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PubMed1992

Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis used for control of caseous lymphadenitis in goats and sheep.

A double-antibody sandwich ELISA for detection of antibodies directed against the exotoxin of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the cause of caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in small ruminants, was developed. A concentrated exotoxin was used. For interpretation of ELISA results, these sera were tested: sequentially obtained sera of C pseudotuberculosis-inoculated goats and sheep that were monitored for 68 weeks; sequentially obtained sera from 80 goats of 3 flocks with CL; sera from 652 goats of 7 flocks without CL; sera from 160 sheep of 4 flocks without CL; and 2,265 caprine and 208 ovine sera submitted for diagnostic testing. Data regarding the infection status and history of 10,454 of the 23,302 animals were collected after testing; most of these were goats that had been part of a CL control program. Specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were nearly 100%. Subsequently, 31,978 animals from which no data on infection status of flocks had been collected were then tested. It was concluded that the ELISA is a useful diagnostic test for CL eradication programs. Sera with doubtful or inconclusive ELISA results were examined by use of immunoblot analysis. Proteins from C pseudotuberculosis culture supernatant were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto nitrocellulose. Six proteins with molecular mass of 68, 65, 39, 38, 31, and 29 kDa reacted with sera from goats and sheep with experimentally induced or naturally acquired infection. Immunoblot analysis was valuable in classifying sera with doubtful or inconclusive results by ELISA.

Abscess↗

PubMed2004

[Control of gastrointestinal strongyles in goats].

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism are the most serious problem affecting sheep and goats worldwide. Economic losses caused by GI strongyles are related to decreased production, costs for treatment and prophylaxis and animal death. Effective control of internal parasites in small ruminants is one of the most difficult challenges encountered by veterinary in practice. For control of helminth parasites in grazing animals it is important knowledge of epidemiology of the parasite as it interacts with the host in a specific climatic, management and production environment. Sheep and goats are infected by many of the same GI nematodes, but feeding and management practices alter levels of parasitism between the two ruminants. The most commonly anthelmintics used for helminth control in small ruminants include three chemical groups: Imidazothiazoles/Pyrimidines (Im/Pm), Benzimidazoles/Probenzimidazoles (Bz/Pbz) and Macrocyclic Lactones (ML). The control of gastrointestinal strongyles infections in goats shows specific patterns. The use of anthelmintics in goats is based upon anthelmintics goats-suited dose rates taking into account the specific pharmacokinetics features of some anthelmintics in this species. Several types of control strategies: deworming programs, grazing management, biological control, supplementary feeding and breeding approaches are discussed.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1992

Clinical signs, treatment, and postmortem lesions in dairy goats with enterotoxemia: 13 cases (1979-1982).

Enterotoxemia attributable to Clostridium perfringens type D in goats is difficult to diagnose because of a lack of specific clinical signs or postmortem lesions, on which to base the diagnosis. This report describes the clinical signs, postmortem lesions, and clinical responses to treatment and vaccination in 4 goat herds, in which a diagnosis of enterotoxemia was confirmed. Four clinical cases had the diagnosis confirmed on the basis of signs of diarrhea or sudden death and the isolation of C perfringens and epsilon toxin from the feces at the time of admission. The 10 necropsy cases were diagnosed on the basis of the isolation of C perfringens (not typed) or epsilon toxin from the intestinal contents of goats that died with clinical signs compatible with enterotoxemia and without lesions associated with a second serious disease. Enterocolitis was the most consistent lesion reported at necropsy in the 10 goats with enterotoxemia. Ovine enterotoxemia vaccines were of limited value in preventing enterotoxemia. These observations imply that naturally induced enterotoxemia in goats involves a different pathophysiologic mechanism than that associated with enterotoxemia in sheep.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Role of goats in epizootiology and epidemiology of Q fever.

