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PubMedDate not supplied

Discrimination of strains of Candida albicans isolated from deep and superficial sites by resistotyping.

Resistotyping was used to characterise 106 strains of Candida albicans classified as to whether they came from deep or superficial infections. The data were analysed by logistic regression analysis. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of strains. After removal of variables by the log-likelihood method four resistotyping agents were found to predict source of strain: boric acid, benzalkonium chloride, malachite green and mercurochrome. Whilst there were phenotypic differences between strains isolated from deep and superficial sites it is not clear whether this strain represents different strain types or strain histories.

Candida albicans↗

PubMed1986

Bacterial study of clean intermittent catheterisation in children.

Deterioration of the upper urinary tract is exceptional in children on clean intermittent catheterisation for neuropathic incontinence and is found only in those with pre-existing renal damage. This report describes a bacteriological study of 24 children, of whom 10 had renal damage and 14 did not have renal damage before clean intermittent catheterisation began. Boric acid was added as a preservative to samples of urine in preference to the use of dip-slides because it preserves pus cells as well as bacteria. The incidence of bacteriuria in the two groups was similar (78% of samples from those with, and 72% of samples from those without, pre-existing renal damage). The groups differed in that the urine of children in the group with pre-existing renal damage yielded organisms other than Escherichia coli more than twice as often as did the urine of those children without renal damage. Moreover, the children with pre-existing renal damage were more likely to have fever with urinary tract infection and some of them showed frequent changes of organisms in the urine. Whatever organism was present, however, children in the group with renal damage more often had heavy pyuria.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Efficient cloning of plant genomes into bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries with larger and more uniform insert size.

The construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries remains relatively complex and laborious, such that any technological improvement is considered to be highly advantageous. In this study, we addressed several aspects that improved the quality and efficiency of cloning of plant genomes into BACs. We set the 'single tube vector' preparation method with no precipitation or gel electrophoresis steps, which resulted in less vector DNA damage and a remarkable two- to threefold higher transformation efficiency compared with other known vector preparation methods. We used a reduced amount of DNA for partial digestion (up to 5 microg), which resulted in less BAC clones with small inserts. We performed electrophoresis in 0.25 x TBE (Tris, boric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) buffer instead of 0.5 x TBE, which resulted in larger and more uniformly sized BAC inserts and, surprisingly, a two- to threefold higher transformation efficiency, probably due to less contamination with borate ions. We adopted a triple size selection that resulted in an increased mean insert size of up to 70 kb and a transformation efficiency comparable with that of double size selection. Overall, the improved protocol presented in this study resulted in a five- to sixfold higher cloning efficiency and larger and more uniformly sized BAC inserts. BAC libraries with the desired mean insert size (up to 200 kb) were constructed from several plant species, including hexaploid wheat. The improved protocol will render the construction of BAC libraries more available in plants and will greatly enhance genome analysis, gene mapping and cloning.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

Biotypes of oral Candida albicans isolates in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from diverse geographic locations.

Oral Candida albicans isolates from HIV-infected individuals in Hong Kong, Australia, Germany and England were characterised using a biotyping system based on enzyme profiles, carbohydrate assimilation patterns and boric acid resistance of the yeasts. A total of 44 biotypes were found amongst the 117 oral C. albicans isolates examined. The major biotype A1R accounted for 17.9% of all isolates while the second commonest biotype was A1S (11.1% of isolates). Whereas these two biotypes were isolated from all the regions studied, there were a number of other biotypes unique to individual countries. The data indicate that there are many different sub-strains of oral C. albicans in HIV-infected patients, some of which are globally prevalent. However, further work is required to ascertain the diversity of oral C. albicans biotypes, if any, in health and disease.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1983

Modification of delayed-incubation procedure for detection of fecal coliforms in water.

