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PubMedDate not supplied

Shear bond strength of 4th & 5th generation dentin bonding agents in the presence and absence of moisture. An in vitro study.

Extracated human molars were used for the study, flat dentinal surfaces were prepared on the occlusal surfaces, and then 4th and 5th generation dentin bonding agents were used in dry and moist conditions to bond composite resin onto the flat dentin surfaces. Shear Bond Strength was measured using Instron Universal Testing machine. Failures were recorded as adhesive, cohesive and mixed. Bond strength was highest in moist condition, because the moist surface permits more porous collagen network and hence greater infiltration of adhesive monomers, than do surfaces that are air dried. Moreover, those dentin bonding agents whose primers are based on acetone show improved bond strength, because acetone aggressively pursues and displaces water in the substrate, resulting in the primer resin being carried into tissue channels and porosities. When the dentin is air dried, the water that is supporting the collagen network evaporates causing the collagen network to collapse network is greatly reduced, which in turn decreases the premeability of intertubular dentin to adhesive resin and as a result causes decrease in bond strength. 5th generation dentin bonding agent showed significant improvement in the moist dentin bond strength.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗

PubMed1992

Bond strengths of various materials to dentin using Amalgambond.

This study evaluated the bond strength of four restorative materials to dentin using Amalgambond. Two high-copper amalgams [Tytin; spherical, (T) and Epoque 80; lathe-cute, (E)], a gallium alloy [Gallium Alloy GF (G) and a resin composite [P-50 (P)] were tested. The polished dentin surface was treated with dentin-enamel activator (10 seconds), washed, dried, and adhesive agent was applied (30 seconds). In group A, the dentin adhesive was placed onto the dentin and while still wet, T, E, or G was condensed in cylinders (4 mm diameter) with condensation forces suggested by the manufacturer for a clinical situation. In group B, the cylindrical specimens of restorative material were allowed to set and then adhered to the treated dentin using the adhesive system. For the composite (control), the adhesive was applied to the treated dentin and while still wet, P was layered into the cylinder and cured for a total of 90 seconds. After storage in water (37 degrees C) for 24 hours, all the specimens were tested for tensile bond strength. This study revealed that the bond strength of P was significantly higher than the other materials tested and also that amalgam allowed to set for 1, 6 or 24 hours before adhesion to dentin had a significantly greater bond strength than freshly condensed amalgam. Although the desired high bond strength did not develop in the bonding of the metallic restorative materials, signs of bonding were found.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2003

Effect of biological contamination on dentine bond strength of adhesive resins.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of saliva (S) and blood (B) contamination on the dentine bond strength of two single-component dentine bonding systems. The occlusal thirds of 120 recently extracted, human molars were removed with a low speed saw and subsequently embedded in Bencor rings by means of self-curing, acrylic resin. The occlusal surfaces were ground wet on 600-grit silicone carbide paper in a polishing machine to expose superficial dentine and to create a smear layer. The teeth were randomly divided into 12 groups (n = 10). All the dentine surfaces were etched with 34% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds rinsed with water, air-dried for 3 seconds, leaving the surfaces visibly moist. For the control groups (C) the etched dentine surfaces were treated with either, Scotchbond 1 (SB1, 3M) or Prime & Bond NT (PBNT, Dentsply) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In the contaminated groups, the saliva or blood was applied by means of a disposable brush, left undisturbed for 1 minute, and the excess then thinned by air spray. The dentine bonding systems were then applied, also according to manufacturer's instructions. Composite (Z250 and TPH) and Compomer (F2000 and Dyract AP (D-AP)) stubs were packed and cured incrementally to the corresponding pretreated dentine surfaces. All specimens were stored for 24 hours under water at 37 degrees C. The bonds were then stressed to failure with a Zwick testing machine, operating at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Fractured samples were examined in a Scanning Electron Microscope. The data were statistically analysed (Student-t test). The mean SBS (MPa) were. SB1 with Z250: C = 19.1 +/- 4.4; S = 17.3 +/- 3.5; B = 2.6 +/- 0.9; SB1 with F2000: C = 11.8 +/- 3.3; S = 9.7 +/- 1.8; B = 4.7 +/- 1.6. PBNT with TPH: C = 9.2 +/- 3.2; S = 6.5 +/- 3.0; B = 4.3 +/- 1.5; PBNT with D-AP: C = 10.2 +/- 3.6; S = 9.3 +/- 2.9 and B = 7.3 +/- 2.5. There was no statistical significant difference in shear bond strengths between the control and the saliva-contaminated samples for both systems. There was, however, a significant difference in bond strengths between the control and the blood-contaminated samples. Blood contamination negatively influenced bond strength of bonding systems to dentine.

