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PubMedDate not supplied

Blood distribution of nickel, cobalt, and chromium following intramuscular injection into hamsters.

In vivo experiments were undertaken to study the transport of metal ions away from the intramuscular (IM) injection site and to study the binding of the metals to blood cells. Hamsters were injected intramuscularly with metal salts or with corrosion products generated by fretting corrosion of 316 LVM stainless steel or MP-35N plates and screws. The animals were bled at 0 time, and 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 96 h after injection. The concentration of nickel, cobalt, and chromium in the serum, attached to red cells, and attached to white cells was determined. This study showed that metals are rapidly transported from the intramuscular site with high levels in the blood by 2 h. The level of metal in the blood varied considerably with nickel being transported in high concentration to the blood, chromium with a valence of 6+ being transported to the blood, and cobalt and chromium with a valence of 3+ being transported less to the blood. The highest amount of cell binding was observed with chromium 6+. Cobalt showed negligible binding to blood cells. When all the metal salts injected together were compared with the individual salts injected alone, there was no difference. This indicated that the each metal behaves independently of the presence of the others.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Local tissue damage after intramuscular injections in rabbits and pigs: quantitation by determination of creatine kinase activity at injection sites.

The creatine kinase (CK) method, which is based on difference in CK activity at injection sites and in control tissue, was used for quantitation of local tissue damage after intramuscular injection of varying volumes and preparations in rabbits and pigs. Injections were given in the central part of the longissimus dorsi muscle. Three days after the injections the animals were killed and the arbitrary amounts of tissue without CK were calculated from the CK activity in muscle tissue at the injection sites and in control tissue. Determination of tissue damage by the CK method was in good agreement with macroscopic and microscopic changes, whether a well demarcated necrotic area or little or no necrosis was found at the injection site. Tissue damage was proportional to injection volumes between 0.25 and 1 ml in rabbits and 0.5 and 3 ml in pigs. In rabbits tissue damage per injected ml was found to be more than twice the damage seen in pigs. It is concluded that the CK method is a reliable method for quantitation of local tissue damage after intramuscular injections and that injection of even small volumes of 0.25-0.5 ml in the longissimus dorsi muscle of rabbits is a sensitive test of the local toxicity of drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1958

Equipment and technique of intramuscular injection in mass treatment campaigns against the treponematoses.

The precautions to be taken and the procedures to be followed when giving intramuscular injections are well known, but they are not always satisfactorily observed under conditions such as those met with in mass treatment campaigns against the treponematoses, nor is the importance of employing uniform techniques always sufficiently appreciated. In this paper, the authors present a brief review of the recommended techniques and procedures, covering all aspects of intramuscular injection from the choice and maintenance of equipment to the carrying-out of the actual injection.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

How muscles recover from paresis and atrophy after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A: Study in juvenile rats.

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is a potent biological toxin widely used for the management of skeletal muscle spasticity or dynamic joint contracture. Intramuscular injection of BoNT-A causes muscle denervation, paresis, and atrophy. This clinical effect of botulinum toxin A lasts 3 to 6 months, and injected muscle eventually regains muscle mass and recovers muscle function. The goal of the present study was to characterize the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to neuromuscular junction (NMJ) regeneration and skeletal muscle functional recovery after BoNT-A injection. Fifty-six 1-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Botulinum toxin A was injected into the left gastrocnemius muscle at a dosage of 6 units/kg body weight. An equivalent volume of saline was injected into the right gastrocnemius muscle to serve as control. The gastrocnemius muscle samples were harvested from both hind limbs at 3 days, 7 days, 15 days, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 180 days, and 360 days after administration of toxin. In addition, the gastrocnemius muscles from 1-month-old rats with no injections were harvested to serve as uninjected control group. Muscle samples were processed and mRNA was extracted. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene microarray technology were used to identify key molecules involved in NMJ stabilization and muscle functional recovery. More than 28,000 rat genes were analyzed and approximately 9000 genes are expressed in the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Seven days following BoNT-A injection, 105 genes were upregulated and 59 genes were downregulated. Key molecules involved in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stabilization and muscle functional recovery were identified and their time course of gene expression following BoNT-A injection were characterized. This animal study demonstrates that following intramuscular injection of BoNT-A, there is a sequence of cellular events that eventually leads to NMJ stabilization, remodeling, and myogenesis and muscle functional recovery. This recovery process is divided into two stages (aneural and neural) and that the IGF-1 signaling pathway play a central role in the process.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Ischemic stroke following an intramuscular injection of diclofenac. Case report.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have arterial vasospastic properties. The authors report a stroke that occurred within minutes following an intramuscular injection of diclofenac. A sixty-one-year-old man, a heavy smoker, was admitted for an acute onset of mild hemiparesis thirty minutes after a single intramuscular injection of diclofenac. The neurologic deficit was resolved at one month of follow-up. The authors suggest a temporal causal relationship between the cerebrovascular event and the injection of diclofenac. The mechanism of stroke might be related to a synergistic vasospastic property shared by the use of an NSAID and heavy smoking.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Effect of propranolol and granisetron on experimentally induced pain and allodynia/hyperalgesia by intramuscular injection of serotonin into the human masseter muscle.