Numerous data show that the epizootics of Q fever in goats can be particularly related to cases of this disease in humans. The aim of the study was to examine 98 goat serum samples from the farm where abortions, early parturition and parturition of weak goatlings were noted. The microaglutination method was used in this study. Serum dilution 1:8 was defined as a positive titre. The study revealed that 79.6% of serum samples were positive and numerous high titres suggested an acute form of infection. It could be supposed that Q fever was the reason of abortions in the herd. The results obtained point to the necessity of examinations for Q fever in goats, because of the possibility of infection in people who have a contact with these animals. Goats seem to be the animal species especially sensitive to C. burnetii infection. Q fever should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of the goat diseases, when abortions occur.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Sensitivity of an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of Trypanosoma congolense infections in goats and cattle.

The sensitivity of a monoclonal antibody-based antigen-detection enzyme immunoassay (antigen-ELISA) for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma congolense was evaluated using sera from experimentally infected goats and cattle. Ten goats (Galla x East African Masai) and 7 steers (Bos indicus) were infected with different clones of T. congolense and left to run a chronic course for 46 and 24 mo, respectively. During this period, monthly blood samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of trypanosomes and antigens in peripheral blood. Of 383 caprine blood samples, 361 (94.3%) were positive for circulating antigens whereas only 42 (10.9%) had demonstrable trypanosomes as revealed by the microhematocrit centrifugation technique. In cattle, 570 (82.5%) of 691 blood samples were antigen-ELISA positive compared to 136 (19.7%) samples with detectable trypanosomes. In an analysis of serum samples from goats in an area known to be endemic for trypanosomiasis, 106 (80.9%) of 131 were positive for T. congolense antigens whereas none of the corresponding blood samples had detectable trypanosomes. Control sera from 24 goats in a trypanosomiasis-free region were all antigen-ELISA negative. Hence, the antigen-ELISA was at least 4 times more sensitive than the microhematocrit centrifugation technique in monitoring T. congolense infections in goats and cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Possibilities of contagion of gastrointestinal and lung nematode infections of fallow deer for cattle, sheep and goats raised in the same fenced area as fallow deer].

Cattle as well as sheep and goats may be infected with parasitic nematodes of fallow deer under natural conditions, but heavy infections do not occur. Most nematode species were recorded in goats, cattle harboured the fewest number of species. The specific abomasal parasites of fallow deer (Spiculopteragia asymmetrica, Apteragia quadrispiculata, Skrjabinagia ryjikovi, Ostertagia drozdzi) were only seen in goats in greater number while both cattle and sheep were only poor susceptible. Capillaria bovis was observed in goats and sheep, cattle and sheep harboured Cooperia pectinata and Nematodirus roscidus. Oesophagostomum venulosum was recorded in cattle, sheep and goats. Oesophagostomum sikae was recovered only from fallow deer. Dictyocaulus eckerti was seen in fallow deer and in one cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Antibodies to certain infections on large goat farms in the Czech Republic].

On five newly established large goat farms the incidence of antibodies to some chronic and latent infections (arthritis and encephalitis, Q-fever, caseous lymphadenitis and toxoplazmosis) was investigated in the first six months of the year 1994. Agar-gel immunodiffusion did not reveal any antibodies to arthritis and encephalitis of goats (CAE). Complement fixation test did not demonstrate any antibodies to Q-fever. Neither agar-gel immunodiffusion nor neutralization test confirmed any antibodies to caseous lymphadentitis. Complement fixation test (titer 1:8 and more) revealed antibodies to toxoplazmosis at 20.2% of the cases. No clinical symptoms of toxoplazmosis were observed on the investigated goat farms. It was recommended to take a preventive serological examination of goats against CAE, Q-fever and caseous lymphadenitis before they were housed on the given farms. By maintaining high zoohygienic parameters on the large goat farms it is possible to except a decrease in prevalence of antibodies to toxoplazmosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Somatic cells in goat milk].

In goats the somatic cell content (SCC) of raw milk is in general considerably higher (often several millions/ml milk) than in cow milk. This refers to milk from healthy and from mastitic mammary glands, to samples from infected and from non-infected udder halves and to single gland and to bulk milk samples as well. On the other hand, there is in every herd of dairy goats a considerable proportion of milk samples with low SCC, which fulfill in this respect all exigencies of a good milk quality. Part of this discrepancy is caused by the method that is used to determine the SCC (presence of nonleukocytic cell-like fragments in goat milk). Further research in order to explain the physiological and pathogenetic causes of the differences between SCC of goat and cow milk is needed before SCC standards and regulations for goat milk quality can be introduced finally.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Streptococcus dysgalactiae polyarthritis in dairy goats.