Blood↗

PubMed2003

Morphological study of resin-dentin bonding with TEM and in-lens FESEM.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morphological characteristics of the dentin-resin interface using high-magnification electron microscopy and correlate the TEM findings of resin-dentin interfaces with the corresponding in-lens Field Emission SEM (FEISEM) observation. METHODS: Twelve 800 microm-thick dentin disks were obtained from middle dentin and assigned to four groups: (1) a self-etching adhesive material, Clearfil SE Bond; (2) a solvent-free total-etch simplified adhesive, One Coat Bond; (3) an acetone-based total-etch simplified adhesive, Prime&Bond NT; (4) an acetone-based total-etch simplified adhesive, Prime&Bond NT, upon a short dentin deproteinization with 10% NaOCl gel (AD Gel) for 15 seconds. Disks were restored with a 1 mm thick layer of a low-viscosity composite. Four sticks with a cross section of 1 mm2 were taken from each restored dentin disk, decalcified in buffered 10% EDTA, fixed, and stained with lead citrate followed by uranyl acetate, or kept in water. The sticks were sectioned in 85 nm-thick slices, and mounted on Ni grids. After TEM observation, the same grids were coated with a 1.5 nm Pt-C film and observed under the FEISEM. RESULTS: The TEM analysis revealed an intimate adaptation of all adhesive systems to dentin, with penetrating resin tags observed in transverse sections. The FEISEM revealed novel morphological features usually observed in the resin-dentin interface with distinctive arrangement for each of the adhesive systems. FEISEM and TEM appear as mutually complementary tools for the fine observation of the ultra-structure and the spatial relationship between the resin components and the collagen fibers of the hybrid layer.

Collagen↗

PubMed2003

Tensile bond strengths of resin cements to bovine dentin using resin coating.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a resin coating technique on dentin tensile bond strengths of dual-cured resin cements. METHODS: 10 bovine dentin specimens were tested for tensile bond strengths of each of the following four materials: Panavia F, Link Max, Bistite II, Rely-X. Bovine dentin ground with 600-grit SiC was bonded with a resin cement according to the manufacturers' instructions or the resin coating technique, which was used in combination with one coat of a dentin adhesive; Clearfil SE Bond, Unifil Bond, One-Up Bond F or Single Bond, with one coat of a low viscosity micro-filled resin, Protect Liner-F. Each dentin adhesive and the low viscosity micro-filled resin were cured for 10 seconds and 20 seconds respectively. After 1 day storage in water, the specimens were subjected to the tensile bond test at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/minute. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test (P < 0.05). The mode of failure after the tensile bond test was classified by visual inspection. The resin cement - dentin interfaces were examined by SEM. RESULTS: The tensile bond strengths (MPa +/- SD) of four resin cements to dentin with/without resin coating were: Panavia F (22.9 +/- 3.1; 10.2 +/- 2.5), Link Max (16.1 +/- 4.4; 9.6 +/- 3.2), Bistite II (14.8 +/- 3.2; 14.3 +/- 3.9), and Rely-X (15.7 +/- 4.7; 13.5 +/- 4.5), respectively. The resin coating significantly improved the bond strengths of resin cements to dentin in Panavia F and Link Max, while there were no significant differences of mean bond strengths between Bistite II or Rely-X with and without resin coating (P> 0.05). Regarding the fracture modes, complete and partial adhesive failures were observed in the cases without resin coating. For the resin coating groups, the fracture modes were much more complicated, although, adhesive failures rarely occurred. Hybrid layer formation was observed for all materials used.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Tensile bond strength of composite to air-abraded dentin.

