SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Intention”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Effects of ZDV-based patient education on intentions toward ZDV use, HIV testing and reproduction among a US cohort of women.

This study examined the immediate effects of exposure to a patient education brochure concerning the risks and benefits of zidovudine (ZDV) therapy during pregnancy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission (protocol ACTG 076) on related knowledge, behavioural intentions and attitudes of women with and at-risk for HIV-infection. Self-reports were collected from 653 women of childbearing age from community family planning clinics and hospital-based HIV centres in 19 sites from nine US cities between May and November 1995. The intervention was a nine-page patient education brochure in Spanish, Creole and English versions, evently presenting the pros and cons of ZDV therapy to reduce perinatal HIV-transmission. Brochure exposure increased knowledge (p < 0.001) for all but one scale concerning ZDV resistance and increased the likelihood of women reporting intentions to take ZDV during pregnancy (p < 0.001) and to believe ZDV reduced transmission (p < 0.001). Brochure exposure had differential effects for some subpopulations. Intentions to have or terminate current or future pregnancies, knowledge about ZDV and attitudes toward ZDV varied mostly by ethnicity/race, language preference and HIV status. Pregnancy status, age, education and having an HIV-positive child had less impact on the brochure's effect, while income had no impact.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Manipulating perceptions of colorectal cancer threat: implications for screening intentions and behaviors.

Affecting peoples' perceptions of the health threat of colorectal cancer (CRC), that is, the probability of the cancer's occurrence multiplied by the severity of the outcomes, has not been experimentally manipulated as a means to increase CRC screening intentions and behaviors. As an exploratory pilot study to inform a larger randomized trial on CRC screening, we used a four-group pre-post longitudinal design to test whether providing information about: 1) colorectal cancer risks (no/yes) and, 2) the severity of treatment and illness consequences (no/yes) affected CRC screening intentions (i.e., fecal occult blood test/sigmoidoscopy) and behaviors at a six-month follow-up. The sample consisted of 119 men and women aged 50 and older who were off schedule for having a fecal occult blood test (FOBT). Although perceptions of CRC risks were not affected by the experimental manipulations, perceived severity increased screening intentions for FOBT and lowered felt ambivalence towards FOBT. At the six-month follow-up, 31% participants had a FOBT. Participants who received severity information were significantly more likely to report having had a FOBT. These results suggest that: 1) more attention needs to be given to developing strategies to affect perception of CRC risk, and 2) increasing the perceived severity of CRC is an important construct to increase FOBT screening.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Examining college students' intentions to become organ donors.

502 university students completed survey items on attitudes, experiences, knowledge, and behaviors related to organ and tissue donation (OTD). Despite positive attitudes toward organ donation, only 11% of students formally have declared their intentions to donate through the state registry or by signing an organ card. When asked to report why they have not signed an organ donor card/registry, students reported, "not considering the topic," "intentions to donate in the future," and "general negative attitudes" among other reasons. Students also reported a generally positive attitude toward the topic of OTD and moderate to strong intentions to become organ donors in the future despite feeling somewhat uninformed on the topic. The results are discussed in relation to future campaign message strategies to promote OTD to university students.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of a required statewide interdisciplinary rural health education program: student attitudes, career intents and perceived quality.

INTRODUCTION: A shortage of healthcare providers in West Virginia led to the creation of a statewide, community-based program with a required three-month rural experience for most state-sponsored health professions students. Project description: Initiated using funding from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation and expanded using both state funds and Area Health Education Center support, the West Virginia Rural Health Education Partnerships (WVRHEP) program impacts institutions of higher learning, 50 counties, and 332 training sites, and all students in state-funded health professions schools. A longitudinal database has been constructed to study program effects on students' reported attitudes, service orientation, and career intents. METHODS: Baseline data are collected from medical students, and students in all disciplines provide feedback on rotations and information about career intents, social responsibility, and attitudes towards rural practice. RESULTS: Data indicate an association between perceived quality of the rural experience and increased interest in rural health, social responsibility and confidence in becoming part of the community. Medical students may tend to rate social responsibility higher after completion of the first rural rotation. Students who anticipate practice in smaller towns also tend to rate the quality of the rotation higher, to anticipate careers in primary care, and to acknowledge social responsibility. CONCLUSION: As WVRHEP program graduates who have completed these surveys enter practice, both personal and community-specific program characteristics may be identified which strengthen interest in rural practice. The predictive validity of intermediate outcomes of attitudes and career intents in forecasting the ultimate outcomes of recruitment and retention may be studied.