We have previously reported that intramuscular injection of serotonin (5-HT) into the masseter muscle elicits pain and allodynia/hyperalgesia in healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist granisetron or 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist propranolol can reduce 5-HT induced pain and allodynia/hyperalgesia in the masseter muscle. Twenty-four healthy individuals (12 males and 12 females) without pain from the masseter muscle region participated. They were examined clinically including tenderness to digital palpation (TDP) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the masseter muscle. 5-HT in combination with granisetron or propranolol was randomly injected on one side in a double-blind manner. 5-HT in combination with saline was used on the contralateral side. After the injections the pain intensity and PPT were recorded 10 times during 30min. After the last recording the TDP was assessed again. The injections were repeated with the other antagonist within 1 week. All three combinations of substances elicited pain after injection, which lasted for 5-8min. 5-HT induced significantly more pain than granisetron+5-HT and propranolol+5-HT. The TDP increased significantly after injection of all combinations of substances, but there was no significant difference between them. The PPT decreased significantly after injection of 5-HT and increased significantly after injection of granisetron+5-HT, while it did not change significantly after injection of propranolol+5-HT. The difference between 5-HT and granisetron+5-HT was significant. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that injection of granisetron and propranolol into the human masseter muscle reduces pain induced by local administration of 5-HT, but that the effect of granisetron is stronger than that of propranolol. In addition, granisetron totally abolishes allodynia/hyperalgesia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The kinetics of routine antenatal prophylactic intramuscular injections of polyclonal anti-D immunoglobulin.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular anti-D immunoglobulin (IgG) given for routine antenatal prophylaxis. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Maternity unit and antenatal serology laboratory in a district teaching hospital. POPULATION: Forty-five rhesus-D-negative pregnant women not sensitised to RhD. METHODS: Serial serum quantitations of anti-D IgG following the intramuscular injections of anti-D IgG 100 microg (500 IU) at 28 and 34 weeks of gestation. Anti-D IgG concentrations were assayed with the RFA-300 continuous flow analyser. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The kinetic profile and duration of detectable anti-D IgG in maternal serum following the first and second injections of anti-D IgG. RESULTS: For the 43 women in whom serial data were collected, there were no detectable differences between pregnancies with an RhD-positive (26) or -negative (17) fetus. Maximum IgG concentrations were detected two to five days following the first anti-D IgG injection and ranged between 0 and 28 ng/mL. Only 30% of women still undelivered at 40 weeks of gestation had detectable IgG at 2 ng/mL or greater. There was a significant relationship between higher maximum values and low maternal surface body area (R2 = 0.204, P = 0.002), but this did not influence duration of persistent IgG. CONCLUSION: Using previously published data, 70% women are not adequately protected with anti-D IgG 12 weeks after the first prophylactic injection. Despite this, previous clinical results suggest that the antenatal prophylaxis schedule used provides adequate protection and that the recommendation for the lowest concentration of protective anti-D IgG antibody levels currently in use is probably overestimated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physicochemical properties of binary organic cosolvent-water mixtures and their relationships to muscle damage following intramuscular injection.

