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PubMed1991

Recognition of nonexplicitly presented odors.

This research was designed to check to what extent naive subjects can recognize odors in a situation similar to those of daily life. The odors were presented nonexplicitly and without any warning to memorize them for a later recognition task. Different intensities of noise were used to verify whether these affect the olfactory recognition task by modifying arousal and check whether a situation made more unpleasant by a louder noise produces changes in subjects' evaluations of the pleasantness of the odors presented. Also, subjects' personality traits were measured on extraversion-introversion and self-monitoring questionnaires. The three odors (Eucalyptolus, linalile acetate, bornile acetate) were recognized just under 50% of the time and were recognized differently. The number of recognitions did not vary significantly by sex or noise conditions; the most intense noise affected only the number of false alarms. Pleasantness scores differed only among the different odors. High self-monitoring subjects tended to have fewer recognitions; scores on extraversion-introversion produced no significant effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Connotative affective perception of self concept and its link with school performance].

The association between the two major Eysenckian Personality dimensions, and the affective-connotative evaluation of self-concept as a reflection of academic success/failure are analyzed among a 111-schoolchild sample. Findings show the main effect of academic performance and personality on children's affective perception of their self-concepts: Schoolchildren with a good performance enjoy a better self-appraisal, and their affective connotations are more positive than their peers' with a poorer performance. On the other hand, association between affect intensity and Neuroticism predisposition is not so clear. A relationship between neuroticism and negative affect predisposition is observed only when associated to introversion and poor performance.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

Extraversion-introversion and spatial intelligence.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether extraversion-introversion is related to spatial intelligence. First-year psychology students (58 men, 108 women) in an open-admission community college responded to a battery of black and white and color spatial ability tests, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. As hypothesized, a small but significant relationship was found between scores on extraversion and on the SEK Test (colored spatial test). Gender differences in performance on the spatial tests favored males. Scores on three of the Spatial Dimensionality Tests correlated significantly with those on the SEK Test. Recommendations include investigating the effect of a variety of spatial problems in combination with other personality variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Linking introversion and extraversion to guided imagery.

Introversion-Extraversion is measured in relation to characteristics of imagined interactions which are a type of mental imagery and daydreaming. Our findings indicate mental imagery measured as characteristics of imagined interactions predict introversion and extraversion.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The dimensions of isolation in the elderly].

For the aged, social isolation and loneliness are among the most frequent causes of hospitalization or placement in homes. A survey of 730 people over 65 shows that cohabitation becomes rarer with advancing age, a phenomenon that has grown increasingly important during the twentieth century. Social isolation, characterized by extremely infrequent contacts with other people, affects approximately one out of ten elderly people. Most at risk are those who retired from lower positions in employment, divorced people and widowers. The main causes are the absence of children and relatives in the immediate area, the fact of being divorced, the lack of professional apprenticeship and, above all, a psychological disposition to introversion. These concepts should form the basis for working out ways of preventing the generalization of a phenomenon which, in the absence of appropriate measures, might become a serious threat to the future of out society.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Psychoticism and thinking.

In view of evidence linking psychosis with high creative ability, an attempt was made to evaluate the relationship between thinking abilities and personality traits. Tests of divergent thinking and convergent thinking were administered, along with the Eysencks' Personality Questionnaire, to 100 university students. The hypothesis that 'psychoticism' is related to divergent thinking was strongly confirmed. The hypothesis that psychoticism would be related inversely to speed in a convergent-thinking task was rejected. No evidence was found for any relationship between extraversion--introversion or neuroticism--stability and either thinking style.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of chlorpromazine and amphetamine on incidental memory and its relation to the introvert-extravert structure of personality].

