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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Mycotoxin-forming ability of two Penicillium roqueforti strains in blue moldy tulum cheese ripened at various temperatures.

Isolated and identified toxigenic and nontoxigenic Penicillium roqueforti (PR) strains from moldy tulum cheeses were inoculated into tulum cheeses made in the laboratory and ripened at 5 and 12 degrees C. Mycotoxin (patulin, penicillic acid, PR toxin, and roquefortine) formation in the control and mold-inoculated cheeses were detected by thin-layer chromatography on the first through fourth months of ripening. Patulin, penicillic acid, and PR toxin were not detected in the experimental cheeses. Only roquefortine was detected in cheese inoculated with the toxigenic strain of the mold and ripened at 5 and 12 degrees C on the third and first months of ripening, respectively. Toxin in cheeses ripened at 5 and 12 degrees C was 2.1 to 2.4 and 2.1 to 3.8 mg/kg cheese, respectively.

Cheese↗
PubMed2004

Microbial loads, mycotoxins, and quality of durum wheat from the 2001 harvest of the northern plains region of the United States.

The 2001 durum wheat crop grown in the Northern Plains was surveyed for microbial loads, mycotoxins, and quality. Correlations among these factors were identified. Effects of cleaning, milling, and pasta processing on microbial loads and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations were determined. Aerobic plate counts (APCs), mold and yeast counts (MYCs), internal mold infection (IMI), and internal Fusarium infection (IFI) were lowest in grain samples from Montana and highest in grain from northeastern North Dakota. DON and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) were not detected in samples from Montana. Nivalenol was not detected in any samples. DON in North Dakota samples ranged from none detected to 23 micrograms/g. 15-ADON was detected in a few North Dakota samples, with a maximum of 0.8 microgram/g. DON positively correlated with APCs, MYCs, IFI, damaged kernels, total defects, U.S. grade number, and tombstone kernel content and negatively correlated with test weight, vitreous kernel content, and kernel weight. APCs, MYCs, and DON concentrations were lower in semolina than whole grain. Processing semolina into spaghetti did not change DON concentrations. APCs for spaghetti were reduced 2.2 to 4.1 logs from those for semolina, whereas MYCs were reduced 0.1 to 1.7 log. Some APCs in durum flour and semolina were higher than certain industry specifications would allow, although other factors were acceptable. However, microbial loads in the spaghetti were all within specifications found in the available literature.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1988

Toxicity of selected tremorgenic mycotoxins and related compounds to Spodoptera frugiperda and Heliothis zea.

A series of tremorgenic mycotoxins and related compounds were tested for oral toxicity to the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and corn earworm (Heliothis zea) by incorporation of materials into artificial diets and examining mortality and weights after 7 days. Significant mortality to both insect species was caused with dihydroxyaflavinine and roseotoxin B, while significant mortality to H. zea was also caused by penitrem A at 25 ppm. After 7 days, weighs of larvae treated with 25 ppm penitrem A, roseotoxin B, and verruculogen were less than 50% of controls for both insect species. Weights of H. zea larvae treated with 25 ppb of penitrem A were less than 50% those of control larvae. Relative toxicities of the tremorgens and related compounds to insects compared to vertebrates are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The naturally occurring food mycotoxin fumonisin B1 impairs myelin formation in aggregating brain cell culture.

The effects of subchronical applications of the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) were analyzed in vitro, using aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon as a model. As cells in the aggregates developed from an immature state to a highly differentiated state, with synapse and compact myelin formation, it was possible to study the effects of FB1 at different developmental stages. The results showed that FB1 did not cause cell loss and it had no effects on neurons. However it decreased strongly the total content of myelin basic protein, the main constituent of the myelin sheath, during the myelination period (DIV 18-28). The loss of myelin was not accompanied by a loss of oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells. However FB1 had effects on the maturation of oligodendrocytes, as revealed by a decrease in the expression of galactocerebroside, and on the compaction of myelin, as shown by a reduction of the expression of the mnyelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein MOG. The content of the cytoskeletal component glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was decreased in differentiated astrocytes, exclusively, while neurons were not affected by 40 microM of FB1 applied continuously for 10 days. In summary, FB1 selectively affected glial cells. In particular, FB1 delayed oligodendrocyte development and impaired myelin formation and deposition.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Rhinopneumonia or mycotoxin intoxication? Neurologic phenomena in horses from a riding school].