Two Saanen does on the same farm developed signs of polyarthritis. Streptococcus dysgalactiae was isolated on microbial culture of samples from multiple joints of both goats. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the S dysgalactiae revealed resistance to tetracycline, a commonly used antibiotic to treat arthritis in goats. The isolate was susceptible to penicillin. Polyarthritis was clinically diagnosed in 25 Saanen goats on this farm over a 2-year period. Streptococcus dysgalactiae has been reported as a cause of polyarthritis in calves and lambs and should be considered as a cause of polyarthritis in adult goats. Joint fluid samples for Mycoplasma, aerobic bacterial, and Chlamydia culture and serum samples for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus serologic testing should be obtained from live goats during clinical evaluation of herd outbreaks of polyarthritis.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Evaluation of latex agglutination test for rapid detection of goat poxvirus antigen and antibodies.

Soluble antigen fraction of goat poxvirus (GPV) separated from infectious viral particles by ultracentrifugation of skin scab suspensions prepared from experimentally infected goats was employed for the first time to diagnose goat pox. The antiserum raised against this fraction was found to be specific and not reactive with healthy goat skin extracts. Subsequently, a latex agglutination (LA) test has been developed and standardized for the rapid detection of GPV antigen or antibody in skin scab suspensions or serum samples, respectively. In comparison to the counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test the LA test was more sensitive in the detection of GPV antibodies, but equally sensitive in the detection of GPV antigen. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of goat pox.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1996

The response of goat brain cells to infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is a lentivirus of goats causing encephalomyelopathy acutely in young goats and occasionally in late stages of chronically infected adult goats. To determine the specific brain cells infected by the virus and the response of other cell types, goat cerebrum explant cultures prepared from newborn goat kids were infected by virus application. Infection of brain cultures was also possible by coculture with virus-infected macrophages. Predominantly, microglia cells were specifically infected by the virus, resulting in death of more than 50% of the cells within 2 weeks of infection. Infected cells enlarged and formed multinucleated giant cells. Infection of oligodendrocytes was observed, but infrequently. Astrocytes were not infected. Proviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in infected cultures by amplification of a 490 base-pair fragment of the viral gag gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Virus budding from plasma membrane of infected microglia cells was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The supernatant of infected brain cells induced cytopathic effect when applied to indicator cells. These observations suggest productive infection of brain cultures. Virus infection of neurons was not observed. Culture of neurons in virus-free supernatant of CAEV-infected microglia or mixed glia culture resulted in death of 50% of the neurons in 11 days, suggesting the production of neurotoxic substances by the virus-infected glial cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Assessment of the severity of natural infections of kids and adult goats by small lungworms (Protostrongylidae, Nematoda) using macroscopic lesion scores.

Assessment of the severity of natural infections of kids and adult goats by small lungworms using macroscopic lesion scores was carried out on 476 lungs originating from the Rabat area of Morocco. The prevalence of infection was 98% in kids and 100% in adult goats. The diaphragmatic lobes were the preferential site for protostrongylids. The average number of nodules (mostly Muellerius capillaris) and lobular lesions (mostly Protostrongylus rufescens and Cystocaulus ocreatus) was 174 and 9 per pair of lungs respectively, indicating that the amount of lung tissue rendered inactive in heavy infections was considerable. Up to 19.9% kids or 34.2% adult goats had heavy infection based on nodular lesions (more than 200 nodules); 61% and 68% of kids and adult goats respectively had heavy infection based on lobular lesions (more than four lobular lesions per pair of lungs). The proportion of the total lung surface occupied by protostrongylid lesions was 35.1% in kids and 23.5% in adult goats, suggesting that small lungworm infections may significantly contribute to the debilitation of infected caprines in the area.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed1997

The results of anthelmintic-abbreviated infections of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta on fecal egg counts in goats on pasture.

