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The need for continuing education on a wide scale necessitates the use of techniques that are effective irrespective of the geographical spread or isolated locations of potential participants. This paper reviews the many possibilities for distance learning in dentistry made feasible by use of these different techniques and media.
"Miracles in Medicine," a series of award-winning television spots, was produced for OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, Ill., by The Roberts Group, Inc., Waukesha, Wis. They are an integral part of a broader branding campaign, launched in May 2003, that includes newspaper, radio, and outdoor elements. The spots were deemed so successful, the branding effort was expanded to include Children's Hospital of Illinois.
A routine-technique urethral bougienage using an elastic guide in marked urethral strictures is performed practically at random in view of great difficulties of the guide advance through the narrow part of the urethra which is not safe for urethral tissues. An atraumatic guide developed by the authors is radio-opaque. This makes it possible to bring it along the urethra to the bladder under the control of x-ray television and to avoid damage to the tissues. The guide was used in 9 patients with urethral strictures who failed bougienage attempted by conventional methods. Not only the results were positive, but also there were no complications such as urethrorrhagia, false urethral passages and urethral fever.
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The authors examined models of the relationships between religious activities, physical health, social support, and depressive symptoms in a sample of 4,000 persons age 65 and over. Religious activity was examined first as a single composite construct and then split into three component variables that were examined individually. Religious activity as a single construct was correlated with both social support and good physical health but was unrelated to depression. Split into the three components, model fit was significantly increased. Frequency of church attendance was positively related to physical health and negatively related to depression, but was surprisingly unrelated to social support. Frequent churchgoers were about half as likely to be depressed. Private prayer/Bible reading was negatively correlated with physical health and positively correlated with social support, but unrelated to depression. Religious TV/radio listening was unrelated to social support, negatively related to good physical health, and, unexpectedly, positively associated with depression.
This study was undertaken to assess the perception of AIDS by Esikhawini Community in KwaZulu Natal. The assumption was that the more health education is given to the community, the more knowledgeable the community becomes. The study revealed that the community is aware of AIDS. Sufferers pose a challenge to health workers as talks by health units ranked third in the sources contributing to the knowledge about AIDS. A descriptive cross sectional survey design was used and the questionnaire had both closed and open ended questions.
We present a content analysis of 137 public service announcements (PSAs) focused on alcohol-impaired driving that aired nationally on U.S. television between 1987 and 1992. Our findings include the following: 1) Most PSAs were intended to reach an undifferentiated general audience, not necessarily those who are at greatest risk for driving after drinking. 2) Most PSAs were designed to create awareness of the problem of alcohol-impaired driving or to promote individual behavior change. 3) More PSAs were developed on the use of designated drivers than on any other subject. 4) About two-thirds of the PSAs included one or more celebrities who speak directly to the audience. Past media campaigns have tended to ignore the fact that people's behavior is profoundly shaped by their environment, which in turn is shaped by public policy. We recommend that future mass media campaigns against alcohol-impaired driving focus on building support for changes in institutional structures, public policy or law that will motivate, support, and sustain the efforts of individuals to alter their behavior. Television PSAs can play an important but somewhat limited role in support of this effort. Greater emphasis will need to be given instead to media advocacy strategies, including paid radio advertising. We further recommend that the principal organizations concerned about alcohol-impaired driving share their plans and develop a common communications strategy that will advance the public policy agenda proposed by the Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving.
BACKGROUND: The objective of this paper is to describe sources of information on HIV/AIDS and their relationship with AIDS-related knowledge and sexual behaviour in a rural area of south Senegal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a standardized questionnaire was administered in 1994 by local interviewers to 240 men and 242 women aged 15-59 years, randomly selected from the general population. RESULTS: Sources of HIV/AIDS information most frequently cited were radio for men (61% of men) and the local health centre for women (52% of women). Among men, citing radio as a source of information was associated with an improved overall AIDS-related knowledge (a seven-questions based average score was 4.30 for men citing radio acquired information and 5.90 for men not citing radio acquired information; P < 10(-4)) and was associated with a smaller number of casual sexual partners in the 12 months preceding the interview (1.94 versus 1.48; P = 0.04). Women citing the local health centre as a source of HIV/AIDS information had a better perception of condom use and more often felt threatened by HIV/AIDS, but did not declare a significantly different number of casual sex partners in the 12 months preceding the interview. Television as a source was cited by 42% of men and 33% of women and was associated with an increased AIDS-knowledge score for men, with a smaller number of casual sex partners for women and with better perception of condoms for men. CONCLUSION: Because of its large spread and impact, radio appears to be an efficient way to reduce risk-taking behaviour among men. In addition, it is a very convenient way to reach people with high mobility such as male seasonal migrants. For women, attendance at health centres for maternity purposes is an opportunity to receive prevention messages. Finally, numerous men and women have had the opportunity to watch television when they are in towns during the migration period. This method seems to deliver effective messages.