Attitude↗

PubMed1999

Report of a National Institutes of Health--Centers for Disease Control and Prevention workshop on the feasibility of conducting a randomized clinical trial to estimate the long-term health effects of intentional weight loss in obese persons.

A workshop was convened in 1997 by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to consider the need for and feasibility of conducting a randomized clinical trial to estimate the long-term health effects of intentional weight loss in obese persons. Although the benefits of weight loss in obese individuals may seem obvious, little information is available showing that intentional weight loss improves long-term health outcomes. Observational studies may be unable to provide convincing answers about the magnitude and direction of the health effects of intentional weight loss. Workshop participants agreed that a well-designed randomized clinical trial could answer several questions necessary for developing a rational clinical and public health policy for treating obesity. Such information will ultimately provide needed guidance on the risks and benefits of weight loss to health care providers and payers, as well as to millions of obese Americans.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The effects of learning and intention on the neural network involved in the perception of meaningless actions.

PET was used to explore the neural network involved in the perception of meaningless action. In two conditions, subjects observed learned and unknown meaningless actions without any purpose. In two other conditions, subjects observed the same type of stimuli for later imitation. The control condition, which consisted of the presention of stationary hands, served as a baseline. Unsurprisingly, a common network that forms part of the dorsal pathway was engaged in all conditions when compared with stationary hands, and this was interpreted as being devoted to the analysis of hand movements. One of the most striking results of the present study was that some brain areas were strongly modulated by the learning level, independent of the subject's intention. Two different effects were observed: a reduced activity in posterior regions within the common network, which correlated with specific increases in the frontopolar area 10 and in the angular gyrus during the perception of learned meaningless actions compared with the perception of unknown actions. Finally, the major effect of the subject's intention to imitate was a strong increase in the dorsal pathway extending to the lateral premotor cortex and to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which reflects the information processing needed for prospective action. Overall, our results provide evidence for both an effect of the visuomotor learning level and of the subject's intention on the neural network involved during the perception of human meaningless actions.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Dissociation between intentional and incidental sequence learning in Huntington's disease.

The ability to acquire and act upon serial order information is fundamental to almost all forms of adaptive behaviour. There is growing evidence that such knowledge may be acquired through a number of different means, each perhaps with its own neuronal substrate. One major distinction is between serial order information acquired intentionally and leading to explicit conscious knowledge of the sequence structure, and information acquired incidentally through experience. While this latter form of knowledge influences behaviour, it may do so without the participant being aware of the sequential information, i.e. it is acquired implicitly. Evidence from physiological and lesion studies in animals and imaging studies in humans suggests that these two forms of learning may have dissociable neuronal substrates. Specifically, the striato-thalamo-cortical circuit centred on the caudate nucleus is proposed to be involved in intentional sequence learning and that based on the putamen on incidental learning. The present study tested one part of this proposed dissociation by assessing patients with Huntington's disease on tasks of the two forms of learning. On the test of trial-and-error intentional learning there were marked deficits, which were closely related to disease progression and to measures of executive cognitive dysfunction. This finding was in contrast to the finding from the incidental learning task. Performance of the Huntington's disease group was essentially normal and unrelated to measures of disease progression and cognitive status. The results, although supportive of the proposed dual-system hypothesis, offer only partial confirmation. Further direct study is required using similar tasks in patients with putamenal disorder or lesions within the skeletomotor striato-thalamo-cortical circuit.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

An fMRI study of intentional and unintentional (embarrassing) violations of social norms.

