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PubMed1994

Correlated disorder of the pure Pro22/Leu25 form of crambin at 150 K refined to 1.05-A resolution.

The high resolution crystal structure of crambin has been based on the crystals containing two sequence forms (the mixed form). Here, we report the crystal structure of the sequence isomer having Pro and Leu at residues 22 and 25 (the PL form). This elimination of the sequence heterogeneity resulted in a simpler structure which permits a more accurate modeling of protein disorder. In the observed disorder, the PL form structure and the mixed form structure have significant differences: 1) the disorder caused by the sequence heterogeneity (Pro2/Ser22, Leu/Ile25, Tyr29) is absent in the PL form; 2) Phe13 and Glu23 disordered in the mixed form have only one conformation in the PL form; and 3) Asn12 has multiple conformations in the PL form. During the study of disorder in the PL form structure, we found that conformational correlation can be inferred from a structure determined with Bragg's reflections by introducing fundamental stereochemical information, van der Waals contact (Gursky, O., Badger, J., Li, Y., and Caspar, D. L. D. (1992) Biophys. J. 63, 1210-1220), although an x-ray structure is an image averaged over a large number of copies and the period of data collection and does not carry direct evidence about correlations. The correlations among Thr2,Arg10, and Ile34 present the clearest example. The dimension of this correlation is comparable with the short-range (4-8 A) correlations in the atomic displacements concluded from the x-ray diffuse scattering experiments (Caspar, D. L. D., Clarage, J. B., Salunke, D. M., and Clarage, M. S. (1988) Nature 322, 659-662; Clarage, J. B., Clarage, M. S., Phillips, W. C., Sweet, R. M., and Caspar, D. L. D. (1992) Proteins 12, 145-157).

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

[Regulation of blood oxygen transport function in patients after open-heart surgery].

The oxygen transport function of the blood was studied in 223 patients in the early postoperative period after open-heart surgery, which included correction of acquired cardiac valve defects and aortocoronary bypass. The studied parameters comprised central hemodynamics, pulmonary gas exchange, oxygen supply and utilization, acid-base status, blood gas and lactate content, as well as erythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG); Boehringer Mannheim reagents (FRG) were used. The venous blood P50 was calculated using a Severinghaus device. It was found, that the Bohr effect and temperature changes are the major factors controlling the Hb affinity to oxygen. No coefficient modifications in pH and T were detected. Patients with cardiac and pulmonary disorders showed, along with the Bohr effect and temperature influences, an additional shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. A positive relationship was revealed between the 2,3-DPG level and standard P50 value. However, the coefficient was low (0.010) at 2,3-DPG and insufficiently stable. It is most probable, that 2,3-DPG mediates the buffer effect eliminating the drastic P50 deviations and is not completely responsible for additional ODC shifts in cardiopulmonary disorders. A quantitative relationship between hypoxia and Hb affinity to oxygen was revealed. The coefficient at SO2 Y varied from -0.0025 to -0.0030 by one percent of changes in the latter. Reduction in SO2 by 15 percent in cardiopulmonary patients was equivalent to the Bohr effect at a pH fall by 0.1 unit.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed1991

[Hormonal changes in aging from the viewpoint of the gynecologist].

The major relevant age-related changes that take place in women are caused by estrogen deficiency of rapid onset. This deficiency results in such changes as vaginal and vulval atrophy, atrophic urethrocystitis, breast flabbiness, thinning of the skin and its appendages, and also the severe metabolic changes like osteoporosis and cardiovascular disorders. All of these changes, in concert or alone, are capable of impairing a woman's sex life. Numerous genital complaints can be eliminated by local treatment with estriol cream, estriol vaginal suppositories, or systemic estriol. For the successful treatment of pronounced menopausal symptoms and the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disorders, estrogens at medium, so-called replacement, doses, given in combination with progestagen, are applied sequentially.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

Technical considerations for platelet aggregation and related problems.

Platelet aggregation generally is ordered by the physician to evaluate platelet function in hemorrhagic or thrombotic disorders. Malfunction of the platelet may be the result of an intrinsic congenital defect or an acquired problem induced by drugs or certain circulating plasma factors. It is necessary to obtain information from the patient with respect to family history, drug ingestion, physical or mental stress. In addition, other laboratory studies should be obtained to rule out general coagulation disorders affecting the plasma factors. A bleeding time will be helpful in establishing the severity of any platelet dysfunction. Technical considerations with regard to the preparation of the samples are of primary importance in determining platelet aggregation. Aggregating studies require the use of a variety of binding agents. (Studies on shape change, adhesion of platelets, release of platelet granule substance, and or lysis with extrusion of cytoplasmic constituents may be helpful in certain cases.) Instrumentation for platelet aggregation presently is available in many hospitals. The technical factors to be considered for routine aggregation studies include the type and strength of anticoagulant, centrifugation technique used in preparing the platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma, platelet concentration, time of storage of the sample after venipuncture and after centrifugation, temperature, and the mixing of the sample. In general, critical concentrations of each reagent should be employed to improve the discrimination capability of the assay. Small differences in response may be obliterated by using excessive concentrations of a given reagent. Comparison in response to the test platelets with control platelets is best done at the same time by performing the aggregation in a dual instrument so that handling procedures will be identical and artifactual differences eliminated.