This study evaluated the influence of air abrasive treatment of dentin surfaces on the tensile bond strength between dentin and two different composite-adhesive-systems Multi-Purpose/Z100 and OptiBond FL/Herculite XR). The crowns of 200 maxillary central incisors were embedded in resin and then ground to expose a dentin surface 5 mm in diameter. The surfaces were etched or abraded by using a KCP 1000 device with different treatment conditions. Adhesive systems were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions and composite cylinders were bonded to the conditioned dentinal surface using a split mold. Tensile bond strength values and failure modes were then determined. Tensile bond strength values of the acid-etched dentin-composite-interface were significantly higher than for the interface between air-abraded dentin and composite, independent of the composite-adhesive-system used. The light microscopic evaluation showed mainly adhesive and combined adhesive-cohesive fractures. Significantly more adhesive fractures could be observed between abraded dentin and composite than between etched dentin and composite.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2003

Effect of 2% chlorhexidine on microtensile bond strength of composite to dentin.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine on the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin treated with three dentin bonding systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flat dentinal surfaces were prepared in 24 extracted human third molars. Teeth were randomly divided into 8 distinct experimental groups according to the adhesive applied (Prime & Bond NT, Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond), the application (yes/no) of chlorhexidine, and the time point at which it was applied (before or after acid etching the dentin). Composite resin blocks were built up over treated surfaces, and teeth were then stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Samples were thermocycled, stored under the same conditions, and then vertically sectioned, thus obtaining specimens with 1.0 +/- 0.1 mm2 cross-sectional area. Specimens were stressed in tension at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. Bond strength results were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). The modes of failures were verified using optical microscopy. Dentin disks were obtained from 3 additional teeth treated in the same manner for observation under SEM. The most representative samples of fractured specimens were also observed under SEM. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences of bond strength values were found between any groups. Failures occurred mainly within the bond; exclusively adhesive fractures (adhesive-dentin) were not observed. CONCLUSION: The 2% chlorhexidine solution, applied before or after acid etching of the dentin, did not interfere with the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to the dentin treated with Prime & Bond NT, Single Bond, or Clearfil SE Bond bonding systems.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2003

The resin-coating technique. Effect of a single-step bonding system on dentin bond strengths.

PURPOSE: An experimental single-step bonding system, RZ-II, has been developed as a resin coating material for crown preparation. The purpose of this study was to compare the dentin microtensile bond strengths (MTBSs) of RZ-II in direct and indirect use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human molar dentin was used. The specimens were divided into three groups of n = 20 each. Group 1: RZ-II was applied to the dentin surface once or twice, and built up with a direct composite. Group 2: The dentin surface was provisionally covered and stored in water for 1 day. The provisional material was removed and an indirect composite was then bonded to the dentin surface. Group 3: RZ-II was applied to the dentin surface once or twice for "resin coating" before the placement and removal of provisional material. An indirect composite was then bonded to the coated dentin. After 1 day, MTBSs were measured at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test (p < 0.05). The interface between the indirect composite and resin-coated dentin was also observed using a SEM. RESULTS: The MTBSs of RZ-II in Groups 1 and 3 were significantly higher than those of Group 2 (p < 0.05). The thickness of the resin-coating layer and the hybrid layer were 5 to 6 microm and less than 1 microm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The single-step bonding system, RZ-II, could be useful as a resin coating material for crown preparation.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to caries-affected dentin.

