Mitochondrial DNA mutations and disturbances of energy metabolism in myocardium.
Since mitochondria occupy a pivotal position in energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction is directly linked with disturbances in cellular function. Mitochondria possess their own DNA, which codes 13 subunits of the mitochondrial energy transducing system; the other subunits are coded by nuclear DNA. Recent advances in gene technology, especially the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), permit us to analyze mitochondrial DNA mutations in a small quantity of tissue. We devised rapid and accurate methods to detect mitochondrial DNA mutations, i.e., the primer shift PCR method and the PCR-Southern method. We also developed a method to determine DNA sequences directly without cloning. Using these methods, we revealed that multiple mitochondrial DNA mutations exist in the myocardium of patients with cardiomyopathy. One mutation was based on the following directly repeated sequence: 5'-CATCAACAACCG-3'. This sequence exists in both the ATPase6 gene and the D-loop region, and pseudo-recombination occurs at that directly repeated sequence resulting in a 7.4 kbp deletion. Accordingly, some subunits of the mitochondrial energy transducing system can not be biosynthesized by these deleted mitochondrial DNA, and energy transduction is substantially depleted. Even without reduction of blood supply, mitochondrial DNA mutations can induce a chronic ischemia-like state in the myocardium, which might be a factor in the genesis of cardiomyopathy.