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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Allergenicity of a hydrolyzed rice infant formula in a guinea pig model.

BACKGROUND: Because sensitization to cow's milk is a common finding in children, the identification of safe alternative protein sources is important in the management of childhood allergy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in an animal model, the allergenicity of a novel formula based on hydrolyzed rice proteins. METHODS: We conducted an experiment involving 130 guinea pigs, from 7 to 12 days old at the onset of the study. The animals were divided into 13 groups and were given, ad libitum, one of the following liquids to drink: (1) rice hydrolysate formula (RF), (2) a conventional cow's milk formula (CMF), or (3) water. After a 37-day sensitization period, a challenge was given, consisting of an intravenous injection of either isolated proteins or ultracentrifuged formulas (uCMF and uRF). Specific IgG antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin, casein, and whole rice protein were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: When animals fed CMF were challenged with beta-lactoglobulin, casein, or whole uCMF, they showed significantly more reactions than did those fed RF when challenged with the same proteins (P < 0.001). In the groups fed RF, no reaction was observed after challenge with uRF, and only 2 mild reactions occurred after challenge with rice protein. Very low levels of specific IgG antibodies to rice protein were noted in all the groups, including the RF-fed animals, and no significant differences were evident between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that this new formula based on hydrolyzed rice proteins has a very low sensitizing capability.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1988

[Free fluoride content in Spanish infant formulas].

A study on the content of free fluoride in 39 milk formulae available in Spain. The selective ion electrode method has been selected. All formulae but one supply F amounts inadequate for cavities prophylaxis. Additional F should before be routinely administered per os in the form of sodium fluoride.

Fluorides↗
PubMed1985

Dietary factors affecting trace element bioavailability from human milk, cow's milk and infant formulas.

Bioavailability of trace elements is affected by the type of diet in which they are presented. In general, absorption of the elements iron, zinc, copper, manganese and selenium appears to be higher from human milk than from cow's milk or cow's milk formula while absorption from soy formula appears to be lower than from milk-based products. The effects of individual components such as protein source, carbohydrate, phytate, organic acids and other cations on absorption need to be assessed and the integrated effects of individual dietary components need to be assessed in the intact diet. While ideally absorptive studies should be performed in human infants, there is a need for developing useful and valid models for assessing trace element bioavailability. Increased knowledge about trace element absorption from different infant diets and the factors involved will lead to a better understanding of trace element requirements of infants. This will help in the suggestion of ways to improve means of supplementation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Breast-feeding, infant formulas, and the immune system.

OBJECTIVE: Breast-feeding provides many advantages to the offspring, but presently there is an ongoing debate whether or not it prevents allergy any better than certain formulas. This report reviews the mechanisms involved and discusses how breast-feeding may protect against allergy. DATA SOURCES: The review builds on an internet-based literature search in addition to our own data. RESULTS: Human milk is the food best adapted to the needs of the offspring, also because it provides efficient protection against infections and actively stimulates the development of the infant's own immune system. The major host defense system is provided via the secretory IgA antibodies produced in the mammary glands by lymphocytes, which have migrated there from the mother's gut mucosa. Therefore, these antibodies in the milk are primarily directed against the microbes in the mother's gut and her food proteins. As a result, breast-feeding starting directly after delivery will provide an excellent defense against the microbes normally meeting the neonate and needed to induce development of its immune system. The milk also contains numerous components, which seem to enhance the infant's host defense as well as capacity to develop tolerance, helping to avoiding allergic reactivity to foods, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Several studies show that breast-feeding prevents allergic diseases, but there are also good disagreeing studies. Supported by animal data, it seems that protection is enhanced in areas with more advantageous fat intake, inter alia lower ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids. Breast-feeding seems to protect against future development of allergic diseases, but possibly less so in countries with an untoward maternal fat intake.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood nutrient indices in breast and formula fed infants: amino acids metabolic responses.