Three holding media, including the vitamin-free Casitone holding medium (m-VFC) recommended by Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for use with the delayed-incubation membrane filter procedure, were compared for their ability to maintain viability of fecal coliforms. Each medium was tested according to the procedure described in the above reference with 60 to 80 pure cultures of fecal coliforms and a variety of natural water samples containing fecal coliforms. Fecal coliform recovery with m-ST holding medium (containing ethanol, sulfanilamide, and Tris [pH 8.6] was significantly greater than recovery with m-VFC (containing vitamin-free casein hydrolysate, sodium benzoate, sulfanilamide, and ethanol). Recovery with m-VFC, was, in turn, significantly greater than with NSB medium (containing nutrient broth, boric acid, and NaCl as major ingredients). Fecal coliform counts obtained with m-ST by the delayed-incubation membrane filter procedure were higher than counts obtained by the standard immediate incubation. This result suggested that some of the sublethally injured fecal coliforms in natural water samples may have recovered during the incubation period. We propose that m-ST be used in place of m-VFC for the delayed-incubation membrane filter procedure.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1965

Production of calcium gluconate by Penicillium chrysogenum in submerged culture.

The waste mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum HA-10 (obtained at the end of penicillin fermentation), or a 24-hr-old freshly grown vegetative inoculum of this organism, was found to utilize glucose for the production of calcium gluconate by submerged fermentation in shake flasks. After 72 to 96 hr of fermentation at 24 C, 90 to 95% of the reducing sugar from the 15% glucose medium was converted to calcium gluconate. Reuse of the mycelium for successive experiments reduced the fermentation period to 72 hr or less because of an enhancement of glucose utilization. Ten successive batches of 15% glucose medium were fermented by the reuse method. Fermentation media containing up to 30% glucose could be used, provided boric acid was added to prevent the precipitation of calcium gluconate formed. We found that 30% hydrol (a by-product of glucose manufacture containing 50 to 55% reducing sugar), when used in place of glucose in the fermentation medium, inhibited the rate of glucose utilization. However, this effect was partially reversed by pretreatment of hydrol with 2 to 4% activated charcoal before addition to the fermentation medium.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1966

Paper chromatographic system for the identification of glycerol in bacterial cell walls.

Ikawa, Miyoshi (University of New Hampshire, Durham), James W. Morrow, and Sheila J. Harney. Paper chromatographic system for the identification of glycerol in bacterial cell walls. J. Bacteriol. 92:812-814. 1966.-The solvent system consisting of isopropanol-5% boric acid (7:1, v/v) separates glycerol from the other carbohydrate constituents which are found in hydrolysates of bacterial cell walls. This system is useful for the identification of glycerol even when anhydroribitol and rhamnose are both present, and has been found to be applicable on cell wall hydrolysates as well as on synthetic mixtures.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1995

Physiological traits associated with success of Candida albicans strains as commensal colonizers and pathogens.

DNA fingerprinting with the moderately repetitive sequence Ca3 has repeatedly identified groups of genetically similar strains of Candida albicans that are more frequently isolated than other groups of strains from human hosts in a geographical locale. Members of these groups are found in approximately 30% of healthy individuals and in up to 70% of patients suffering from candidiasis. The high prevalence of these strains implies that they are more successful in colonizing human hosts and in causing disease than other strains (J. Schmid, Clin. Adv. Treatment Fungal Infect. 4(6):12-16, 1993). In the present study, we have compared one such group of highly prevalent strains with other strains from the same locale to identify physiological traits a larger number of chemicals than other strains in a resistogram assay. When resistance to individual chemicals used in the resistogram assay was analyzed, strains from the group of highly prevalent strains were significantly more often resistant to boric acid, cetrimide, chlorhexidine, 5-fluorocytosine, and high sodium chloride concentrations than other strains. Strains from the group of highly prevalent strains also adhered significantly (1.5 times) better to saliva-coated surfaces than did other strains. Because members of highly prevalent groups of strains are the most common infectious agents in candidiasis, these physiological traits may be involved in determining not only the success of C. albicans in colonizing human hosts in general but also its ability to cause disease. Sodium chloride resistance and increased adherence were also associated with infectious isolates outside the group of highly prevalent strains, indicating that they may be of particular importance in pathogenesis.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1989

Overprescribing.