A total of fifty-four test subjects divided into one control group and two experimental groups were used to study the effects of chlorpromazine and amphetamine upon the incidental memory, its accuracy, and possible dependence on the introversive or extroversive personality structure, respectively. It has been found that chlorpromazine tends to lessen the incidental memory in extent and increase the number of allomnesias or instances of inaccurate remembrance, whereas amphetamine has the effects of increasing the extent of the incidental memory and reducing the number of allomnesias. A comparison of the extent of the incidental memory with the structure of personality in respect of introversion or extroversion in the control group also showed significant differences, the incidental memory being of smaller extent in the case of introversion and greater extent in the case of extroversion.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Personality and regional cerebral blood flow.

The extraversion-introversion dimension of personality is believed to have an inverse relationship with cortical arousal. Brain capillary perfusion is a well established index of brain function and arousal. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured in 51 right-handed females whose personality structure was examined with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). Significant inverse correlations were found between the brain blood flow and the extraversion-introversion score of EPI.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current developments in genetics and their implications concerning the problems of social deviations].

A review of historical developments in the field of human genetics reveals much conflict between those espousing and hereditarian position and those maintaining an environmentalist point of view. A confusion of political, propaganda, and ideological objectives with those of science has had deleterious effects on the field of human genetics, and upon the willingness of some disciplines to accept genetic contributions to the understanding of human behavior. Modern thinking in behavioral genetics rejects the Nature-Nurture dichotomy as incorrect and meaningless. The phenotype cannot be inherited; it develops as a function of interactions between the genotype and the environment. It is convenient to think of hereditary contributions to behavioral traits as fixing a reaction range; the genotype may be viewed as determining an indefinite but nevertheless circumscribed assortment of phenotypes. There have been numerous studies seeking to ascertain the genetic factors in a variety of mental disorders. The mental disorder most thoroughly studied from a genetic standpoint is schizophrenia. Three recent studies of adoptees, two in Denmark and one in America, have indicated the importance of hereditary factors in schizophrenia. Biological relatives of adoptees diagnosed as schizophrenic were more likely themselves to have suffered schizophrenic-spectrum disorders than were biological relatives of non-schizophrenic adoptees. Adoptees whose biological parents were schizophrenic or manic depressive were more likely to themselves be diagnosed schizophrenic than were adoptees whose biological parents had no psychiatric history. Children born to hospitalized schizophrenic women and who were placed for adoption shortly after birth were more likely to be schizophrenic than were matched control adoptees born to non-schizophrenic mothers. In studies conducted in Denmark, Schulsinger has also employed the adoptee method in studies of psychopathy. Diagnostic criteria were developed to reliably identify 57 cases of psychopathy from among 507 adoptees with known mental disorders. A non-psychopathic group of matched control adoptees was also formed. Mental illness among the relatives of these adoptee cases (biological and adoptive relatives) was ascertained through a careful search of psychiatric records. Psychopathic spectrum disorders were found to be more than twice as prevalent among biological relatives of the psychopathic index cases than was the case for biological relatives of the control cases. The percentage of affected cases among adoptive relatives was nearly equal for both study groups. Thus, this study provides a demonstration of the possible importance of genetic factors in the etiology of psychopathy. Other attempts to assess hereditary and constitutional aspects of criminal behavior have been made. These include twin studies and also Eysenck's study of the heritability of behavioral traits including extraversion, introversion, and emotionality.

Adoption↗
PubMed1975

The law of initial values (LIV) and personality.

Wilder's Law of Initial Values (LIV) is described and carried through to Pavlov's theory of excitation-inhibition of the CNS, then to Eysenck's personality theory of introversion-extraversion. LIV-derived inferences of two-whiskered curvilinearity are developed with respect to measurement of introversion-extraversion and adjustment.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1987

Introversion-extraversion and dimensions of olfactory perception.

A possible relationship between odor perception and introversion-extraversion was explored. 195 subjects completed Eysenck's Introversion-Extraversion Scale and rated strength, familiarity, and pleasantness of four odors. Zero-order correlations were examined and the data were factor analyzed. The introversion-extraversion items formed a factor separate from three olfactory factors.

Adult↗