Aging↗

PubMed1989

[Substantiation of the use of terrilytin in the treatment of spinal cord disorders in tuberculous spondylitis].

Experiments on mice and studies with organotype cultures of the spinal ganglion showed that terrilytin, a proteolytic enzyme had neurite stimulating activity and promoted regeneration of the spinal marrow tissue after affection (squeeze). On the basis of this property and a previously observed favourable effect of the enzyme on microcirculation, the capacity for more rapid rarefaction and elimination of caseous masses and prevention of excessive fibrosis, it was recommended for use in treatment of cerebrospinal disorders in tuberculous spondylitis. A procedure for the treatment was developed. The clinical trials with 46 patients (22 in the main group and 24 in the control group) showed high efficiency of the procedure.

Amylases↗

PubMed1992

Behavioral effects of neural transplantation.

Considerable evidence suggests that transplantation of fetal neural tissue ameliorates the behavioral deficits observed in a variety of animal models of CNS disorders. However, it is also becoming increasingly clear that neural transplants do not necessarily produce behavioral recovery, and in some cases have either no beneficial effects, magnify existing behavioral abnormalities, or even produce a unique constellation of deficits. Regardless, studies demonstrating the successful use of neural transplants in reducing or eliminating behavioral deficits in these animal models has led directly to their clinical application in human neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. This review examines the beneficial and deleterious behavioral consequences of neural transplants in different animal models of human diseases, and discusses the possible mechanisms by which neural transplants might produce behavior recovery.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Ethnic minorities.

Ethnic minorities have relatively similar rates of mood disorders as do white Americans, but they are much less likely to receive appropriate care. Barriers to care include lack of insurance, few minority providers' racism, and distrust of care providers. A priority in research is identifying practice interventions and policies that could eliminate disparities in care.

Cost of Illness↗

PubMed2000

[Mushroom poisoning].

Time elapsed between absorption of toxic mushrooms and occurrence of first disorders (mainly digestive), lead to distinguish 2 kinds of syndromes. Early syndromes, beginning before the 6th hour, follow a generally favourable course. Incriminated toxins induce digestive, neurosensory or neurovegetative disorders, sometimes severe but reversible. Late syndromes, beginning after the 6th hour, endanger patient's life. Incriminated toxins can lead to irreversible liver and kidneys damage. Medical treatment aims at eliminating toxins and inhibiting cellular penetration of cytolytic toxins. Symptomatic intensive care, directed by clinical and biological indications, ensure correction of plasmatic disorders and compensation for hepatic and renal severe failure.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Child labor and musculoskeletal disorders: the Pelotas (Brazil) epidemiological survey.

OBJECTIVES: [corrected] This article describes the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in several anatomic sites in children and teens, and investigates, while adjusting for potential confounders, the association between musculoskeletal pain and back pain and the following: age, gender, sports practice, use of computer/video games/television, school attendance, intensity of involvement in household domestic activities, care of other children, care of sick/elderly family members, work activities, and workloads. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study interviewing 3,269 children aged 10-17 years in the low-income areas of Pelotas, Brazil. RESULTS: The prevalence of pain in the neck, knee, wrist or hands, and upper back exceeded 15%. Workers in manufacturing had a significantly increased risk for musculoskeletal pain (prevalence ratio [PR]=1.31) and for back pain (PR=1.69), while workers in domestic service had 17% more musculoskeletal pain and 23% more back pain than nonworkers. Awkward posture (PR=1.15) and heavy physical work (PR=1.07) were associated with musculoskeletal pain, while monotonous work (PR=1.34), awkward posture (PR=1.31), and noise (PR=1.25) were associated with back pain. CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal pain is common among working children and teens. Knowledge of occupational risk factors can support actions to restructure work conditions to reduce or eliminate childhood exposure to hazardous conditions. Our results suggest that strategies to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in child workers should be developed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Multiple analysis on the gastric impetus associated factors in patients with liver cirrhosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate mechanism and relation of some disorder motive forces of digest system in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin and motilin (MTL), electrogastrogram (EGG) and pH value of gastric juice in 24 hours; gastric elimination time by isotope. All above factors have been determined in patients with liver cirrhosis and analyzed with multiple linear regressions. While a group of normal cases has been observed as control. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, higher level of VIP and Gastrin and lower MTL down were observed in liver cirrhosis group (Plasma VIP, Gastrin and MTL are 14.8+/-4.8, 58.6+/-29.8 and 360+/-54.2 separately, t=5.181, 0.05, t=3.871, 0.01 and t=5.529, 0.05 separately). The EGG dominant frequency (DF) and dominant power (DP) decreased around diet; normal slow wave number (N%) decreased and gastric excretion time prolonged, lower bradygastrias (B%) and pH value of 24 hours gastric juice denoted the incline of return movement, there are remarked different with 0.05 or 0.01 separately. Throughout analyzing these factors with multiple linear regressions, there are remarkable relationship between liver cirrhosis and pH value of gastric juice; gastrointestinal hormone and EGG with 0.05 or 0.01. CONCLUSION: (1) There are remarkable gastro esophageal function abnormal which has been conveyed by disorder gastric electric physiology and gastric elimination time in patients with liver cirrhosis. It is suggested that unusual gastrointestinal hormone played an important role during these abnormal process. (2) There is remarkable changing of pH value of 24 hours gastric juice denoted the opposite movement of gastroduodenal juice in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Female↗

