conductivity of the surrounding water. Best performance was observed at low water conductivity (2.8 cm mean detection distance and 2 % miss rate at 35 microS cm(-)(1), A. albifrons) and poorest performance at high conductivity (1.5 cm mean detection distance and 11 % miss rate at 600 microS cm(-)(1), A. albifrons). The observed conductivity-dependence implies that nonvisual prey detection in Apteronotus is likely to be dominated by the electrosense over the range of water conductivities experienced by the animal in its natural environment. This result provides the first evidence for the involvement of electrosensory cues in the prey-capture behavior of gymnotids, but it leaves open the possibility that both the high-frequency (tuberous) and low-frequency (ampullary) electroreceptors may contribute. We describe an electrosensory orienting response to prey, whereby the fish rolls its body following detection to bring the prey above the dorsum. This orienting response and the spatial distribution of prey at the time of detection highlight the importance of the dorsal surface of the trunk for electrosensory signal acquisition. Finally, quantitative analysis of fish motion demonstrates that Apteronotus can adapt its trajectory to account for post-detection motion of the prey, suggesting that it uses a closed-loop adaptive tracking strategy, rather than an open-loop ballistic strike strategy, to intercept the prey.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Trajectories of functional impairment in later life.

Functional impairment trajectories in late adulthood over a decade are characterized using the Longitudinal Retirement History Study (LRHS) data set. Non-linear patterns of age-related increase in impairment are documented with longitudinal data. Subsets of panelists from the initial large, nationally representative probability sample of employed males and unmarried employed females (N = 11,000) also exhibit differential non-linear trajectories of impairment by sex, income, and educational attainment. Concurrent analysis of the relationship over a decade among sex, SES, and functional impairment suggests that in health research, both sex and SES are broad proxy variables whose usefulness for understanding health outcomes and for policy analysis would be enhanced by the specification of components.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

Phase space electroencephalography (EEG): a new mode of intraoperative EEG analysis.

Intraoperative monitoring of electroencephalography (EEG) data can help assess brain integrity and/or depth of anesthesia. We demonstrate a computer generated technique which provides a visually robust display of EEG data plotted as 'phase space trajectories' and a mathematically derived parameter ('dimensionality') which may correlate with depth of anesthesia. Application of nonlinear mathematical analysis, used to describe complex dynamical systems, can characterize 'phase space' EEG patterns by identifying attractors (geometrical patterns in phase space corresponding to specific ordered EEG data subjects) and by quantifying the degree of order and chaos (calculation of dimensionality). Dimensionality calculations describe the degree of complexity in a signal and may generate a clinically useful univariate EEG descriptor of anesthetic depth. In this paper we describe and demonstrate phase space trajectories generated for sine waves, mixtures of sine waves, and white noise (random chaotic events). We also present EEG phase space trajectories and dimensionality calculations from a patient undergoing surgery and general anesthesia in 3 recognizable states: awake, anesthetized, and burst suppression. Phase space trajectories of the three states are visually distinguishable, and dimensionality calculations indicate that EEG progresses from 'chaos' (awake) to progressively more 'ordered' attractors (anesthetized and burst suppression).

Electroencephalography↗

PubMed1999

Visuomotor processing as reflected in the directional discharge of premotor and primary motor cortex neurons.