In the course of several days most of the 40 riding-school horses turned out in paddocks developed ataxia of variable severity. Five of these horses showed severe ataxia and tremors, became paralyzed and were euthanized. Eleven privately-owned horses which were stabled on the same premises showed no clinical signs. The most likely diagnosis seemed to be the 'neurological form of EHV1', although the signs were not entirely typical. A few weeks later a second outbreak occurred among the riding-school horses and one of the privately-owned horses also showed signs of ataxia. In the meantime it had been shown that EHV1 titers in paired serum samples had not increased and that the cerebrospinal fluid of one of the severely affected horses was normal. Toxicological examination of hay, delivered just before the first outbreak and stored for the winter, showed a significantly increased concentration of lolitrem B mycotoxin (5-6 mg/kg). The hay appeared to have been made of ryegrass used for lawns and playing fields. Retrospectively it became probable that this hay occasionally been fed to the horses just before the onset of clinical problems. It is concluded that the horses showed the 'ryegrass-stagger syndrome'.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

[Dirty nails and mycotoxins].

Some mycotoxins are among the most toxic natural products. They are metabolites produced by food-borne and feed-borne moulds. Dirty and soiled nails, and contaminated or infected onyxis by these specific moulds can be the origin of oral contamination and mycotoxicosis. Hence, nail cleaning, correct hygiene and treatment of mould onychomycosis have a potentially great impact on health.

Hand Disinfection↗
PubMed2001

Levels of fungi and mycotoxins in samples of grain and grain dust collected on farms in Eastern Poland.

Ten samples of stored wheat grain and 10 samples of settled grain dust released during machine threshing of wheat grain were collected on 10 farms located in Lublin province (eastern Poland). The samples were examined for the concentration of total microfungi, Fusarium species, fusariotoxins (moniliformin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol), and ochratoxin. Microfungi able to grow on malt agar were present in 30% of grain samples (median for all examined samples = 0, range 0-227.5 x 10(3) cfu/g) and in all samples of grain dust (median = 977.5 x 10(3) cfu/g, range 115.0-16,700.0 x 10(3) cfu/g). Fusarium species (F. avenaceum) were found only in 10% of grain samples (median = 0, range 0-800.0 x 10(3) cfu/g), but in 90% of grain dust samples (median = 1,150 x 10(3) cfu/g, range 5.5-10,060.0 x 10(3) cfu/g). The species F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae and F. sporotrichioides were isolated respectively from 50%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 20% of examined grain dust samples. The presence of the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium (moniliformin, deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol) was found altogether in 70% of wheat grain samples (median = 0.1275 microg/g, range 0-1.480 microg/g) and in 90% of grain dust samples (median = 0.350 microg/g, range 0-1.090 microg/g). Moniliformin (MON), deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV) were each detected in 40% of grain samples, and respectively in 80%, 40%, and 40% of grain dust samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was detected in 60% of grain samples and in 60% of grain dust samples (median in both cases was 0.0005 microg/g). The concentrations of F. poae (p<0.05) and of total Fusarium species (p<0.01) in grain samples, and the concentrations of F. culmorum and F. graminearum (p<0.05) in grain dust samples were significantly correlated with the concentration of deoxynivalenol. The concentrations of F. poae (p<0.05) and of total Fusarium species (p<0.01) in grain dust samples were significantly correlated with the concentration of total fusariotoxins. Moreover, the concentration of total Fusarium species in grain dust samples was significantly correlated with the concentration of nivalenol (p<0.05). In conclusion, the majority of samples of wheat grain and grain threshing dust collected on farms in eastern Poland contained notable quantities of fusaria and/or fusariotoxins. This fact poses a potential risk of mycotoxicoses to agricultural workers exposed to grain dust when handling wheat during threshing, unloading, shuffling, and other farm occupations.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Synthesis of some new thiazole derivatives. antifungal activity and ultrastructure changes of some mycotoxin producing fungi.

Several new thiazoles 2-7,10-12; 2,3-diphenyl-5-(2-thienyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole 8, 3,5-di-(2-thienyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole 9 and 4-amino-2-imino-6-(2-thienyl)thiazolo[3,2-a] pyrimidine 13 and 6-(2-thienyl)-3H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-2,4-diones 14 have been synthesized. The prepared compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro antifungal activity, compared with Tioconazol fungicide. The strong antifungal activity is elicited by compounds 5 and 8. The most active compound 5 was found to induce changes in the ultrastructure of mycotoxin producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus), this was observed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Marginals to mycotoxin research (author's transl)].

Several food additives, i.e. enzyme preparations, colouring agents permitted for use in foods and xylitol, have been tested for a possible content of aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin and patulin. The author further reports on a potential mycotoxin carrier which is sold as dietary speciality, and discusses two strange promotional practices for cheese.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1976

Substances interfering with the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of T-2 mycotoxin.