The aim of this investigation was to identify neural systems supporting the processing of intentional and unintentional transgressions of social norms. Using event-related fMRI, we addressed this question by comparing neural responses to stories describing normal behaviour, embarrassing situations or violations of social norms. Processing transgressions of social norms involved systems previously reported to play a role in representing the mental states of others, namely medial prefrontal and temporal regions. In addition, the processing of transgressions of social norms involved systems previously found to respond to aversive emotional expressions (in particular angry expressions); namely lateral orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann area 47) and medial prefrontal cortex. The observed responses were similar for both intentional and unintentional social norm violations, albeit more pronounced for the intentional norm violations. These data suggest that social behavioural problems in patients with frontal lobe lesions or fronto-temporal dementia may be a consequence of dysfunction within the systems identified in light of their possible role in processing whether particular social behaviours are, or are not, appropriate.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Encoding of intention and spatial location in the posterior parietal cortex.

The posterior parietal cortex is functionally situated between sensory cortex and motor cortex. The responses of cells in this area are difficult to classify as strictly sensory or motor, since many have both sensory- and movement-related activities, as well as activities related to higher cognitive functions such as attention and intention. In this review we will provide evidence that the posterior parietal cortex is an interface between sensory and motor structures and performs various functions important for sensory-motor integration. The review will focus on two specific sensory-motor tasks--the formation of motor plans and the abstract representation of space. Cells in the lateral intraparietal area, a subdivision of the parietal cortex, have activity related to eye movements the animal intends to make. This finding represents the lowest stage in the sensory-motor cortical pathway in which activity related to intention has been found and may represent the cortical stage in which sensory signals go "over the hump" to become intentions and plans to make movements. The second part of the review will discuss the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex. Encoding spatial locations is an essential step in sensory-motor transformations. Since movements are made to locations in space, these locations should be coded invariant of eye and head position or the sensory modality signaling the target for a movement. Data will be reviewed demonstrating that there exists in the posterior parietal cortex an abstract representation of space that is constructed from the integration of visual, auditory, vestibular, eye position, and proprioceptive head position signals. This representation is in the form of a population code and the above signals are not combined in a haphazard fashion. Rather, they are brought together using a specific operation to form "planar gain fields" that are the common foundation of the population code for the neural construct of space.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Applying the theory of planned behaviour to pharmacists' beliefs and intentions about the treatment of vaginal candidiasis with non-prescription medicines.

BACKGROUND: It is important to understand health professionals' attitudes and beliefs about practice and the barriers to achieving best practice. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) has been widely used to understand behaviour. In this study, TPB was used to explore the psychological variables that influence community pharmacists and the supply of non-prescription medicines. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to: (i) apply the TPB to community pharmacy behaviour; (ii) identify barriers to/facilitators of evidence-based practice; (iii) describe psychological variables and responses to written scenarios of patients presenting in community pharmacies for non-prescription antifungals for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis; and (iv) to examine the relationships between beliefs and behavioural intention. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was constructed using the TPB and disseminated to pharmacies in Grampian, Scotland. The purpose of the study was to explore community pharmacists' attitudes, beliefs and intentions about the supply of non-prescription antifungals for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. RESULTS: Of the 121 questionnaires disseminated, 76 (63%) were returned. Behavioural intention to sell antifungals to women with vulvovaginal candidiasis symptoms was strong. Attitude towards recommending these medicines was positive. However, only half of the sample responded appropriately to all four patient scenarios (n=42, 54%). Most pharmacists felt that they were able to recommend antifungals if they wished, but did not feel under social pressure to recommend them. Local doctors did not appear to be influential with respect to selling antifungals. If a customer was elderly, pregnant or if the pharmacist was uncertain of the diagnosis of candidiasis, an antifungal was less likely to be recommended. CONCLUSION: TPB provides a valid and useful summary of the key psychological variables influencing practice. There is more to pharmacy practice than the knowledge and attitudes of the pharmacist.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1985

