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PubMedDate not supplied

Opinion survey: materials management and purchasing habits.

This opinion survey was undertaken to gauge the current status of materials management and purchasing departments at hospitals throughout the southern and southeastern United States. The survey was based on lengthy telephone interviews (from 30 to 60 minutes) and followup discussions with materials managers, purchasing agents and administrators. Interviews covered a variety of topics, including: cost-containment strategies; group purchasing and consignment purchasing; and current and anticipated trends in materials management. Many questions were left open-ended, so the survey could gauge attitudes, as well as determine contemporary practices and procedures. (In some cases, respondents were also given the opportunity to comment on the statements of their peers, in order to corroborate and substantiate data.)

Commerce↗
PubMed1992

The pediatrician's role in the diagnosis and treatment of substance abuse.

Abuse of drugs and alcohol is pervasive in our society. The role of the pediatrician as a health-care provider from birth through young adulthood includes recognizing the stigmata in newborns of prenatally ingested drugs as well as being able to treat neonatal drug withdrawal syndromes. Questioning about drug use and other closely related topics should be incorporated into all health-care maintenance visits, starting at the age of 10 y, with parental participation and anticipatory guidance being offered. Physical examination and laboratory testing are not as helpful in confirming an impression of substance abuse as a comprehensive interview and a full appreciation of the warning signs of substance abuse. Treatment of the problematic user with a multidisciplinary team that understands adolescent development and behavior as well as the problem of substance abuse is crucial. The decision to treat the teen in an ambulatory or inpatient setting is determined by the extent of abuse, underlying medical problems and psychopathology, and the degree of family dysfunction. The pediatrician must not avoid addressing these issues with patients. If, however, upon identifying an adolescent or a newborn with a drug problem, the pediatrician feels uncomfortable or ill-prepared to manage the patient, appropriate professional referrals are warranted. Despite exercising the referral option for treatment, as advocate for child and family, the pediatrician remains professionally bound to track all drug abuse-related referrals while continuing to participate in the general ongoing care of the patient and family. Finally, the pediatrician should retain a public advocacy role in the community by offering educational, preventive, and supportive efforts in the continuing struggle against drug abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Use of interactive voice response (IVR) technology in health research with children.

This article reports on the feasibility of using interactive voice response (IVR) technology to obtain daily reports of attitudes toward alcohol and tobacco use among children 9-13 years of age. Two studies were conducted. The first was an investigation of the use of IVR technology to obtain daily data from a sample of primary school children over a period of 8 weeks. The second was an extension of the research to a large sample of primary and secondary school children in urban and rural areas who provided daily data over a 4-week period. Retention and compliance rates comparable to those obtained with adults were evident in both studies, supporting the feasibility of this technology with children. The results are discussed in relation to the benefits of this methodology for health research, particularly for studies of sensitive topics conducted with children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Evaluation of the new admission procedures for medical education at the Karolinska Institute: selection based on tests and interviews is best].

To develop an admission procedure permitting selection of highly motivated medical students with personality characteristics appropriate for a future as practising physicians, from 1992 and onwards the Karolinska Institute based admission on a written test and two interviews (PIL group, n = 135), on upper secondary school grade point average (on a 5-point scale; GPA group, n = 161), on Scholastic Aptitude Test results (SAT group, n = 80), or other criteria (mainly foreign grades), the groups being compared at evaluation of the procedures in 1996. The PIL group scored highest in all respects, including clinical suitability, motivation, relations with classmates, and realistic expectations as to their future work as physicians, and none of them left medical school. Academic results were similar in the GPA group, though the two groups differed in secondary school GPAs (PIL group 4.0, GPA group 4.8(5.0). The evaluation suggested that admission via written test and interviews is a good alternative to conventional admission based on GPA or SAT.

Aptitude Tests↗
PubMed1975

The social worker's interview in chronic urticaria.

Ten patients with chronic urticaria were interviewed by a psychiatric social worker as part of the clinical examination. The information obtained was evaluated in comparison with the allergist-internist's history by the allergist-internist, psychiatrist and social workers. The social worker's interview offered relatively little help to the managing physician or patient in this setting.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2004

Attitudes to and perceptions of oral health and oral care among community-dwelling elderly residents of Stockholm, Sweden: an interview study.

