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Results for “Object Attachment”

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PubMed2003

Invisible overtures: fears of rejection and the signal amplification bias.

Four studies demonstrated that fears of rejection prompt individuals to exhibit a signal amplification bias, whereby they perceive that their overtures communicate more romantic interest to potential partners than is actually the case. The link between rejection anxieties and the bias was evident regardless of whether fears of rejection were assessed in terms of chronic attachment anxiety or were induced by reflection on a previous rejection experience. Mediation analyses suggested that the bias stems in part from an expected-augmenting process, whereby persons with strong fears of rejection incorrectly assume that the recipient of their overtures will take their inhibitions into account when interpreting their behavior. Implications for understanding the link between attachment anxiety and loneliness and for designing social skills interventions are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Perceived family conflict, parental attachment, and depression in African American female adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesized model that explored the degree to which parental attachment mediated the relationship between perceived family conflict and depression in a sample of 283 African American female adolescents. Results revealed that perceived family conflict had both a direct and an indirect effect on depression, with parental attachment mediating 28% of the effect of perceived family conflict on depression. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Effects of social bonds and childhood experiences on alcohol abuse and smoking.

Data from a national sample of 595 American adults were analyzed in an effort to evaluate simultaneously the potential effects of social bonds and childhood characteristics on smoking and alcohol use. Religious belief and belief in the importance of conformity with shared moral principles had significant negative effects on smoking, alcohol use, and alcohol abuse; commitment (satisfaction with one's socioeconomic status) inhibited smoking; and attachment (strong emotional bonds to family and friends) deterred alcohol abuse. Childhood trauma promoted both smoking and alcohol abuse.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Teenage pregnancy, attachment style, and depression: a comparison of teenage and adult pregnant women in a Portuguese series.

The aim of this Portuguese study is to compare the experience of pregnancy in teenage years and later adulthood and to examine insecure attachment style as a risk factor for depression during pregnancy. The Attachment Style Interview (ASI) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were administered to 66 pregnant adolescents and 64 adult women. Pregnant teenagers were found to be nearly three times more likely to have an insecure attachment style of Enmeshed, Angry-Dismissive, or Fearful style than adults, all at high levels of impairment (54% vs.19%, p < .02). Logistic regression showed, when all risk factors were entered, highly Enmeshed style and poor partner support provided the best model for depression with age at pregnancy no longer adding. Insecure attachment style should be addressed in prevention and intervention strategies with teenage mothers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Quality of attachment as a predictor of maternal visitation to young hospitalized children.

Tested a comprehensive model of factors predicting maternal visitation with hospitalized children. Subjects were 86 mothers who completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, a 12-item attachment measure derived from the Waters and Deane Attachment Q-sort, and a demographic questionnaire. Children were 10 months to 4 years old (37 female, 49 male) and hospitalized for acute nonsurgical illness. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that, of the subset of variables tested (SES, number of children at home, gender, age, number of previous hospitalizations, state anxiety, and security of attachment), quality of attachment was the only significant predictor of maternal visitation rate. Mothers who reported that their children displayed insecure attachment behaviors maintained a significantly lower rate of visitation than mothers who reported that their children displayed secure attachment behaviors. Results of this study highlight the importance of understanding parent-child attachment in predicting maternal visitation when a child is hospitalized.

Child, Hospitalized↗

PubMed1984

Ambivalence in monkey mothering. Infant abuse combined with maternal possessiveness.

The maternal behavior of an abusive Japanese macaque multiparous female was compared with that of three primiparous normal females from the same colony to evaluate the quality of the abusive mother-infant relationship. The abusive mother-infant pair scored highest on maternal warmth, protectiveness, possessiveness, and scored lowest on maternal rejectingness. The finding that the abusive mother alternated violent abuse with attentive maternal care is not consistent with the learning defect explanation of monkey infant abuse. Rather, the intense anxiety she showed in the relationship with her infant indicates that she suffered from an emotional disorder that can be adequately described by referring to Bowlby's model of anxious attachment. The implications of this case for the development of a nonhuman primate model of child abuse are examined in the light of human data clearly showing attachment disturbances in some child-abusing mothers.