Premotor and primary motor cortical neuronal firing was studied in two monkeys during an instructed delay, pursuit tracking task. The task included a premovement "cue period," during which the target was presented at the periphery of the workspace and moved to the center of the workspace along one of eight directions at one of four constant speeds. The "track period" consisted of a visually guided, error-constrained arm movement during which the animal tracked the target as it moved from the central start box along a line to the opposite periphery of the workspace. Behaviorally, the animals tracked the required directions and speeds with highly constrained trajectories. The eye movements consisted of saccades to the target at the onset of the cue period, followed by smooth pursuit intermingled with saccades throughout the cue and track periods. Initially, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for direction and period effects in the firing. Subsequently, a linear regression analysis was used to fit the average firing from the cue and track periods to a cosine model. Directional tuning as determined by a significant fit to the cosine model was a prominent feature of the discharge during both the cue and track periods. However, the directional tuning of the firing of a single cell was not always constant across the cue and track periods. Approximately one-half of the neurons had differences in their preferred directions (PDs) of >45 degrees between cue and track periods. The PD in the cue or track period was not dependent on the target speed. A second linear regression analysis based on calculation of the preferred direction in 20-ms bins (i.e., the PD trajectory) was used to examine on a finer time scale the temporal evolution of this change in directional tuning. The PD trajectories in the cue period were not straight but instead rotated over the workspace to align with the track period PD. Both clockwise and counterclockwise rotations occurred. The PD trajectories were relatively straight during most of the track period. The rotation and eventual convergence of the PD trajectories in the cue period to the preferred direction of the track period may reflect the transformation of visual information into motor commands. The widely dispersed PD trajectories in the cue period would allow targets to be detected over a wide spatial aperture. The convergence of the PD trajectories occurring at the cue-track transition may serve as a "Go" signal to move that was not explicitly supplied by the paradigm. Furthermore, the rotation and convergence of the PD trajectories may provide a mechanism for nonstandard mapping. Standard mapping refers to a sensorimotor transformation in which the stimulus is the object of the reach. Nonstandard mapping is the mapping of an arbitrary stimulus into an arbitrary movement. The shifts in the PD may allow relevant visual information from any direction to be transformed into an appropriate movement direction, providing a neural substrate for nonstandard stimulus-response mappings.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Molecular dynamics study on the conformational stability of laminaran oligomers in various solvents.

Solution conformations of the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan laminaran have been investigated by means of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations in three solvents: water, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Conformational analysis of solvated laminarabiose was carried out to study the effect of specific solute-solvent interactions upon reactive hydroxyl groups. Dynamic trajectories of solvated laminarabiose have been interpreted in terms of average glycosidic-linkage conformation, hydrogen-bonding pattern, and coordination by solvent molecules. The analysis of radial distribution functions, coordination functions, mean residency times, and time correlation functions derived from the simulation trajectories furnished the necessary insight. The results have been used to assess the steric accessibility of laminaran-C4-OH and -C6-OH hydroxyl groups in the considered solvents and to rationalize corresponding earlier experimental observations. The experiments demonstrated that reaction equilibrium during chemical modification of laminaran oligomers with 2,2-dimethoxypropane involving the laminaran-C4-OH and -C6-OH hydroxyl groups significantly depended on the solvent used.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2026

Walking Together: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Relationship Between Religiosity and Substance Use Disorder.

The literature suggests that religiosity is a protective factor for substance use. However, individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) may actively cultivate their religiosity during substance use. This qualitative study analyzed the perceptions and meanings homeless people attribute to their substance use trajectories and religiosity, as well as the potential connections between these two themes. The analysis was conducted based on the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin. A total of 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 Brazilian and 20 Portuguese participants. The present study found that religiosity can play a role in the substance use trajectory and the development of SUD by offering a subjective sense of protection, serving as a marker for the need for change, or providing relief from the suffering associated with SUD. We discuss how homeless people with SUD experience religiosity and how religious aspects traditionally seen as protective in the literature, such as church attendance, may paradoxically become risk factors for these socially vulnerable populations.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Domain motions of the Mip protein from Legionella pneumophila.

The homodimeric 45.6 kDa (total mass) Mip protein, a virulence factor from Legionella pneumophila, was investigated with solution NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Two Mip monomers are dimerized via an N-terminal helix bundle that is connected via a long alpha-helix to a C-terminal FKBP domain in each subunit. More than 85% of the amino acids were identified in triple-resonance NMR spectra. (15)N relaxation analysis showed a bimodal distribution of R(1)/R(2) values, with the lower ratio in the N-terminal domain. Relaxation dispersion measurements confirmed that these reduced ratios did not originate from conformational exchange. Thus, two different correlation times (tau(c)) can be deduced, reflecting partly uncoupled motions of both domains. Relaxation data of a Mip(77)(-)(213) monomer mutant were similar to those observed in the dimer, corroborating that the FKBP domain, including part of the connecting helix, behaves as one dynamic entity. MD simulations (18 ns) of the Mip dimer also yielded two different correlation times for the two domains and thus confirm the independence of the domain motions. Principal component analysis of the dihedral space covariance matrix calculated from the MD trajectory suggests a flexible region in the long connecting helix that acts as a hinge between the two domains. Such motion provides a possible explanation of how Mip can bind to complex molecular components of the extracellular matrix and mediate alveolar damage and bacterial spread in the lung.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1991

Applications of three-dimensional analysis to the auditory P300.