This in vitro study evaluated the microtensile bond strengths of sound versus caries-affected dentin using a self-etching adhesive system, Clearfil SE Bond, with or without additional acid pre-conditioning. Extracted human mandibular molars with occlusal caries extending halfway through the dentin were used. In the first group, the teeth were bonded with the self-etching adhesive Clearfil SE Bond according to the manufacturer's instructions. In the second group, prepared dentin surfaces were etched with 37% phosphoric acid prior to applying the same self-etching adhesive. After the bonding procedure, all specimens were built up with composite resin and stored in water for 24 hours. The teeth were serially sectioned vertically into 0.7-mm slabs and trimmed into an hourglass shape for measuring microtensile bond strength. Each specimen was attached to a Bencor device and stressed in tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test (p<0.05). The microtensile bond strengths of Clearfil SE Bond to sound dentin (32.9) were significantly higher than to caries-affected dentin (15.9). In the second group where acid etching was performed prior to applying Clearfil SE Bond, there were no statistically significant differences between the microtensile bond strengths of sound (19.2) and caries-affected dentin (16.3). While bond strengths to sound dentin were decreased by using additional acid etching prior to applying Clearfil SE Bond, this procedure revealed no statistically significant differences in bond strengths for the caries-affected dentin.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2004

Bonding to enamel and dentin using self-etching adhesive systems.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effectiveness of three different dentin adhesive systems on the adhesion of resin composite to both dentin and enamel. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The flat dentin and enamel surfaces of 60 extracted human molar teeth were exposed by wet grinding with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. One total-etch self-priming adhesive system (Prime & Bond NT), one two-step self-etching primer adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond), and one "all-in-one" self-etching adhesive system (Prompt L-Pop) were evaluated. Each bonding system was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions and followed by composite (TPH Spectrum) application. Twenty-four hours after bonding, the teeth were subjected to shear testing. There were 10 replicates for each group. RESULTS: Prompt L-Pop exhibited significantly higher bond strength values to enamel (27 +/- 4.2 MPa) than all other groups. There were no statistically significant differences for shear bond strength to dentin among adhesives. Prompt L-Pop showed the statistically significantly higher bond strength to enamel than dentin. There were no statistically significant differences between the enamel and dentin bond strengths of Clearfil SE Bond and Prime & Bond NT. CONCLUSIONS: The self-etching adhesive systems produced high bond strengths to human coronal dentin and ground enamel surfaces. These materials seem to be very promising for further clinical applications, and the results are very encouraging for the clinical success of these simplified adhesive systems. The self-etching adhesive systems produced even better bond strengths to both enamel and dentin than conventional total-etch systems, especially the "all-in-one" system, which produced the highest bond strength to enamel.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1992

Dentin wetness, permeability and thickness and bond strength of adhesive systems.

This study evaluated the shear bond strength of Scotchbond 2, Clearfil PhotoBond, Tenure, All-Bond and Vitrabond and their sensitivity to dentin permeability, wetness and thickness. Occlusal dentin was prepared from extracted human teeth that were connected to a hydraulic pressure apparatus. Dentin permeability was calculated as a fluid flow rate and dentin surface wetness was evaluated using the Periotron device. Dentin thickness was measured using a pincer caliper. Shear bond strength was tested after 24 hours storage under hydrostatic pulpal pressure. Several significant correlations were found between dentin wetness, dentin permeability and remaining dentin thickness and the shear bond strengths of Scotchbond 2, Tenure and All-Bond/no etch. No apparent correlations were observed for the other adhesive systems.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2005