Human milk is generally considered as nutritionally the best food for infants, infant formula are usually manufactured to be as similar to human milk as possible, it may appear logical to attempt a metabolic response of formula fed infants similar to that of breast fed infants. We conducted a 8 week growth and metabolic study in 90 healthy term infants fed either human milk, whey dominant formula or casein dominant formula, each group consisted of 30 infants. Results revealed no significant differences were observed among the groups with respect to growth and anthropometric measurements. Serum total protein, albumin were not differ among breast-fed and formula fed infants. BUN and many plasma essential, amino acid were significant higher in formula-fed groups. While plasma tryptophan concentration was lower in two formula fed groups, in addition, plasma taurine was lower in casein dominant group at 4 weeks of age. These results suggested a reevaluation of protein quantity and quality in infant formula is needed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1992

Field trial of an infant formula containing anti-rotavirus and anti-Escherichia coli milk antibodies from hyperimmunized cows.

Two groups of 124 and 108 children, respectively, living in urban Santiago, Chile in low socioeconomic conditions were prospectively followed for 6 months for their incidence of diarrhea. Each cohort was divided into two subgroups receiving either a commercial milk formula or the same formula containing 1% (wt/wt) bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate from cows hyperimmunized with human rotaviruses and the major enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) serogroups. Neither group differed with respect to incidence of diarrhea (98 episodes in 117 treated children versus 95 episodes in 115 control children), duration and clinical symptoms of diarrhea, and weight gain. Furthermore, neither group differed with respect to isolation of rotavirus (14 and 13 isolates in treatment and control groups, respectively) and isolation of enteropathogenic E. coli (14 and 15 isolates in treatment and control groups, respectively). The treatment but not the control formula contained neutralizing antibody against all human rotavirus serotypes. Titers were comparable to human breast milk samples. All isolated EPEC serogroups were included in the vaccine used for the immunization of the cows. The treatment, but not the control formula, protected mice against a lethal challenge with an EPEC strain. In conclusion, feeding an antibody-supplemented formula had no positive effect on diarrheal diseases under the conditions of a fairly well-controlled small-scale field trial.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Enzymic dephosphorylation of bovine casein to improve acid clotting properties and digestibility for infant formula.

To improve acid clotting properties, enzymic dephosphorylation of caseins with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CAP) or potato acid phosphatase (PAP) was investigated. Greater dephosphorylation was achieved using alpha s1- or beta-casein as substrates, compared to whole casein or skim milk. Electrophoresis of PAP-modified caseins revealed bands with lower mobility and a multibanded pattern in the beta-casein region which was similar to that of human beta-casein. On the other hand, CAP modification produced electrophoretic bands having lower mobility of the beta-casein component, but with higher mobility in the alpha s1-casein component as well as increased net negative charge in the CAP-casein. PAP-casein formed a fine dispersion upon acidification to pH 4, with a microstructure similar to that of acidified human casein. Greater initial rates of hydrolysis by pepsin at pH 4 were observed for both CAP- and PAP-modified caseins, compared to bovine and human caseins. The rate and extent of hydrolysis remained high for CAP-casein but tended to level off with PAP-casein during sequential digestion with pepsin and pancreatin. There may be advantages in the use of partial dephosphorylation to improve acid clotting and digestibility properties of bovine casein for infant feeding.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

[A case of coconut oil allergy in an infant: responsibility of "maternalized" infant formulas].

The case is presented here of a baby of 8 months fed from her birth with maternal milks. The first milk induced a severe gastro-intestinal disorder which disappeared when a second milk was used. A third milk caused a relapse. The only common allergen was coconut, which was physico-chemically modified in the second milk. Demonstration of the responsibility of coconut oil was based on positive re-introduction tests, positive skin tests for coconut and maternal milk that were negative for cow's milk and peanut and by specific IgE tests which were positive in comparison with negative controls.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Solubility of calcium salts and carrageenan used in infant formulas did not influence calcium absorption in rats.

Calcium absorption from tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was compared to that from calcium chloride, CaCl2, in the presence and absence of carrageenan in the rat model. There was no difference in percent calcium absorption as indicated by femur uptake of TCP or CaCl2 intrinsically labeled with 45Ca given by gavage (78.4 +/- 9.6 vs. 80.0 +/- 5.9, respectively). Thus, the difference in solubility of the two salts did not influence calcium absorption. When TCP was delivered by gavage in a solution containing 1% carrageenan, calcium absorption was not decreased compared to that of a control without carrageenan. In this model, calcium from TCP in the presence of up to 1% carrageenan is well absorbed.

Animals↗