Twenty, 2-yr-old angora goats kept on nematode larvae-contaminated pasture since birth were divided into 2 equal groups. Goats from group 1 were immunized by drug-abbreviated infection, a procedure that gave high protection against field challenge in 12-moold sheep. Group 1 was orally dosed 3 times with increasing numbers of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta infective larvae. Each time, the infection was abbreviated with Oxfendazole (OXF) 15 days after dosing. Group 2 received only OXF. After the third dose of OXF, the goats were grazed together on the same pasture and fecal egg counts determined. No protection in immunized goats was achieved. In fact, immunized goats produced significantly more nematode eggs than the nonimmunized group.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1997

Efficacy of a subcutaneously administered, ultraviolet light-killed Pasteurella multocida A:3-containing bacterin against transthoracic challenge exposure in goats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of Pasteurella multocida biovar A, serovar 3 (Pm A:3) killed by exposure to UV light and incorporated with a polyacrylate bead carrier as a vaccine. ANIMALS: 18 weanling male Spanish goats. PROCEDURE: Prospective, randomized controlled study with 3 treatment groups: positive-control (PC), negative-control (NC), and principal Pm A:3 bacterin (PA) groups. Six PC goats each received live Pm A:3 and polyacrylate beads twice, 22 days apart, by transthoracic injection into the left lung. Six NC goats each received only PA beads twice, 22 days apart, by transthoracic injection. Six principal goats each received Pm A:3 vaccine SC twice, 22 days apart. Fourteen days after the second vaccination, all goats were challenge exposed with live Pm A:3 by transthoracic injection into the right lung, and 4 days later they were euthanatized and necropsied. RESULTS: Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue at the challenge site was 1.75 cm3 for the PC group, 15.18 cm3 for the NC group, and 3.9 cm3 for the PA vaccine group. The NC group had a significantly (P < or = 0.002) larger mean volume of consolidated lung tissue than did the PC and PA groups after challenge exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The PA bacterin and the PC groups developed protective immunity against live Pm A:3 challenge exposure. An SC administered, UV light-killed, Pm A:3 bacterin induced protective immunity similar to that induced by virulent live Pm A:3 injected into the target organ, the lung.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of immunocapture ELISA for diagnosis of goat pox.

An immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) for the detection of goat poxvirus (GPV) antigen in skin biopsy samples obtained from healthy and experimentally infected goats as well as from goats from field was evaluated. The assay was 80-100% specific and 70-86% sensitive, and was compared with a commonly used diagnostic test, namely, the counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test in the efficacy for goat pox. Although IC-ELISA was marginally more sensitive than the CIE test, the diagnosis of goat pox could be successfully done provided both the tests were combined in screening scab suspensions. The IC-ELISA could also diagnose sheep poxvirus (SPV) infection.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pasteurella haemolytica complicated respiratory infections in sheep and goats.

Respiratory infections which commonly occur in sheep and goats often result from adverse physical and physiological stress combined with viral and bacterial infections. Inevitably, Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia occurs as a result of these interactions. In this review, we present recent advances in research on the complex etiology of pneumonia involving P. haemolytica. Initially stress, induced by factors such as heat, overcrowding, exposure to inclement weather, poor ventilation, handling and transport is a major predisposing factor. Respiratory viruses including parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) virus, adenovirus type 6 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and to a lesser extent bovine adenovirus type 2, ovine adenovirus types 1 and 5, and reovirus type 1 cause respiratory infections and pneumonia. More importantly these viruses also dramatically increase the susceptibility of sheep and goats to secondary P. haemolytica infection. Primary infection of the lower respiratory tract, with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Bordetella parapertussis can increase the susceptibility of sheep and goats to secondary P. haemolytica infection. It is possible that initial infections with viral or primary bacterial agents break down the antimicrobial barrier consisting of beta defensins and anionic peptides found in epithelial cells, resident and inflammatory cells, and serous and mucous secretions of the respiratory tract. Loss of barrier integrity may release P. haemolytica from its usual commensal status. Once in the lung, P. haemolytica becomes opportunistic. To grow and colonize, P. haemolytica uses extracellular products like O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, neuraminidase and RTX leukotoxin, as well as cell-associated products such as capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane proteins, proteins involved in iron acquisition and a periplasmic superoxide dismutase. In lambs and kids, pneumonic pasteurellosis can be acute, characterized by fever, listlessness, poor appetite and sudden death. Sheep and goats that survive the acute stage may recover or become chronically affected showing reduced lung capacity and weight gain efficiency and sporadic deaths may occur. This infection is detrimental to sheep and goats throughout the world and flocks and herds of small ranches, dairy operations, or large feedlots are all affected.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Electrical stimulated graciloplasty in the male goat: an animal model for urethral pressure measurement.