Aggression↗

PubMed1996

Adolescent-parent attachments and family problem-solving styles.

Variation in exploratory and collaborative behavior among family members define different problem-solving styles or "paradigms" in families. Similar characteristics distinguish patterns of attachment within dyads. This suggests an association between these phenomena. The hypothesis was tested in a laboratory study of families with young adolescents. Using the Reiss Card Sort Procedure (CSP) and a newly developed scheme for classifying adolescent attachments, it was demonstrated that particular problem-solving styles were linked to specific patterns of adolescent-parent attachments. An association of paradigms and attachment patterns may afford a new perspective on the dialectical interplay between individual and family development. The probabilities of paradigm-attachment association could prove useful when choosing an intervention model for family therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Attachment and family therapy: clinical utility of adolescent-family attachment research.

The divide separating research and clinical work is narrowing. New therapies have been informed by research from specialties such as developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology. In this article, we attempt to illustrate the usefulness of research on attachment relations for family-based therapy with adolescents. We examine the clinical utility of adolescent attachment research within the context of multidimensional family therapy, an empirically supported treatment model that has incorporated developmental research, including basic research on attachment, in its assessment and intervention framework.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gravidas' responses to realtime ultrasound fetal image.

One hundred women in various stages of pregnancy were questioned before and after viewing their fetuses through realtime ultrasonographic scanning. For the majority of these women, perceptions of the fetus changed following this visualization. Viewing gave some a greater sense of attachment to the fetus, but for a few, this attachment also gave a greater sense of vulnerability with regard to the outcome of the pregnancy.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗

PubMed1981

Attachment theory: its relevance to the therapeutic alliance.

Bowlby's concept of attachment is seen to be relevant to that part of the therapist-patient relationship in analytic psychotherapy which enables the patient to remain in, and work in, the relationship despite his transference feelings, viz. the therapeutic alliance. The concept of attachment is felt to bring together under a common framework two aspects of the therapeutic relationship upon which many writers have individually commented, viz. that the interpretation is not the sole therapeutic factor and that there is a resemblance between the therapist-patient relationship and the mother-child relationship. Finally, the concept of attachment is seen to supplement that of dependence in the patient-therapist relationship, and by doing so to emphasize the importance of the human relationship therein.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Attachment styles and contingencies of self-worth.

Previous research on attachment theory has focused on mean differences in level of self-esteem among people with different attachment styles. The present study examines the associations between attachment styles and different bases of self-esteem, or contingencies of self-worth, among a sample of 795 college students. Results showed that attachment security was related to basing self-worth on family support. Both the preoccupied attachment style and fearful attachment style were related to basing self-worth on physical attractiveness. The dismissing attachment style was related to basing self-worth less on others' approval, family support, and God's love.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Attachment pathology and low social skills in avoidant personality disorder: an exploratory study.

The criterion of desire for affection and acceptance was eliminated from the definition of avoidant personality disorder in the DSM-III-R. But clinical experience in our setting suggests that attachment pathology related to such desires is an important diagnostic feature and a frequent focus of clinical intervention with avoidant individuals. Forty-seven patients receiving a clinical diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder completed a brief questionnaire which rated desire for an attachment relationship, fear of an attachment relationship and level of social skills. The results support our hypotheses that attachment security is distinct from general social skills and that desire for but fear of an attachment relationship is more characteristic of those diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder than a low level of social skills.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Disrupted caring attachments: implications for long-term care.

Caring attachments or social supports are the positive psychological and physical contacts and relationships between people. These attachments have been associated with improved health, well-being, and longevity. It is also true that disrupted caring attachments are associated with impaired health and well-being. This paper reviews the general medical and elder medical findings of disrupted caring attachments and negative health outcomes. The implications of these findings for dementia sufferers, caregivers, and long-term care staff are examined.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Unanticipated separations and normative re-attachments in later life: a personal account.