Two substances interfering with the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) detection of T-2 mycotoxin were identified as 1-glyceryl-monooleate and 1-glycerylmonolinoleate. These monoglycerides are natural products formed by species of Fusarium growing on cereal grains and are also additives contained in liquid vegetable and animal fats added to the feed mixture. The monoglycerides can be removed from the analytical sample by resolution by thin layer chromatography prior to separation by GLC. Trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the monoglycerides and T-2 toxin have almost identical retention times on 3% OV-1 columns, whereas the trifluoroacetyl and pentafluoropropionyl derivatives give baseline separation on the same column. The monoglycerides can be misidentified as the T-2 toxin in analyses involbing GLC.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1976

[Antibacterial effect of various mycotoxins and fungal metabolites against Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains sensitive or resistant to aflatoxin B1].

Antimicrobial activity of pure preparations of mycotoxins and fungal metabolites was studied against strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). Two resistant strains, called stable-variant, were isolated after treatment with high concentrations of aflatoxin B1. These strains were then resistant also towards compounds with a double furan system (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and sterigmatocystin).

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mycotoxins: past, present and future].

The paper deals with historical information concerning the investigation of mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses at the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the NAS of Ukraine, main results of the works fulfilled for the last 25 years and possible trends of further investigations.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1992

[Changes in the serological indices of the immune status of workers in contact with raw foodstuffs contaminated by mycotoxins].

The immune status was estimated in workers engaged into the grain processing and exposed to constant hazards of the industrial environment (contact with the goods contaminated by mycotoxins). Studies revealed in workers the certain changes of serum Ig, complement fractions, proteins of the acute phase of inflammation. The importance of immunologic changes as criteria for adequate prophylactic measures was stressed.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sample preparation for determination of macrocyclic lactone mycotoxins in fish tissue, based on on-line matrix solid-phase dispersion and solid-phase extraction cleanup followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A new method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on-line with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup process followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is presented for the determination of 3 macrocyclic lactone mycotoxins in fish tissues: zearalenone, alpha-zearalenol, and beta-zearalenol. The sample was prepared in a device that used a reversed-phase material (C18) or a normal-phase material (neutral alumina) as a matrix dispersing agent, and a graphitized carbon black cartridge was used for sequential cleanup by SPE. LC/MS/MS was used for selective determination. Isocratic elution with acetonitrile-methanol-water was used for LC separation; for MS/MS, 2 types of interfaces (a pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization interface or an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface) were evaluated and compared in terms of the intensity of the total ion current produced by each analyte. The use of highly selective MSPD on-line with SPE for sample preparation before analysis allowed the removal of interfering matrix compounds present in tissue extracts that would otherwise cause severe ionization suppression of zearalenone and its metabolites during the ionization process. Average recoveries at 100 ng/g were between 83 and 103% with C18 and > or = 67% with neutral alumina; the relative standard deviations were < 11% with C18 and < 18% with alumina. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 ng/g. Sample preparation is simple to perform, no special technical equipment is required, and solvent volumes are minimal.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Policy on characterization of antibodies used in immunochemical methods of analysis for mycotoxins and phycotoxins.

The purpose of this document is to provide a policy on antibody characterization for conducting AOAC collaborative studies for immunochemical methods submitted for AOAC Official Methods Program status. The policy defines recommended information and characteristics to be provided by the Study Director, in the protocol of the collaborative study, for approval by AOAC. The document specifies parameters for characterization of antibodies used as biological reagent in the protocol of validation of immunochemical methods for the determination of mycotoxins and phycotoxins. These recommendations are applicable to the validation of any method, whether proprietary or nonproprietary, that is submitted to AOAC for Official Methods of Analysis status recognition.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1992

Antimicrobial activities of mycotoxin MT81 and its structural derivatives.

Antimicrobial activities of mycotoxin MT81 and its acetylated, benzoylated and acetic acid derivatives were determined by zone inhibition method. MT81, acetylated MT81 and acetic acid MT81 exhibited sensitivity (31.25, 62.50, 62.50 micrograms/ml respectively) to all the test bacteria. Benzoylated-MT81 did not exhibit any activity even up to 1000 mcg/ml. MT81, its acetylated and acetic acid derivatives exhibited antifungal activity up to 62.5 micrograms/ml and 125.0 micrograms/ml respectively against test yeasts and other fungi. Benzoylated MT81 also exhibited antifungal activity but the degree was comparatively less.

Anthraquinones↗