Auditory Event Related Potentials (ERPs) to target stimuli were recorded by three orthogonal derivations from 18 normal subjects and were represented in three dimensional voltage-space (3-D), to produce Three Channel Lissajous' Trajectories (3CLTs). Target stimuli differed by pitch, phonemic or phonetic attributes. Assuming a central location, the orientation of the equivalent dipole moment was calculated for specific points (apices) along the trajectories. The apices roughly corresponded to the P300 peak in a voltage/time representation. The 3-D analysis resulted ina dipole pointing in a posterior-upward direction close to the mid-sagittal plane. Based on anatomical measures coupled with the behavioral role of the limbic system, we propose that a major contribution to the P300 to the stimuli tested derives from the outflows of the hippocampus and amygdala, i.e. fornix and stria terminalis. Orientation and laterality of the P300 dipole demonstrated clinical sensitivity beyond that of latency and amplitude measures in voltage/time representations.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1983

Chromosome analysis by high illumination flow cytometry.

Fluorescence measurements from metaphase chromosomes of the Chinese hamster, stained with propidium iodide excited at high illumination irradiance, completely resolve each chromosome type. The measurements are performed in a specially designed flow cytometer that achieves high irradiance (4 MW/cm2) by using high power laser output (2 W at 488 nm) focused to small spot size (1% irradiance variation over 2 microns). The coefficient of variation of each chromosome peak is near 1.5%. Saturation of the fluorescence transition and photobleaching, two consequences of high irradiance, are shown to occur. Even with a nonlinear dependence of fluorescence upon illumination irradiance, fluorescence retains a proportional response to chromosome type; each chromosome peak maintains a consistent ratio to the others at every irradiance. No perturbation of fluorescence by the optical or geometrical properties of the chromosomes is evident. The advantages of high irradiance illumination are an increase in fluorescence sufficient to reduce the statistical error in photoelectron number to a low level and reduced influence of laser power fluctuations and variable chromosome flow trajectories on the precision. These benefits improve the resolution of chromosome analysis by flow cytometry, particularly the resolution of smaller chromosomes.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Molecular dynamics simulations of a highly charged peptide from an SH3 domain: possible sequence-function relationship.

A seven-residue peptide that is highly conserved in SH3 domains despite being far from the active site has been shown by NMR to be stable in solution. This peptide, biologically important because it is a likely folding nucleus for SH3 domains, provides a challenging subject for molecular dynamics because it is highly charged. We present stable, 10-ns simulations of both the native-like diverging turn structure and a helical model. Free energies of these two conformations, estimated through MM-PBSA analysis using several force fields, suggest a comparable free energy (DeltaDeltaG < or =6 kcal/mol) for native and helix conformations. NOE intensities calculated from the native trajectory reproduce experimental data quite well, suggesting that the conformations sampled by the trajectory reasonably represent those observed in the NMR experiment. The molecular dynamics results, as well as sequence analysis of a diverse 690-member family of SH3 domain proteins, suggest that the presence of two elements is essential for formation of the diverging turn structure: a pair of residues with low helical propensity in the turn region and, as previously recognized, two hydrophobic residues to close the end of the diverging turn. Thus, these two sequence features may form the structural basis for the function of this peptide as a folding nucleus in this family of proteins.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2001

Repeatability of choku-tsuki and oi-tsuki in shotokan karate: a 3-dimensional analysis with thirteen black-belt karateka.

13 black-belt karateka performed two different standardized counter-offensive techniques. The trajectories of selected body landmarks were studied by using a computerized image analyzer that allows a 3-dimensional reconstruction of standardized movements. The repeatability of both karate techniques was quantified for each participant. Analysis confirmed that more experienced karateka obtained the best repeatability, as already demonstrated in a preliminary study conducted with a smaller sample of less experienced participants.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Vibrational spectra from atomic fluctuations in dynamics simulations. II. Solvent-induced frequency fluctuations at femtosecond time resolution.