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Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Management of persistent vulvo vaginal candidosis due to azole-resistant Candida glabrata.

CASE REPORT--SUBJECTS--Three cases are described of long-standing vaginal candidosis due to Candida glabrata. These had failed to respond to local and systemic antifungals. In each case the infecting strain appeared resistant to a range of azole drugs in vitro. CLINICAL COURSE--Case one--This patient recovered following prolonged treatment with oral itraconazole in combination with oral and vaginal nystatin. Case two. Yeasts were eradicated from this patient following cyclical treatment with oral dydrogesterone; prolonged vaginal treatment with nystatin may have helped. Case three. This patient did not respond to a prolonged course of oral itraconazole in combination with vaginal and oral nystatin, oral medroxyprogesterone or intravaginal boric acid. Eradication of C glabrata was finally achieved by local application of 1% gentian violet. Shortly after eradication of the C glabrata infection, both Case two and Case three developed infections with other Candida species responsive to azole antifungals.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1998

Water-soluble cooling lubricants induce airway hyperresponsiveness in rabbits.

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to water-soluble cooling lubricants (CL) induced by aerosol administered by tracheal tube was studied in a rabbit model of occupational lung disease. Two commercial CL were examined: the first was of the boric acid amine ester type without biozide (CL-BAE), the second was of the sulfonate type with biozide (CL-SB). 50, 5.0 or 0.5 mg/m3 CL was administered over a period of twice 2 h to six different groups of rabbits. Airway responsiveness (AR) to aerosols of 0.2% and 2.0% acetylcholine solution (ACH) was measured before and after each exposure to CL. A control group A of nine animals not exposed to CL showed no significant respiratory responses following inhalation of 0.2% ACH for 1 min. Conversely, inhalation of 2.0% ACH almost doubled the dynamic elastance (Edyn) in the ACH challenge test in this animal group. Airway resistance (RI), Edyn, slope of inspiratory pressure generation (delta Pes/tI), arterial pressure (Pa) and arterial blood gas tensions (PaO2, PaCO2) were not significantly altered during and after exposures to CL. However, after CL-BAE inhalation of 50 and 5 mg/m3 over 4 h, the amplitude of the ACH-induced airway obstruction indicated by the changes in Edyn rose significantly to almost five times the control response before exposure (group C, D, p < 0.005). Similar changes in RI and delta Pes/tI were obtained. After inhalation of 0.5 mg/m3 CL-BAE (group D), no significant changes in AR were observed. Similar to CL-BAE inhalation of 50 mg/m3, CL-SB caused enlarged AR in the ACH challenge test (group E), whereas no significant changes were found after exposure to 5.0 and 0.5 mg/m3 in groups F and G. In summary, CL aerosols with and without biozide in the range of 50 and 5 mg/m3 applied via tracheal tubes increased AR to ACH within 4 h of exposure in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. It has to be assumed that this augmented AR indicates an increased risk of developing lubricant-induced obstructive lung diseases.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1991

Morphologic changes of the basal lamina in the small intestine of Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis.

Further investigations of the epithelial and mesothelial basal lamina of the duodenum of Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histochemical techniques using polyethyleneimine (PEI) to demonstrate anionic sites as well as light- and transmission-electron-microscopic methods involving morphometric analysis. The basal lamina of the duodenal epithelial cells was smooth, and it was occasionally curved along the processes of the epithelial cells (stages 56-59). The basal lamina became thicker by folding, and the thickness of the folded basal lamina exceeded 1 micron (stages 60-62). Subsequently, the folded basal lamina disappeared gradually and became almost smooth again and consisted of only one layer (stages 63-66). After removing the epithelium by boric acid, SEM revealed that the small ridges of the basal lamina protruded like a mesh-work into the luminal side, and the luminal surface of the basal lamina became smooth at later stages of the metamorphic climax. The electron-dense granules of PEI-positive material were localized at both sides of the lamina densa at regular intervals (80-100 nm). The basal lamina of the mesothelial cells was almost smooth at stages 56-59 and started to show occasional slight folding. This folding became continuous and deeper (stages 60-62). The folded mesothelial basal lamina disappeared except for the cell-associated basal lamina and became smooth again at later stages of the metamorphic climax (stages 63-66). These morphologic changes of the basal lamina observed in the epithelium and mesothelium may be induced by common factors. We suggest that physical changes in the small intestine involving the shortening and narrowing should be a main factor to cause these changes in the basal lamina. Furthermore, morphometric analysis proposed that the basal lamina becomes more complex by adding newly synthesized basal lamina material, especially in the epithelium.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of boron-complexed polyglycerol-chitosan dendrimers.