The aim of this study was to document perceptions of oral health of community-dwelling elderly people and how it had been affected through life. Twelve individuals (mean age 78.2 years) were gradually recruited to an interview study. The interviews were conducted as conversations, and the topics in a guide model were introduced only if they did not arise spontaneously. The interviews lasted 60-90 min and were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim and analysed by the phenomenological-hermeneutic method. The interviews dealt with perceptions of growing old, life style, general health, former dental experiences, dental care in adult life, current oral health, general medical care, dental care, oral hygiene, dental hygienist care and the level of participation in treatment decisions. The interviewees were generally satisfied with their present oral health and often referred to their parents' oral problems as deterrents. Dental experiences from childhood, in association with the welfare state and personal financial security, were factors which influenced attitudes and perceptions of oral health and oral care. Although dental care was regarded as very expensive, it had been given priority over other expenses in adult life. The results confirm that the dental hygienist must take into account the importance of oral health to well being in old age and be aware that in elderly people, perception of personal oral health is multifactorial, influenced by life-long experience.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Determinants of night blindness in Bangladesh.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a community-based health education intervention programme and to study the determinants of night blindness in Bangladesh. The intervention programme was implemented to reduce the morbidity of nutritional blindness (night blindness) in the northern part of Bangladesh (Ranjpure district) during 1986-1989. A baseline study in 1986 covered 2010 households with a total population of 11,600, and the evaluation study in 1989 covered 2011 households with a total population of 10,456. Prevalence of night blindness was studied among children aged < 9 years in these households. The prevalence of night blindness per 1000 children was reduced significantly during the intervention period from 50.7 in 1986 to 26.7 in 1989. However, the post-intervention prevalence varied significantly between areas. Multivariate analyses showed that consumption of fish, meat, milk or eggs, dark green leaf vegetables, yellow fruits and vitamin A capsules were significant predictors of night blindness. In addition, family income, mother's literacy, family size and area of residence exhibited strong and statistically significant associations with night blindness in the 1989 cross-sectional study. The prevalence of night blindness was highest among 4-6 year old girls and 7-8 year old boys. The sex difference was, however, not statistically significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Family caregiver burden in the context of the long-term care insurance system.

This paper covers our recent work regarding family caregiver burden for elderly. The topics are as follows: cross-sectional studies on caregiver burden; changes in caregiver burden; appropriateness of the Long-Term Care insurance assessment scheme; attitude towards caregiving among caregivers; and the development of the short version of the Japanese version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Fertility, family planning, and women's health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth.

OBJECTIVES: This report shows data on a wide range of topics from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), including: pregnancy and birth, marriage, divorce, cohabitation, sexual intercourse, contraception, infertility, use of family planning and other medical services, and health conditions and behavior. METHODS: The data in this report are based on in-person interviews with a national sample of 10,847 women 15-44 years of age. The interviews lasted an average of 103 minutes. The response rate was 79 percent. The sample data are adjusted for nonresponse and are national estimates. RESULTS: Following large increases in the 1970's and 1980's, the proportion of teenagers who have ever had sexual intercourse decreased slightly between 1990 and 1995; condom use, both at first intercourse and currently, has increased markedly since the 1970's. These changes may have contributed to the decreases in the teen birth rate observed in the 1990's. For all women 15-44 years of age, the number whose partner was currently using the condom (at the date of interview) increased from 3.6 million in 1982 to 5.1 million in 1988 and 7.9 million in 1995. About 8 percent of women reported that their first intercourse was not voluntary. This result is consistent with an earlier national survey. About 20 percent reported that they had been forced by a man to have intercourse at some time in their lives. About 10 percent of births in 1990-95 were unwanted by the mother compared with 12 percent in 1984-88. The decrease in unwanted births was particularly large for black women. It appears that the prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and vaginal douching have both decreased since 1988.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Research in spirituality, religion and aging.

Research on the concept of "spirituality" demonstrates its overlap with "religion," so for many purposes they need to be considered together as "spirituality/religion." Investigations of age differences point to the likelihood that spirituality tends to increase during later adulthood. It has important positive relationships with various measures of life satisfaction, psychosocial well-being, and both physical and mental health. It benefits therapy for recovery from illness and is a source of meaning and purpose in life. Spiritual interventions help to relieve psychological distress and death anxiety, as well as the stresses of caregiving. Because of its therapeutic value, prayer is an important resource for coping with problems experienced during the life course. The Spiritual Well-Being Scale and many other instruments have been developed to measure spirituality and related concepts. As in all other domains of research on people, they all have limits and must be applied with caution for both technical and ethical reasons. Nevertheless, applications of the research findings, which overwhelmingly demonstrate the importance of spirituality to human well-being, already are improving the effectiveness of clinical work and social services in all of the health and human service professions. As scientific knowledge of spirituality expands, so does awareness of the need for further research, including the refinement of methodological procedures, expansion to new topics, and extension to international cultures and diverse religions. The outlook for research on spirituality and the consequent practical applications to benefit humanity is very promising.

Aging↗