PubMed1983

Problems with surgical (RLN section) treatment of spastic dysphonia.

For over a century spastic dysphonia--a disorder of phonation--remained enigmatic and highly resistant to treatment. Recurrent laryngeal nerve surgery provides patients with elimination of their spastic dysphonia symptoms. Maintenance of long-term surgical results has been a problem in some cases. Management of this problem and of problems in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with spastic dysphonia are discussed. The observations and conclusions are based on almost 300 patients examined and/or treated for this disorder.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetics of teicoplanin during plasma exchange.

OBJECTIVE: To study the elimination of teicoplanin during plasma exchange, a procedure currently used to treat a variety of disorders involving immune complexes. Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exhibits a long terminal half-life (100-150 h) and is highly bound to plasma proteins (unbound fraction (fu)=0.2). METHODS: Twelve adults with systemic polyarteritis nodosa, cryoglobulinemia-induced vasculitis or dysglobulinemic neuropathy undergoing plasma exchange were studied. Each patient received intravenous teicoplanin, 6 mg/kg body weight, immediately before plasma exchange. Plasma was assayed for teicoplanin by high pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: A high level of protein binding of teicoplanin was measured within this patient population (98%). The mean quantity of teicoplanin eliminated (+/-SD) was 74.6+/-34.6 mg. The mean drug fraction eliminated by plasma exchange (+/-SD) was 19.5+/-5.6%. Mean fu value as determined by ultrafiltration (+/-SD) was 2.2+/-1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that plasma exchange influences teicoplanin pharmacokinetics, with a clinically significant quantity being eliminated. If trough teicoplanin concentrations of around 10 mg/L are desired, it is recommended that teicoplanin dosage be supplemented or given after plasma exchange.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1990

Psychiatric diagnosis before serological testing for the human immunodeficiency virus.

To identify the diagnostic characteristics and counseling needs of individuals at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), standardized DSM-III-R diagnoses were given to 207 physically asymptomatic adults when they sought serological testing for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The subjects had high lifetime rates of mood disorders. Even after the 20 subjects with intravenous drug use as a risk factor were eliminated, lifetime rates of nonalcohol substance dependence were also high. These findings suggest that even before they are notified of HIV test results, many individuals at perceived risk for AIDS may be vulnerable to future depression and nonintravenous drug abuse.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed2003

[The role of immunoregulatory disorders in pathogenesis of bronchial asthma].

The set of cellular and humoral elements which participate in the pathogenetic chain of bronchial asthma is regarded as characteristic for this disease. They include, among many others: mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, Th2 phenotype lymphocytes, IgE antibodies, histamine, leukotrienes and some pro-inflammatory cytokines. The majority of them are effectory agents active at the end of pathogenic immune response. The therapy antagonizing their influences alleviates the symptoms but does not eliminate the cause of the illness. The authors call the attention to the pathogenic significance of immunoregulatory disorders which appear during the induction phase of immune response in patients with symptoms of bronchial asthma. On the basis of current literature and own, already published studies, the authors point to the significance of recently discovered and described thymus-dependent cellular population of regulatory T lymphocytes which are active in prevention of development of allergic and autoaggressive reactions. It is suggested that deficiency of regulatory T cell population caused by undesired environmental influence on thymic lymphopoiesis and the concomitant overstimulation of immunogenic antigen-presenting dendritic cells, create the conditions under which pathogenic immune response may well develop. Therefore, the possibility of introducing of prothymic immunocorrective treatment in bronchial asthma should be taken into account in further clinical studies.