Predicting the retirement intentions and attitudes of professional workers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the intentions about and attitudes toward retirement of professional workers, one of the more neglected groups in the retirement literature. Four types of professionals were represented: attorneys, social workers, high school teachers, and college professors. Intentions were defined in terms of projections regarding when respondents planned to retire, consideration of early retirement, and thinking about life after retirement. Attitudes were measured by using a set of three previously developed attitude scales. Six kinds of independent variables were controlled: (a) certain social factors (gender, age, and profession), (b) alienation from work and everyday life, (c) work history, (d) life-long habits of using free time constructively, (e) extensiveness of financial preparation, and plans for second careers and new involvements were the most consistent predictors of both intentions and attitudes. Alienation and certain types of financial preparation were by far the major variables.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Risk perceptions and behavioral intentions for Hepatitis B: how do young adults fare?

Young adults are at risk for Hepatitis B infection. Little is known about their attitudes and beliefs concerning Hepatitis B, which are determinants of getting immunized. This investigation examined risk perceptions and behavioral intentions concerning Hepatitis B among a convenience sample of 1070 young adults, 18-24 years old who participated in a Hepatitis B campaign that aired a prevention-based advertisement in movies. The campaign did not produce any significant effects. Therefore, analyses presented in this paper explored whether risk perceptions and intentions vary by sociodemographic characteristics. Most young adults do not perceive themselves to be at risk for Hepatitis B, but perceive other people to be at risk. Gender and ethnic differences in behavioral intentions to seek out Hepatitis B information were also observed. This study offers insight about important factors to consider when designing Hepatitis B prevention interventions for young adults and suggests that increasing health-promotion efforts for this group, while accounting for differences in age, culture and gender, are warranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The intention to utilize occupational health services.

Workers' intention to utilize the Occupational Health Service (OHS), conceived as a cost-benefit assessment of an action, is described for a series of conceivable situations. Data were acquired during interviews with a sample of 313 employees with an over-representation of workers with work-related health problems in three different companies. Only for problems that are perceived as medical, individual and work-related, do a substantial number of workers intend to utilize the occupational physician. For health and work-related problems of a collective character, the line of supervision is mostly preferred for use as an adviser. Workers' intention to utilize OHS is positively correlated with their attitude towards the occupational physician. No associations were found with self-reported health status, working environment or actual utilization of the OHS. It is concluded that the intention to utilize the OHS is an independent factor affecting the actual utilization and it should be seriously taken into consideration when evaluating or implementing the coverage by the OHS.

Back Pain↗

PubMed2001

Retirement intentions of doctors who qualified in the United Kingdom in 1974: postal questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: Medical workforce planning needs to be informed by knowledge about doctors' retirement intentions. Systematic information about retirement intentions, and factors that influence them, is sparse. METHODS: Postal questionnaires were sent to members of a cohort of medical qualifiers surveyed regularly since they qualified in 1974, with quantitative analysis of intentions about early retirement and qualitative analysis of reasons for wanting early retirement. RESULTS: A total of 1717 replies were received from 2217 traceable doctors (77.4 per cent). Of these, 1427 doctors worked in the NHS and answered the question about retirement: 14.8 per cent (211) said that they would definitely continue to normal retirement age and 20.1 per cent (287) probably would. Of those not definitely continuing to normal retirement age, 45.1 per cent had made financial provision to support early retirement, Seventy per cent cited reasons for considering early retirement: the main reasons were to reduce work-related pressure, increase leisure time, job dissatisfaction, disillusionment with the NHS, and wanting a healthy retirement. Doctors might be encouraged to stay by more flexible working patterns, a reduction in workload with increasing age, improved staffing levels, preservation of pension rights for part-time working, fewer NHS administrative changes, and greater professional freedom. CONCLUSION: The impact of early retirement on medical workforce supply may be considerable. Approaches to retirement policy need to shift away from the extremes of either full-time employment or total retirement.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1996

Validity of hospital discharge data regarding intentionality of fatal pediatric injuries.