Using an in vitro model for the assessment of muscle damage after intramuscular injection of pharmaceutical preparations, we examined the muscle damage caused by three series of binary cosolvent mixtures as functions of their dielectric constant, apparent pH, surface tension, and viscosity. The cosolvent systems we examined were propylene glycol-water, ethanol-water and polyethylene glycol 400-water mixtures. Muscle damage was measured by the in vitro release of creatine kinase from the isolated rat skeletal muscle. Although isolated correlations exist between muscle damage and the physicochemical properties of a particular series of cosolvent mixtures, no single property, or combination of those examined, can provide a unified prediction of the degree of muscle damage incurred. This result suggests that muscle damage caused by the organic cosolvents may arise from complex interactions of a given cosolvent with the biochemical processes occurring in the skeletal muscle rather than from the four physicochemical factors examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Gas gangrene after intramuscular injection of adrenaline.

A 13-year-old girl incurred gas gangrene after intramuscular injection of adrenaline to the buttock. Clinical evidence of very severe pain at the site of injection with septicemia and collapse within 24 to 48 hours should arouse the suspicion of clostridial myositis rather than pyogenic infection. Early diagnosis and treatment by adequate excision of necrotic muscle (with a wide margin of normal-appearing muscle) can prevent loss of life or limb in these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus from siblings and intramuscular injection among preschool children in a familial cohort.

The authors followed 147 children from 113 families who were susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection for a total of 275 person-years. Among these children, 19 became infected with the hepatitis B virus and thus became new subclinical cases. In this cohort study, parents played a minor role in hepatitis B virus horizontal transmission. On the other hand, the estimated incidence rate ratio of hepatitis B virus infection for siblings of a hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) carrier was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1-7.4) when compared with those children without a HBeAg sibling carrier as analyzed by multiple logistic regression. The adjusted incidence rate ratio among siblings increased with increased number of HBeAg carriers. In addition, intramuscular injections played an important role in hepatitis B virus transmission in children. It was found that 61.8% (170/275 person-years) of the children had received intramuscular injections. Most of the injections were administered at private clinics over a 2-year period. Hepatitis B virus infection showed a correlation with injection (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-9.5) and with frequency of injections. The authors concluded that HBeAg was a valuable marker for infectivity in hepatitis B virus horizontal transmission. Furthermore, the authors found that hepatitis B virus infection is independently transmitted from sibling to sibling, and by iatrogenic injections because improperly sterilized syringes were shared in areas where hepatitis B is prevalent and intramuscular injection is common.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Mathematical analysis of transport phenomenon to the blood from the site of intramuscular injection with ampicillin in the rat.

The mathematical formula with time function of transport phenomenon is obtained by the analysis of the concentrations of ampicillin in the serum, bile and urine. This formula indicates the speed of transport of the drug, or the ratio of the vascular permeability of it for the administrated dose from the site of intramuscular injection into the blood as the time function. About 80% of ampicillin was transported into the blood through capillaries for 120 min from the beginning of intramuscular injection.

Ampicillin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does a needleless injection system reduce anxiety in children receiving intramuscular injections?

Previous studies have shown that needle injections are very stressful for children. This study examined if a needleless injection system would be associated with lower anxiety levels in children by comparing children's responses to a traditional needle injection to their responses to the Biojector, a needleless system. Seventy-four sixth-grade students of two public middle schools, all scheduled to receive the Hepatitis B vaccine, were enrolled. The study used a cross-over design. The children's anxiety levels were measured both before and after each of the two types of injections using the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Index for Children (STAIC). Data analysis found no significant difference in levels of anxiety associated with the Biojector injections when compared with anxiety levels associated with needle injections. When asked to choose the injection method for their third injection, however, students showed a preference for the Biojector (61%), which indicated a trend towards significance (p = .08).

Anxiety↗
PubMed1993

Long-term anti-nucleoprotein cellular and humoral immunity is induced by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA containing NP gene.