Asthma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Experience with ICD-10/DSM-IV substance use disorders.

'Substance Use Disorders' represents a diagnostic subgroup in which ICD-10 and DSM-IV agree in most generalities and many particulars. Both systems' use disorders are based on the 'dependence syndrome' construct by Edwards and Gross and include a large and overlapping set of substance-induced syndromes. Differences at the category level are limited to DSM-IV 'abuse' vs. ICD-10 'harmful use', elimination of 'pathological alcohol intoxication' from DSM-IV and inclusion of substance-induced 'sexual dysfunctions and sleep disorders' in DSM-IV, but not in ICD-10. Cross-system reconciliation would entail few conceptual compromises but many criterion changes. Before embarking on a reconciliation process, the benefits of a common, world-wide nomenclature must be weighed against the many costs of changing either system. Even small changes can yield large differences in rates, reduce comparability across data gathered with different systems and incur considerable costs related to clinician retraining, changes in record keeping and changes in diagnostic interview schedules. Moreover, empirical data can have limited impact on the choices between the two systems because findings are either absent or equivocal, particularly for differences at the criterion level. Nevertheless, more research is needed particularly to examine the comparative reliability and validity of abuse and harmful use diagnoses.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Osmolarity of tear microvolumes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Determinations of tear film osmolarity were performed to evaluate their usefulness in diagnosing keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and to evaluate the possible role of elevated tear osmolarity in this disorder's pathogenesis. Tear samples were obtained using a new technique that virtually eliminates the problems of reflex tearing and sample evaporation. The tear osmolarity of 36 samples obtained from 31 normals eyes averaged 302 +/- 6.3 (SD) mOsm/liter; 38 samples obtained from 30 KCS eyes averaged 343 +/- 32.3 (SD) mOsm/liter. The sensitivity of a single measurement was 94.7% and the specificity was 93.7%. Tear samples taken on separate occasions from one normal subject ranged between 295 and 309 mOsm/liter; those obtained from a KCS patient ranged between 312 and 424 mOsm/liter. Hypersmolarity of the tear film in KCS may play an important role in inducing the disease seen in the cornea and conjunctiva.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Huntington disease-linked locus D4S111 exposed as the alpha-L-iduronidase gene.

alpha-L-Iduronidase (IDUA) has been intensively studied due to its causative role in mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler, Scheie and Hurler/Scheie syndromes). The recent cloning of a human IDUA cDNA has resulted in a reevaluation of the chromosomal location of this gene. Previously assigned to chromosome 22, IDUA now has been localized to 4p16.3, the region of chromosome 4 associated with Huntington's disease (HD). The existence of a battery of cloned DNA, physical map information, and genetic polymorphism data for this region has allowed the rapid fine mapping of IDUA within the terminal cytogenetic band of 4p. IDUA was found to be coincident with D4S111, an anonymous locus displaying a highly informative multiallele DNA polymorphism. This map location, 1.1 X 10(6) bp from the telomere, makes IDUA the most distal cloned gene assigned to 4p. However, it falls within a segment of 4p16.3 that has been eliminated from the HD candidate region, excluding a role for IDUA in this disorder.

Alleles↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Heterogeneity of paracetamol metabolism in Gilbert's syndrome.

Gilbert's syndrome (GS) is an inherited bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyl transferase deficiency. The object of this study was to investigate the possible effects of this disorder on the metabolism of a drug, such as paracetamol, which is basically eliminated by hepatic glucuronidation. We studied 32 healthy volunteers and 18 people with GS, all of whom were given 1.5 g of paracetamol orally. In the 24 h urine collected, we determined the elimination of free paracetamol, the conjugates (glucuronide, sulphate) and the oxidation products (cysteine, mercapturic acid) by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results are given as a percentage of the total quantity of paracetamol eliminated. The patients with GS were divided into 2 subgroups (GS-I and GS-II) according to whether glucuronidation was more or less than 50%. The overall results of the GS group showed no significant difference in the urinary elimination of metabolites as compared to the control group. However, in subgroup GS-I, a reduction in glucuronidation (P = 0.0012) and an increase in oxidation (P = 0.0051) was seen, as compared with the other 2 groups. There was inverse correlation between the glucuronide produced by conjugation and the oxidation products (r = -0.8718; P<0.005). People with GS are a heterogeneous group with respect to the metabolism of paracetamol. In one subgroup this was normal. In the other subgroup there was a marked reduction in glucuronidation and an increase in oxidation. These changes could mean that people in this subgroup are more liable to liver damage after an overdose of paracetamol.

Acetaminophen↗