This study of hospitalized fatal injuries to children in New York City (1991-1992) compares the classification of injury intention on hospital discharge data with that on death certificates in 302 injuries for which records could be linked. Using death certificates as the criterion, the sensitivity of hospital data for identifying intentional injuries ranged from 0.50 for children under age 5 years confidence interval (CI) = 0.27-0.73] to 0.85 for adolescents (95% CI = 0.80-0.90), and from 0.75 for white children (95% CI = 0.65-0.83) to 0.89 for nonwhite children (95% CI = 0.82-0.93). Hospital discharge data for this population appear to understate both the incidence and the proportion of fatal injuries due to intentional causes, particularly those occurring to very young children and to white children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Statements on career intentions as predictors of career choices.

In the study reported here, the author examined the relevance of students' statements on career intentions to predictions of career choices. Similar career intentions questionnaires were administered to the members of the 1973 University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine graduating class at the end of their first undergraduate year and three years later at graduation. Ten years after graduation, the professional activities and geographic locations of the class members were determined using available directories and registers. The study provided evidence of considerable congruence between the early statements on career intentions and the actual career dispositions 10 years after graduation.

Canada↗

PubMed1998

The effects of a managed care educational program on faculty and trainee knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions.

PURPOSE: To assess the state of managed care knowledge and attitudes and to evaluate the effects of a two-day course on participants' knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. METHOD: In 1996, the University of California, Davis, Medical School invited all medical students, residents, faculty, and administrators to participate in one of two sessions of a two-day course on managed care. Participants in the first session were given both pre- and post-course questionnaires. Participants in the second session were given only post-course questionnaires. The questionnaires measured objective knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Participants (other than administrators) who completed the questionnaires also received a follow-up questionnaire six months after the seminar. RESULTS: The two sessions were attended by 818 UC Davis medical students, residents, faculty, and administrators: after excluding 33 non-physician administrators, 428 completed survey packets (55%) were available for full analysis. Before the course, participants in the first session correctly answered on average only 46% of 32 questions about managed care knowledge. Course attendance was associated with significant gains in knowledge (to 67% correct, p < .001) and a marked increase in appreciation for the cost-control effectiveness of managed care (from 3.35 to 3.98 on a five-point scale, p < .001). Knowledge gains were greatest among medical students; changes in attitudes and behavioral intentions were least among residents. Among respondents to a follow-up survey, the changes were partially sustained six months later. CONCLUSION: Within this academic medical center, baseline levels of managed care knowledge were low among faculty as well as among trainees, and attitudes reflected a blend of negativism and wishful thinking. An intensive two-day educational program effectively increased knowledge and changed selected attitudes among critical academic constituencies. Other academic medical centers may wish to consider presenting similar programs in order to orient their faculties and trainees to the economic realities of the foreseeable future.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1997

The role of second-intention healing in periocular reconstruction.

Second-intention healing is a time-honored method of wound management. Its role in periocular reconstruction, however, is currently controversial. The objectives of this thesis are threefold: to evaluate carefully the outcomes in a cohort of patients treated by this technique, to provide a comprehensive review of published reports, and to formulate recommendations and guidelines for appropriate application in selected patients. Eyelid and periorbital defects after excision of periocular tumors were allowed to heal by second intention in 59 patients. The locations of the wounds were the medial canthus (n = 32), lower eyelid (n = 20), upper eyelid, (n = 4), glabella (n = 2), and nasojugal fold (n = 1). Five excised areas involved the eyelid margin, and in three patients the defect included the canalicular system. The size of the defects ranged from 3 x 3 mm to 22 x 27 mm. The average duration of follow-up was 19 months (range, 6 months to 8 years). The functional and cosmetic results were satisfactory in 49 patients (83%). Complications occurred in 10 patients and included ectropion, medial canthal webbing, trichiasis, eyelid notching, and hypertrophic scarring. Only two patients, however, required secondary repair. Healing by second intention is a safe, effective, and inexpensive alternative to surgical reconstruction after tumor excision in selected patients.

Adult↗