Cytolytic T-lymphocyte-mediated killing is thought to be an important effector mechanism in controlling viral infections. Recently, we reported that intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA containing the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of the influenza virus resulted in generating nucleoprotein-specific cytolytic T cells and antibodies. Gene-injected mice were subsequently protected from a lethal challenge with live influenza virus. Here we show that a single intramuscular injection of a small dose of nucleoprotein plasmid DNA generates nucleoprotein-specific cellular and humoral immune responses that last 1 year. The cellular response is associated with the CD8+ subpopulation of T cells. Thus, plasmid DNA injections can be used to induce long-lasting immune responses against the viral gene product without an exposure to live virus itself.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Plasma morphine concentrations after intramuscular injection into the deltoid or gluteal muscles.

The absorption of morphine 10 mg after intramuscular injection into the gluteal and deltoid muscles was investigated. Ten patients received the injection into the deltoid and 10 were given the injection into the upper outer quadrant of the buttock. Blood was taken at frequent intervals up to 2 hours after the injection for plasma morphine analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Morphine concentrations were generally higher in the gluteal group although the mean peak concentrations (62.8 ng/ml in the gluteal group and 52.3 ng/ml in the deltoid group) were similar. Peak morphine concentrations varied from 22.5-99.3 ng/ml in the gluteal group and 26.5-84.5 ng/ml in the deltoid group. The area under the concentration-time curve was significantly greater in the gluteal group than in the deltoid group but this difference disappeared when allowance was made for differences in body weight of the two groups. We conclude that the absorption of morphine from the deltoid and gluteal sites is similar.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Targeting functional subtypes of spinal motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers in vivo by intramuscular injection of adenoviral and adeno-associated viral vectors.

We report that functional subtypes of spinal motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers can be selectively transduced using replication-defective adenoviral (ADV) or adeno-associated (AAV) viral vectors. After intramuscular injection in adult rodents, ADV vectors transduced both fast-twitch and slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. Intramuscular injection of ADV vectors also caused transduction of spinal motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion cells. However, only neurons innervating the injected muscle were transduced, as shown by co-injection of a retrograde axonal tracer. In adult male rats it is therefore possible to transduce fast or slow spinal motoneurons and muscle fibers selectively since in these animals, the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles contain almost exclusively fast or slow motor units, respectively. In rats, AAV vectors transduced muscle fibers in the predominantly fast extensor digitorum longus but not in the predominantly slow soleus muscle. We did not observe any transduction of spinal motoneurons following intramuscular injection of AAV vectors. These results show that physiologically and clinically important subpopulations of cells in the neuromuscular system can be selectively transduced by viral vectors.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2005

Hay fever and a single intramuscular injection of corticosteroid: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: In severe hay fever, some patients are strongly affected despite the use of first-line therapy and are therefore treated with an intramuscular injection of systemic corticosteroid (i.m. SCS) in some countries. The aim of this paper was to explore the efficacy and side effects of a single i.m. SCS injection in hay fever in adults. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library. METHODS: Systematic review. Criteria for inclusion: hay fever or seasonal allergic rhinitis, adults, injectable steroids, clinical trials, English language. None of the clinical trials were excluded, since an important aim of the review was to identify any possible side-effects. OUTCOME MEASURES: clinical effects, and clinical and physiological side-effects. RESULTS: 18 clinical trials met the inclusion criteria: nine double-blind RCTs (five placebo-controlled and four comparative RCTs), two single-blinded RCTs, and seven open trials. All studies were conducted before 1988. The efficacy of a single intramuscular injection of SCS was statistically significant in all five placebo-controlled trials and demonstrated considerable clinical benefit, lasting approximately from within the first day to four weeks. In the only two studies comparing i.m. SCS to nasal steroids a superior effect with i.m. SCS was demonstrated. The side-effects were few, both clinically and physiologically, with retained ability to respond to stress with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation. CONCLUSIONS: The studies in this review were sound and their findings consistent: i.m. SCS therapy was shown to be efficient and safe for the treatment of hayfever in adults. This review shows no support for any concerns regarding serious tissue atrophy or other serious side-effects, any long-lasting suppression of plasma-cortisol, or any influence on stress reaction, following a single intramuscular injection of SCS.

Journal Article↗