A polyglycerol with dendritic structure (PGLD) was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of deprotonated glycidol using a polyglycerol as core functionality in a step-growth process. Then, PGLD reacted with O-carboxymethylated chitosan to obtain PGLD-chitosan dendrimer (PGLD-Ch). After the reaction of PGLD-Ch with boric acid, there was a marked increase in the bulk viscosity evidencing physically that boron can initiate a charge transfer complex formation, (PGLD-Ch)B. Gel permeation chromatography analysis was used to characterize the molecular weight and the polydispersivity of the synthesized PGLD-Ch. A dendritic structure with a molecular mass of 16.7 kDa and a narrow polydispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.05) was obtained. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR measurements were employed to assess the degree of branching in PGLD. The obtained value of 0.85 indicates the tendency toward a dentritic structure for PGLD. The glass transition temperature values of (PGLD-Ch)B membranes containing 10% and 30% PGLD were -19 degrees C and -26 degrees C, respectively, which favor its potential use as surface coating of several polymers. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using the minimum essential medium elution test assay. Extracts of boron-complexed PGLD exhibited lower cytotoxicity than the controls, suggesting that the material has an improved biocompatibility. Antibacterial studies of (PGLD-Ch)B against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a significant activity. Our study confirms and supports the effectiveness of (PGLD-Ch)B as an antimicrobial coating due to its capacity in suppressing the bacterial proliferation. The best in vivo response was found for (PGLD-Ch)B-30 membranes, which exhibited higher synthesis of collagen fibers than PGLD-ChB-10.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Simple filter paper method for home monitoring of blood glucose, lactate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate.

Previous methods for assessing the control of diabetes at home have concentrated on the measurement of glucose concentrations in urine and, more recently, blood. These levels reflect only one aspect of deranged metabolism in the disease. A technique is described whereby glucose, lactate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate can be measured in capillary blood samples dried on boric acid impregnated filter paper. The technique is sufficiently sensitive to measure 0.05 mmol/l glucose, 0.02 mmol/l lactate, and 0.004 mmol/1 3-hydroxybutyrate with precisions of 4.0%, 4.5%, and 8.0%, respectively. This method could prove useful in the broader metabolic assessment of the diabetic state.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary ammonia plus urinary urea nitrogen as an estimate of total urinary nitrogen in patients receiving parenteral nutrition support.

Nitrogen balance has historically been estimated by using urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) multiplied by a factor of 1.25 to account for nonurea nitrogen present in the urine. Recently, the reliability of UUN as an estimate of nitrogen losses has been questioned and the use of total urinary nitrogen (TUN) has been proposed as a more accurate measure of urinary nitrogen losses. However, analysis of TUN losses is not readily available in many hospital laboratories. Because ammonia is the major fluctuating component of urinary nonurea nitrogen and equipment to measure urinary ammonia is available in most hospitals, this study was undertaken to determine whether urinary ammonia plus UUN provides a clinically useful approximation of TUN. Twenty-four-hour urine samples acidified with boric acid during collection from 20 patients (a total of 42 samples) receiving total parenteral nutrition were analyzed for UUN, ammonia, and TUN. The UUN values ranged from 4.9 to 42.4 g/24 h. The mean difference between TUN and UUN was 1.99 +/- 0.27 g/24 h. The mean difference between TUN and UUN plus ammonia was 0.78 +/- 0.27 g/24 h. Thus, UUN alone accounted for 90% and the combination of UUN plus urinary ammonia accounted for 96% of TUN. These data suggest that UUN plus ammonia does provide a greater level of reliability as an estimate of TUN than UUN alone.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1992

A rapid, sensitive thin layer chromatography procedure for the detection of fumonisin B1 and B2.

A thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was developed for the detection of fumonisin B1 and B2 in corn and corn-based feedstuffs. Finely ground samples were extracted with acetonitrile:water (1:1), filtered, and applied to C18 cleanup columns. The columns were washed with 1% aqueous KCl followed by acetonitrile: 1% aqueous KCl (1:9), and the fumonisins were eluted with acetonitrile:water (7:3). The eluants were concentrated and spotted on reverse-phase C18 TLC plates along with fumonisin B1 and B2 standards, and the plates were developed in methanol: 4% aqueous KCl (3:2). The fumonisins were visualized by spraying the TLC plates successively with 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, fluorescamine, and 0.01 M boric acid. The plates were then dried and examined under longwave ultraviolet light. Fumonisin B1 and B2 appeared as bright yellowish-green fluorescent bands at Rfs of 0.5 and 0.1, respectively. The detection limit for the fumonisins on the TLC plate was 0.1 ppm in corn. Recoveries from spiked samples averaged greater than 80%. The identification of the fumonisins was confirmed by hydrolyzing the parent compounds of B1 and B2 to their respective C22 amino-alcohols and reexamining by TLC with the same visualizing reagents. This procedure was used to survey 193 corn samples collected from University of Missouri test plots in 1990 for fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 15% of the corn samples.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1989

The translaminal fibrils of the human amnion basement membrane.

The organisation of extracellular matrix beneath the human amniotic epithelium was investigated in order that the co-ordinate synthesis of basal lamina and stroma by these cells could be better understood. Transmission electron microscopy of intact tissue confirmed that stromal matrix fibrils are located between the cell surface and the basal lamina, and also penetrate the lamina. The distribution of the supralaminal fibrils and their association with the lamina was further investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after removal of the overlying epithelium. Five complementary procedures were used to remove the cells from the underlying lamina. Trypsin-EDTA treatment caused the epithelial cells to retract or detach from the lamina. SDS or ammonium hydroxide was used to extract the epithelium, which was then removed by physical shearing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that the lamina densa and supralaminal fibres were present after extraction by these agents. Incubation in CHAPS, a zwiterionic detergent, did not remove the epithelium but permitted exposure of the basal lamina by mechanical scoring. Extraction with boric acid followed by osmium tetroxide produced epithelial disruption and revealed the lamina and stroma in different areas. Although the extraction pattern was different in each case, all of the five methods confirmed that individual fibrils and fibril bundles are present on the apical surface of, and enter, the lamina densa. Examination of the stromal surface of the basal lamina after fracture revealed fibrils passing from the stroma into the lamina densa. We therefore suggest that, in this tissue, newly synthesised stromal matrix components appear in an assembled fibrillar form between the basal cell surface and the basal lamina before becoming associated with the sublaminal stroma.

Amnion↗

PubMed1999

Boron is required for zebrafish embryogenesis

Boron is the only element known to be essential for plants, but only circumstantial evidence for essentiality exists in animals. We report here that boron is essential for the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were maintained in water with a boron concentration of 0.1 micromol l-1 or supplemented to a concentration of 45 micromol l-1 using ultrapure boric acid. Both groups were fed boron-depleted brine shrimp. This procedure depleted the boron content of the blastulas from low-boron parents to only 5 % of the boron content of the blastulas from boron-supplemented parents. Sperm from low-boron males successfully fertilized eggs from low-boron females, but 92 % of the embryos died within 10 days. The early cleavage stage of development was the most sensitive to boron deficiency. Of the fertilized embryos, 46% did not live to complete the blastula stage. Repletion of low-boron embryos during the first hour after fertilization rescued them from death. These observations provide strong evidence that boron is essential for zebrafish development.

Journal Article↗