The midinfrared (MIR) spectra of molecules in polar solvents exhibit inhomogeneously broadened bands whose spectral positions are shifted as compared to the gas phase. The shifts are caused by interactions with structured solvation shells and the broadenings by fluctuations of these interactions. The MIR spectra can be calculated from hybrid molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which treat the solute molecule by density functional theory and the solvent by molecular mechanics by the so-called instantaneous normal mode analysis (INMA) or by Fourier transforming the time correlation function (FTTCF) of the molecular dipole moment. In Paper I of this work [M. Schmitz and P. Tavan, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 12233 (2004)] we explored an alternative method based on generalized virial (GV) frequencies noting, however, that GV systematically underestimates frequencies. As shown by us these artifacts are caused by solvent-induced fluctuations of the (i) equilibrium geometry, (ii) force constants, and (iii) normal mode directions as well as by (iv) diagonal and (v) off-diagonal anharmonicities. Here we now show, by analyzing the time scales of fluctuations and sample MD trajectories of formaldehyde in the gas phase and in water, that all these sources of computational artifacts can be made visible by a Fourier analysis of the normal coordinates. Correspondingly, the error sources (i) and (iii)-(v) can be removed by bandpass filtering, as long as the spectral signatures of the respective effects are well separated from the fundamental band. Furthermore, the artifacts arising from effect (ii) can be strongly diminished by a time-resolved version of the GV approach (TF-GV). The TF-GV method then yields for each mode j a trajectory of the vibrational frequency omega(j)(tmid R:tau) at a time resolution tau>tau(j), which is only limited by the corresponding oscillation time tau(j)=2pi/omega(j) and, thus, is in the femtosecond range. A correlation analysis of these trajectories clearly separates the librational motions from the conformational dynamics of the solvation shells and yields the inhomogeneously broadened MIR spectra, if the theory of motional narrowing is properly included. The MIR spectrum of formaldehyde in solution obtained by TF-GV agrees very well with the FTTCF result, if one applies the so-called "harmonic approximation" quantum correction factor and a temperature scaling to the FTTCF intensities. Also for INMA an excellent agreement is achieved if one disregards a slight INMA overestimate of linewidths.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Gait analysis before or after varus osteotomy of the femur for hip osteoarthritis.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND: Intertrochanteric varus osteotomy of the femur for hip osteoarthritis is expected to bring improved congruity and increased weight-bearing surface area of the hip joint. Before surgery, we usually make a tracing on a paper using an anteroposterior roentgenogram of the hip to simulate the operating procedures and obtain better conditions in the hip. Nevertheless, there have been some cases in which this procedure does not provide satisfactory postoperative results in terms of relief of pain or locomotion, with long-term limp due to weakness of the hip abductor muscle group and shortening of the leg. OBJECTIVES: To confirm if the improved congruity and increased covering of the weight-bearing surface area obtained by varus osteotomy can be actually reproduced during walking, and to evaluate the kinetic mechanism of the effects of this procedure using gait analysis. METHODS: We measured the strength ratio of the hip abductor muscles as the percent of the opposite side, and analyzed the pelvic movement and data of dynamic electromyography (EMG) recorded during locomotion in 24 female patients who underwent unilateral intertrochanteric varus osteotomy of the femur for hip osteoarthritis, 30 non-surgically-treated female patients with hip osteoarthritis, and 54 healthy women. In the operated patients, the roentgenograms obtained during one-legged stance on the affected side disclosed that 10 were positive for Trendelenburg's phenomenon (T(+) group) and 14 were negative for Trendelenburg's phenomenon (T(-) group). All subjects walked with bare feet at a comfortable pace on a walkway containing a force plate. Photo switches were placed in a walkway to measure the gait velocity and to determine the stance phase time of one gait cycle. Frontal and sagittal trajectories of body surface markers for computerized joint-angle motion analysis were acquired using the Quick-MAG system. EMG data for the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, and lateral hamstrings recorded using surface electrodes were integrated to quantify as the percent of maximum voluntary contraction (% MVC). RESULTS: This study disclosed that the stance phase time was shorter and the strength ratio of the hip abductor muscles was lower in the operated patients than those in the other 2 groups, and the change of the pelvic obliquity was smaller and the % MVC of the gluteus medius and tensor fascia latae were greater than those in the normal subjects. The change of the pelvic tilt showed the same pattern with those of the pelvic obliquity. The T(+) group showed decreased strength ratio of the hip abductor muscles and increased % MVC for the gluteus medius and the tensor fascia latae compared to the T(-) group, but the changes of both the pelvic obliquity and pelvic tilt did not significantly differ in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed the postoperative reappearance of the simulated conditions in the hip before varus osteotomy of the femur, providing evidence that the pelvis was horizontally maintained during walking due to decreased stance phase time and increased performance of the hip abductor muscles after this procedure.

Adult↗