[Comparison of dentin nanoleakage among six adhesives].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nanoleakage appearance in 6 dentin adhesives. METHODS: Superficial occlusal dentin of 12 human molars without caries extracted freshly was exposed with 600-grit SiC papers under running water. Six adhesives were applied to dentin surfaces according to the manufacturers' instructions. The bonded teeth were sectioned occluso-gingivally into 0.9-mm-thick serial slabs that were stored in ammoniacal silver nitrate solution in the dark for 24 h and prepared for transmission electron microscope. The extent of nanoleakage among 6 dentin adhesives was measured and compared using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The nanoleakage was observed obviously at the dentin-resin interfaces of all 6 adhesives. The average dentin nanoleakage values of Group A [BangDuo, (16.09 +/- 2.08)%], Group B [Single Bond, (13.39 +/- 1.81)%], and Group C [Prime&Bond NT, (11.27 +/- 1.94)%] were all significantly different (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the dentin nanoleakage between Group D [B(1), (12.13 +/- 2.11)%] and Group E [Clearfil SE Bond, (12.35 +/- 2.60)%], but both of them were lower than Group F [Adper Prompt, (14.93 +/- 2.67)%]. CONCLUSIONS: The nanoleakage phenomena at the dentin-resin interface were all observed diversely in the contemporary dental adhesives.

Dental Leakage↗

PubMed2006

[Micro-tensile bond strength to sclerotic dentin in non-carious cervical lesions].

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study was to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (microTBS) of three adhesives to sclerotic dentin in non-carious cervical lesions. METHODS: The maxillary premolars extracted due to periodontitis and with non-carious cervical lesions were collected. The non-carious, natural cervical sclerotic lesions were bonded with a total-etching adhesive Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, a two-step self-etching adhesive Contax, and an all-in-one self-etching adhesive Adper Prompt L-Pop. Artificially prepared wedge-shaped lesions were also made in sound premolars and bonded with the same adhesives as the controls. MicroTBS of these three adhesives was measured. RESULTS: MicroTBS of Scotchbond and Contax to sclerotic dentin was significantly lower than to normal dentin. But microTBS of Adper Prompt L-Pop to normal dentin was significantly lower than to sclerotic dentin. MicroTBS to sclerotic dentin was Scotchbond 46.805 MPa, Adper Prompt L-Pop 39.045 MPa, and Contax 29.852 MPa. CONCLUSIONS: In sclerotic dentin the microTBS was decreased because of the inferior micro-morphology of resin tags. Adhesives with low pH value might bond to sclerotic dentin effectively.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗

PubMed1991

[Dentin hypersensitivity: etiology and methods of treatment].

This work presents review on etiology of dentinal hypersensitivity and mechanisms of dentin desensitization. The main theories on dentin sensitivity are discussed in details. Particularly are stressed hydrodynamic and transducer theories. Two main approaches to the dentin desensitization by tubule occlusion and blocking pulpal nerve activity by altering the sensory nerves excitability are presented. The aim of dentin desensitization is to apply various agents that occlude dentinal tubules and so decrease dentin sensitivity or to apply agents that reduce nerve excitability. Between many different agents in use the most wide use and best results in decreasing dentin sensitivity have topical application of oxalate salts and application of unfilled resins. Different toothpaste with strontium chloride or potassium nitrate as active ingredients have been commonly used as very effective desensitizing agents.

Dentin↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of dentin air abrasion with aluminum oxide and hydroxyapatite on adhesive bond strength.

Shear bond strengths to dentin were determined with six current-generation resin adhesive systems following air abrasion of the dentin surface with aluminum oxide and hydroxyapatite. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the effects of air abrasive techniques and conditioners/primers on the dentin surfaces. Altering the dentin surface with air abrasion using aluminum oxide and hydroxyapatite did not enhance dentin bond strengths with current-generation adhesive systems. Air abrasion of dentin with aluminum oxide created more surface irregularity than hydroxyapatite. Dentin surfaces air abraded with aluminum oxide and the treated with conditioners that removed the smear layer appeared more irregular than flat ground dentin surfaces treated with the same conditioners.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1997

An investigation of potential desensitizing agents in the dentine disc model: a scanning electron microscopy study.