Unanticipated separations can have profound reverberations upon individual and family development. When these separations are at a young age the consequences tend to exert a long and lasting effect. This article presents a personal account of the abrupt separation from the author's parents, the trauma the family faced in Europe on the brink of war and how this impacted his family intergenerationally. It is suggested that loyalties and caregiving are dynamics which enable adult children to emotionally reconnect with their adult parents in later life. These renewed levels of attachments are normative in nature, enriching the family as a whole.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2004

Child trauma, attachment and biofeedback mitigation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the quality of attachment in early infancy and the effects of child trauma, as well as to introduce some innovative therapeutic approaches. For this reason, a group of 10 children manifesting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), diagnosed by ICD-10, was selected. The mean age of the patients was 9 +/- 3.05 years, from both sexes (girls 3, boys 7). Mothers and children were examined by a battery of psychometric instruments Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI). In addition to the classical psychotherapeutic methods (supportive, behaviour and play therapy), the multimodal computerised biofeedback technique was introduced for both assessment and therapy. The results for the children showed a high level of anxiety and stress, somatisation and behavioural problems (aggressivity, impulsivity, non-obedience, and nightmares), complemented by hypersensitive and depressive mothers and miss-attachment in the early period of infancy. Consequently, the explanation of the early predisposition to PTSD was related to be the non-developed Right Orbitofrontal Cortex-ROFC. The latter resulted from insecure attachment confirmed in all the children examined. The therapeutic results obtained with biofeedback techniques are very encouraging.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗

PubMed1995

Maternal working models of attachment, marital adjustment, and the parent-child relationship.

This study examined the connection between maternal working models, marital adjustment, and the parent-child relationship. Subjects were 45 mothers who were observed in problem-solving interactions with their 16-62-month-old children (M = 33 months). Mothers also completed the Attachment Q-set, the Adult Attachment Interview, and a marital adjustment scale. As predicted, maternal working models were related to the quality of mother-child interactions and child security, and there was a significant relation between marital adjustment and child security. Maternal working models and marital adjustment were also associated interactively with child behavior and child security. Among children of insecure mothers, child security scores were higher when mothers reported high (vs. low) marital adjustment. No relation between child security scores and mothers' marital adjustment was found among children of secure mothers. These results suggest that maternal working models influence parenting and child adjustment well beyond infancy, to which period the few existing studies of adult attachment have been restricted. The results also suggest that interactions between maternal working models and the marital adjustment on child behavior and attachment security need to be more closely examined.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The relevance of attachment theory to the philosophy, organization, and practice of adult mental health care.

This review is an inquiry into the relevance of attachment theory to the current philosophy, organization, and practice of adult mental health care, via an examination of the literature relating to attachment theory and, in particular, the literature relating to research into adult attachment. The review does not seek to critique attachment theory itself, but considers carefully the relevance of the theory to adulthood and to the field of adult mental health. In so doing, research into individual difficulties is examined, as is the provision and delivery of therapeutic services. In addition, the literature regarding the importance of mental health staff's own attachments and the influence of attachment theory on mental health service philosophy and organization are evaluated. Finally, potential areas for future research and development in this field are suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Developmental follow-up of 6-7 year old children of mothers employed during their infancies.

This study followed up 92 children at ages 6-7 first studied as one-year-olds in order to determine differences in the developmental outcome of the offspring of employed as compared to "stay at home" mothers. The developmental domain evaluated in the 6-7 year old children was peer competence, rated by laboratory play and child psychological test instruments. Mothers' reports of children's behavioral pathology at age 6-7 correlated with a higher number of maternal work hours during the infant's first year, but the children did better during overall play situations. Age 1 attachment ratings better predicted free play social competence for the entire sample than did maternal hours of work absence, but girls accounted for statistical significance. Maternal sensitivity from infancy was associated with maternal reports of (low) problem behaviors; however, regression analyses did not support the hypothesis that relations between either work status or attachment and current problem behaviors were mediated by early maternal sensitivity.

Child Care↗