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Tele-education has been used for many years to deliver continuing education programmes to rural health-care professionals. The main modes are audio, video and computer. Audio technologies involve the transmission of the spoken word (voice) between learners and instructors, either synchronously or asynchronously. Examples of the former include audioconferencing and short-wave radio; examples of the latter include audiotape or audiocassette. Video for distance learning, like audio, can be used in either synchronous or asynchronous fashion. Videoconferencing, or interactive television, are considered synchronous because there is the opportunity for live visual and verbal interaction between instructors and learners. Asynchronous instructional video tools include slow-scan video, interactive videodiscs and videotapes. Computer-assisted learning or instruction can be defined as any learning that is mediated by a computer and which requires no direct interaction between the user and a human instructor in order to run. It is becoming increasingly common. Examples include: the Internet and World Wide Web, email, synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated communication applications and interactive multimedia applications on CD-ROM. Tele-education technologies have an important role to play in addressing the professional isolation which is experienced by rural and remote health-care professionals.
From 1980 to 1993, the Danish Radio Medical Advice Service (RMAS) had 1136 contacts from overseas Danish merchant ships and 213 contacts from Danish territorial waters. The distribution of the diagnoses in the overseas contacts were: Diseases in the digestive and genitourinary system 30%, traumatic lesions 23%, infectious diseases 14%, diseases in the cardiovascular and respiratory system 9%. The only trend over the years was a significant (p = 0.01) decrease in psychiatric diagnoses. Evacuation was recommended in 53% and medicine was prescribed in 61% of the contacts. The medical speciality for doctors participating in RMAS should be general surgery or orthopaedic surgery but access to advice from all other medical specialities should be available. Experience as a naval medical officers would be beneficial. The education of the officers on the ships should include intravenous infusion. The communication should be by telephone and television would be an advantage.
The stomachs of 10 Large White x Landrace pigs were examined radiographically from weaning (at 26 to 28 days of age) until 6 or 16 weeks of age. Conventional radiographs were taken and observations were made with a television chain and 35-mm cinecamera linked to an image intensifier. Before radiography, each animal was fed its normal diet that contained a barium sulfate suspension and/or radio-opaque pellets. The basic pattern of motility in the major chamber of the pig's stomach was similar to that described in animals with a simple stomach. Type II peristaltic waves were clearly identified as indentations of the body of the stomach that moved towards the pyloric antrum, which became circular as it filled with digesta. A terminal antral contraction then occurred, the antrum decreased in diameter, and the ingesta and barium sulfate either entered the duodenum or were returned to the body of the stomach. Liquids and finely ground food left the stomach more rapidly than did the radio-opaque pellets that were retained for up to 44 hours. The radio-opaque pellets demonstrated the movement of ingesta within the gastric lumen and showed that ingesta was retropulsed into the body of the stomach by the terminal antral contraction. In 4 pigs, barium and ingesta were present in the 2nd chamber of the stomach, the gastric diverticulum. In 1 pig, a movement of the diverticulum was observed on a single occasion.
Immediate access to patient data is essential to support good clinical decision making and support. However, away from the surgery, the doctor is currently unable to have any access to the clinical database. Solutions exist to support remote access, such as modems or radio data networks, but these are slow, with typical speeds in the 2-10 kbaud region. We propose a novel solution, to use the TV cable already installed in many homes. Using this technology, a suitably equipped computer (RF modern) is capable of connecting at speeds in excess of 500 kbaud and will run applications in exactly the same way as if connected to a surgery network: the cable TV becomes a LAN, but on a metropolitan scale. Brunel University, in collaboration with the Cable Corporation, has been piloting such a network. Issues include not only levels of service, but also security on the network and access, since the data are being effectively received in every home. However, close scrutiny of channel use can create closed networks reserved for specific users. The technology involves use of an RF modem to transmit data on a reverse channel (based at 16 MHz) on each subnet to a router at the head end of the cable network. This frequency translates the packet and retransmits it to all the subnets on a forward channel (based at 178 MHz). Each channel occupies the bandwidth normally allocated to one TV channel. Access is based on a modified CSMA/CD protocol, so treating the cable network as single multiple access network. The modem comes as a standard card installed in a PC and appears much as an ethernet card, but at reduced speed. With an NDIS driver it is quite able to support almost any network software, and has successfully demonstrated Novell and TCP/IP. We describe the HomeWorker network and the results from a pilot study being undertaken to determine the performance of the system and its impact on working practice.
This study assesses the impact of the Prevention du SIDA sur les Axes Migratoires de l'Afrique de l'Ouest Roulez Protege mass media campaign in Burkina Faso on truckers' likelihood of talking with colleagues about HIV/AIDS, using condoms with an occasional sexual partner, and intending to use a condom in the future. A total of 764 and 1,032 truckers were interviewed in 1997 and 2000 along the Ouagadougou-Niangoloko trucking route. Truckers' exposure to the program has been high and the main message promoted has been greatly understood among those exposed. Logistic regression analyses suggest that the campaign did not have direct behavioral impacts. Exposure to radio spots and participation in group discussions were found to be significantly associated with truckers discussing AIDS with peers or reporting intentions to use a condom in the future. Exposure to Roulez Protege messages through television or billboards was not found to be significantly associated with interpersonal discussion or condom use intentions. Programs should seek to sustain and expand the indirect effects of these types of programs in West Africa. Reinforcing interpersonal counseling interventions should, down the road, lead to overall knowledge and behavior changes among the high-risk trucker population.
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