Cervical dentine sensitivity (CDS) may be defined as pain arising from exposed dentine. The prefix cervical indicates the location of the sensitivity and/or its subsequent treatment. Currently the most accepted mechanism of intradental nerve activation associated with dentine sensitivity appears to be hydrodynamic in nature. The concept of tubule occlusion as a method of dentine desensitization is a logical conclusion of the hydrodynamic theory. The authors employed the dentine disc model, qualitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis to investigate whether selected desensitizing agents occlude dentinal tubule orifices. Strict control procedures have been used together with various methods of application to apply these agents to human dentine discs. SEM was used to examine the degree of deposit left by the various agents on disc surfaces and X-ray microanalysis was employed to characterize the elemental composition of the deposit. Analysis of selected agents, both prior to and after application on dentine discs was performed for comparative purposes. The degree of retention of the surface deposit upon rotation with saliva supernatant for 6 h was also studied. The results of this study indicated that ferric oxalate, the active ingredient of Sensodyne Sealant, which produced initial crystal-like structures, occluding almost all the tubule orifices was superior to potassium oxalate (Butler Protect). Of the over-the-counter (OTC) desensitizing products tested, both silica- and calcium-based abrasive components were observed both on the surface and within the tubules, indicating a certain degree of therapeutic potential for these two components. These findings suggest that certain desensitizing agents have tubule occluding properties as observed in this in vitro system which, in turn, may indicate a therapeutic potential in vivo.

Calcium↗

PubMed1996

The effect of the depth of dentine on shear bond strength of adhesive resins.

Dentine bonding agents require the use of a conditioner or primer which affects the adjacent dentine and/or smear layer. The appearance of superficial and deep dentine differs and this may affect the bond strength of adhesive systems. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the bonding efficiency of two modern dentine bonding systems (DBS) i.e., Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) and Imperva Bond (IB) when bonding composite resin, Z100 and Lite-Fil II, to firstly superficial and secondly to deep dentine. The bond strength values for SBMP to superficial and deep dentine were 24.7 MPa and 23.0 MPa respectively, and that of IB 19.3 MPa and 18.2 MPa. These differences were statistically significant for both products using the paired Student-t test (p < 0.05). Fractures sites were also examined in a SEM. For both products it was found that the samples which were bonded to the deep dentine showed lower bond strengths than those bonded to the superficial dentine.

Dental Bonding↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Resin-dentin shear bond strength and interfacial ultrastructure with and without a hybrid layer.

The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the effect of a 2-minute exposure of 5% NaOCl following acid conditioning of the dentin on the shear bond strength for two adhesive systems and (2) to examine the ultrastructure of the resindentin interface under SEM. The mesial and distal surfaces of 28 extracted human third molars were ground to expose dentin, then polished with 600-grit SiC. Teeth were randomly assigned to four test groups (n = 14) and received the following treatments: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP)--Samples were conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsed and left moist, SBMP primer and adhesive were applied according to the manufacturer's directions, and Restorative Z-100 composite resin was bonded to the dentin surface. SBMP/NaOCl--The same procedures were followed as for SBMP except the surfaces were treated with 5% NaOCl for 2 minutes, after acid conditioning. All-Bond 2 (AB2)--The same technique was followed as for SBMP, using AB2 according to the manufacturer's recommendations. AB2/NaOCl--The same procedure was followed as for SBMP/NaOCl, using AB2. Specimens were thermocycled in a water bath 300 times between 5 degrees-55 degrees C, then sheared in a Zwick Universal Testing Machine. A one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test were used for statistical analysis of the data. A 2-minute exposure of dentin to 5% NaOCl following acid conditioning of the dentin had no significant effect on the dentin shear bond strength for Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, but significantly increased the bond strength of All-Bond 2 specimens. The interfacial structure of the dentin to resin bond for two dentin treatments and two adhesive systems was studied morphologically under the scanning electron microscope. Argon ion beam etching and acid demineralization clearly revealed the hybrid layer for the conventional treatment with phosphoric acid and indicated an absence of this resin-impregnated collagen network in those specimens treated with both phosphoric acid and NaOCl.

Acid Etching, Dental↗