The feasibility of dynamic urinary graciloplasty as a treatment for incontinence is currently investigated. Therefore an animal model is developed to improve the technique of dynamic urinary graciloplasty. This article is a report of the urethral pressure measurements in the male goat. This study compares the graciloplasty around the bulbous urethra with the graciloplasty around the bladderneck. The male goat as an animal model of urethral pressure measurements is discussed. Under anaesthesia in ten male goats the penile shaft outside the pelvis was dissected. Urethral pressure profilometry was performed. The bulbous urethra was dissected and a split sling graciloplasty was performed around the bulbous urethra. The contralateral gracilis was used for bladderneck graciloplasty. Urethral pressure profilometry was done without and with electrical muscle stimulation. The highest native urethral pressure was 136 cm water at the pelvic outrance. Without stimulation the bladderneck graciloplasty pressure was 97 cm water. The bulbous urethra graciloplasty pressure was 122 cm water. These pressures were not significantly different from the pelvic outrance pressure. With stimulation the highest bladderneck and bulbous urethra graciloplasty pressures were 183 cm water and 294 cm water respectively. The stimulated bulbous urethra graciloplasty pressure was significantly higher than the highest native urethral pressure. In conclusion, the male goat is a suitable animal model for urethral pressure measurement. The highest native urethral pressure is located at the pelvic outrance. A non-stimulated graciloplasty acts like a sling with regard to generated urethral pressure. With stimulation sphincterlike activity of the graciloplasty can be observed. In male goats the graciloplasty around the bulbous urethra is superior to the bladderneck graciloplasty.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Potent and stage-specific action of glutathione on the development of goat early embryos in vitro.

The effect of glutathione (GSH) addition on the development of 1- or 2-cell goat early embryos in vitro was examined. Embryos were collected from superovulated Korean black goat (Capra hircus aegagrus) and cultured for 6 days in synthetic oviduct fluid medium supplemented with either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or serum. Without GSH addition, almost all embryos could not develop beyond 8- to 16-cell block. However, GSH addition greatly improved in vitro development of early embryos to blastocyst stage, and its action was highly dependent on the presence and source of proteins supplemented into the culture medium. Among the protein-supplemented cultures, GSH effect was most prominent in 10% FBS-supplemented culture, in which the proportion (91%) of blastocysts developed from early embryos was much higher than that of BSA- (42-64% depending on its content) or goat serum (GS)-supplemented cultures (21%), or even than that of somatic cell-supported co-culture (60%). As well as in terms of the morphological development, mean cell number of blastocysts (185 +/- 12) developed from FBS condition was significantly higher than that of blastocysts developed from any other culture conditions and moreover comparable to that of blastocysts developed in vivo (190 +/- 9). The viability of these blastocysts was finally confirmed by their term development (6/12) from embryo transfer. To delineate action time of GSH during embryo development, GSH was treated at 1-day intervals through 6-days culture periods excepting the last day. In the GSH-treated embryos at day 3 of culture, which corresponds to the time of in vitro 8- to 16-cell block stage, the proportion of blastocyst was markedly increased up to 77% of cultured embryos and conversely that of the arrested embryos was decreased to 7%. In the embryos treated later, however, their developmental potency decreased abruptly. Therefore, these results clearly demonstrated that GSH could greatly improve the in vitro development of goat early embryos by specifically acting on the 8- to 16-cell block stage during in vitro development, suggesting that GSH may be one of the important regulators on the development of goat embryos in vivo.

Animals↗